Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T04:26:37.261Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Explanation of Artifact Variability

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Michael Brian Schiffer  and
James M. Skibo
Michael Brian Schiffer
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
James M. Skibo
Affiliation:
4640 Anthropology Program, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4640
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We furnish a theoretical framework for explaining that portion of formal variability in artifacts attributable to the behavior of the artisan. Major causal factors are the artisan's knowledge and experience, extent of feedback on performance in activities along the artifact's behavioral chain, situational factors in behavioral chain activities, technological constraints, and social processes of conflict and negotiation. In identifying the causal factors at work in a specific case, the investigator must focus analytically on activities-that is, on people-people, people-artifact, and artifact-artifact interactions-and on the performance characteristics relevant to each. Application of this behavioral framework allows abandonment of many cherished but unhelpful concepts, including style and function. Ceramic artifacts, the low-fired, clay cooking pot in particular, are employed for illustrative purposes.

Se propone un marco teórico para explicar esa porción de variabilidad formal en artefactos que es atribuible a la conducta del artesano. Los factores causales más importantes son el conocimiento y experiencia del artesano, el alcance de las evaluaciones sobre el desempeño del artefacto en actividades a lo largo de su cadena conductual, factores circunstanciales en las actividades de la cadena conductual, constreñimientos tecnológicos, y procesos sociales de conflicto y negociación. Se demuestra que, al identificar los factores causales activos en un caso específico, el investigador debe enfocar su análisis en actividades—en otras palabras, en las interacciones que ocurren entre gente-gente, gente-artefacto, y artefacto-artefacto—y en las caracteristicas de desempeno relevantes para cada tipo de interaccion. La aplicacion de este marco conductual permite que se abandonen muchos conceptos atesorados pero inútiles, incluyendo estilo y función. Artefactos cerámicos, en particular la alla de cocina, se emplean para ilustrar estas ideas.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 62 , Issue 1 , January 1997 , pp. 27 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, J. L. 1994 .The Development of Prehistoric Grinding Technology in the Point of Pines Area, East-Central Arizona. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Appadurai, A. (editor) 1986 The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. E. 1984 Social Interaction and Ceramic Design: Community- Wide Correlations in Quinua, Peru. In Pots and Potters: Current Approaches in Ceramic Archaeology, edited by Rice, P. M., pp. 133–161. Monograph No. 24. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. E. 1985 Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. E. 1993 Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean Community. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. E. 1994 Production and Use Technologies in Kalinga Pottery. In Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology: Expanding Archaeological Method and Theory, edited by Longacre, W. A. and Skibo, J.M. pp. 83–126. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Bey, G. J., and Pool, C. A. (editors) 1992 Ceramic Production and Distribution: An Integrated Approach. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1968 Archeological Perspectives. In New Perspectives in Archeology, edited by Binford, S. R. and Binford, L.R. pp. 5–32. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1979 Organization and Formation Processes: Looking at Curated Technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35: 255–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleed, P. 1986 The Optimal Design of Hunting Weapons: Maintainability or Reliability. American Antiquity 51: 737–747.Google Scholar
Bleed, P., and Bleed, A. 1987 Energy Efficiency and Hand Tool Design. A Performance Comparison of Push and Pull Stroke Saws. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6: 189–197.Google Scholar
Blinman, E. 1993 Anasazi Pottery: Evolution of a Technology. Expedition 35(1): 14–22.Google Scholar
Braun, D. P. 1983 Pots as Tools. In Archaeological Hammers and Theories, edited by Keene, A. and Moore, J., pp. 107–134. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, D. P. 1991 Why Decorate a Pot? Midwestern Household Pottery, 200 B.C.-A.D. 600. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 10: 360–397.Google Scholar
Braun, D. P. 1995 Style, Selection, and Historicity. In Style, Society, and Person: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, edited by Carr, C. and Neitzel, J., pp. 123–141. Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, A. 1982 Mimbres Black-on-White, Melamine or Wedgewood [sic]? A Ceramic Use-Wear Analysis. Kiva 47: 133–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brill, T. B. 1980 Light: Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Bronitsky, G. 1986 The Use of Materials Science Techniques in the Study of Pottery Construction and Use. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 9, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 209–276. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bronitsky, G. (editor) 1989 Pottery Technology: Ideas and Approaches. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Bronitsky, G., and Hamer, R. 1986 Experiments in Ceramic Technology: The Effects of Various Tempering Material on Impact and Thermal Shock Resistance. American Antiquity 51: 89–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, W B. 1975 The Atlatl: The Physics of Function and Performance. Plains Anthropologist 20: 105–110.Google Scholar
Carr, C. 1995 Building a Unified Middle-Range Theory of Artifact Design: Historical Perspectives and Tactics. In Style, Society, and Person, edited by Carr, C. and Neitzel, J.E. pp. 151–258. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, C., and Neitzel, J. E. (editors) 1995 Style, Society, and Person. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conkey, M. W. 1991 Contexts of Action, Contexts for Power: Material Culture and Gender in the Magdalenian. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by Gero, J. M. and Conkey, M.W. pp. 57–92. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Conkey, M. W. 1990 The Uses of Style in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Coren, S., Ward, L. M., and Enns, J. T. 1994 Sensation and Perception (Fourth Edition). Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Fort Worth, Texas.Google Scholar
Costin, C. L. 1991 Craft Specialization: Issues in Defining, Documenting, and Explaining the Organization of Production. Archaeological Method and Theory 3: 1–56.Google Scholar
Deal, M., and Hagstrum, M. 1995 Ceramic Reuse Behavior among the Maya and Wanka: Implications for Archaeology. In Expanding Archaeology, edited by Skibo, J. M., W H. Walker, and A. E. Nielsen, pp. 111–125. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
DeBoer, W R. 1983 The Archaeological Record as Preserved Death Assemblage. In Archaeological Hammers and Theories, edited by Moore, J. A. and Keene, A.S. pp. 19–36. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
De Cunzo, L. A. 1995 Reform, Respite, Ritual: An Archaeology of Institutions; the Magdalen Society of Philadelphia, 1800-1850. Historical Archaeology 29(3)1–168.Google Scholar
Deetz, J. F. 1965 The Dynamics of Stylistic Change in Arikara Ceramics. Studies in Anthropology No. 4. University of Illinois, Urbana.Google Scholar
Dibble, H. 1995 Middle Paleolithic Scraper Reduction: Background, Clarification, and Review of the Evidence to Date. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2: 299–368.Google Scholar
Dobres, M. 1995 Gender and Prehistoric Technology: On the Social Agency of Technical Strategies. World Archaeology 27: 25–49.Google Scholar
Dobres, M, and Hoffman, C. R. 1994 Social Agency and the Dynamics of Prehistoric Technology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1: 211–258.Google Scholar
Ehrich, R. W 1965 Ceramics and Man: A Cultural Perspective. In Ceramics and Man, edited by Matson, F. R., pp. 10—19. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Ericson, J. E., Read, D., and Burke, C. 1972 Research Design: The Relationships between Primary Functions and the Physical Properties of Ceramic Vessels and Their Implications for Ceramic Distributions on an Archaeological Site. Anthropology UCLA 3: 84–95.Google Scholar
Ferguson, L. 1978 Looking for the “Afro” in Colono-Indian Pottery. Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers 12: 68–86.Google Scholar
Ferguson, L. 1992 Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650-1800. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Foster, G. M. 1965 The Sociology of Pottery: Questions and Hypotheses Arising from Contemporary Mexican Work. In Ceramics and Man, edited by Matson, F. R., pp. 43–61. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Fournier, P. 1995 Etnoarqueologia Ceramic Otomi: Maguey, Pulque y Alfareria entre los Hndhnii del Valle del Mezquital. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Franken, H. J. 1971 Analysis of Methods of Potmaking in Archaeology. Harvard Theological Review 64: 227–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franken, H. J., and Kalsbeek, J. 1975 Potters of a Medieval Village in the Jordan Valley: Excavations at Tell Deir Alia-a Medieval Tell, Tell Abu Gourdan, Jordan. North-Holland Ceramic Studies in Archaeology, vol. 3. American Elsevier, New York.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. 1993 New Rules of Sociological Method. 2nd ed. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.Google Scholar
Goodyear, A. C. 1989 A Hypothesis for the Use of Cryptocrystalline Raw Materials among Paleoindian Groups of North America. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, C. J. and Lothrop, J.C. pp. 1–9. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Gosselain, O. P. 1994 Skimming through Potters’ Agendas: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Clay Selection Strategies in Cameroon. In Society, Culture, and Technology in Africa, edited by Childs, S. T., pp. 99–107. Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, Supplement to Vol. 11. MASCA, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Gosselain, O. P., and Smith, A. L. 1995 The Ceramics and Society Project: An Ethnographic and Experimental Approach to Technological Choices. In The Aim of Laboratory Analyses of Ceramics in Archaeology, edited by Lindahl, A. and Stilborg, O., pp. 147–160. Kungl. Vitterhets, Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, Konferenser No. 34. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Gould, R. A. 1990 Recovering the Past. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Graves, M. 1985 Ceramic Design Variation within a Kalinga Village: Temporal and Spatial Processes. In Decoding Prehistoric Ceramics, edited by Nelson, B., pp. 5–34. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Hally, D. J. 1983 Use-Alteration of Pottery Surfaces: An Important Source of Evidence for the Identification of Vessel Function. North American Archaeologist 4: 3–26.Google Scholar
Hally, D. J. 1986 The Identification of Vessel Function: A Case Study from Northwest Georgia. American Antiquity 51: 267–295.Google Scholar
Hally, D. J. 1991 Sources of Ceramic Variability at Zuni Pueblo. In Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology, edited by Longacre, W. A.. pp. 40–70. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hawkins, D. I., Best, R. J., and Coney, K. A. 1992 Consumer Behavior: Implications for Marketing Strategy. 5th ed. Irwin, Homewood, Illinois.Google Scholar
Hayden, B. 1977a Sticks and Stones and Ground Stone Edge Axes: The Upper Palaeolithic in Southeast Asia? In Sunda and Sahul, edited by Golson, J., Allen, J., and Jones, R., pp. 74–109. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hayden, B. 1977b Stone Tool Functions in the Western Desert. In Stone Tools as Cultural Markers: Change, Evolution, and Complexity, edited by R. V S. Wright, pp. 177–188. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.Google Scholar
Hayden, B. 1981 Research and Development in the Stone Age: Technological Transitions among Hunter-Gatherers. Current Anthropology 22: 519–548.Google Scholar
Hayden, B. (editor) 1987 Lithic Studies Among the Contemporary Highland Maya. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hayden, B., Franco, N., and Spafford, J. 1996 Evaluating Lithic Strategies and Design Criteria. In Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights into Human Prehistory, edited by Odell, G. H., pp. 9–15. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Henrickson, E. R, and McDonald, M. A. 1983 Ceramic Form and Function: An Ethnoarchaeological Search and an Archaeological Application. American Anthropologist 85: 630–643.Google Scholar
Hill, J. N. 1970 Broken K Pueblo: Prehistoric Social Organization in the American Southwest. Anthropological Papers No. 18. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
J. N., Hill, and Gunn, J. (editors) 1977 The Individual in Prehistory. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1982a Symbols in Action: Ethnoarchaeological Studies of Material Culture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1982b The Present Past: An Introduction to Anthropology for Archaeologists. Pica Press, New York.Google Scholar
Horsfall, G. A. 1987 Design Theory and Grinding Stones. In Lithic Studies among the Contemporary Highland Maya, edited by Hayden, B., pp. 332–337. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hosier, D. 1994 The Sounds and Colors of Power: The Sacred Metallurgical Technology of Ancient West Mexico. MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A. J. 1976 Form, Function, and Style in Lithic Analysis. In Cultural Change and Continuity: Essays in Honor of James Bennett Griffin, edited by Cleland, C. E., pp. 19–33. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. K., and Morrow, C. A. (editors) 1987 The Organization of Core Technology. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Keller, C. M. and Keller, J. D. 1996 Cognition and Tool Use: The Blacksmith at Work. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kent, S. (editor) 1990 Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kingery, W. D. 1984 Interactions of Ceramic Technology with Society. In Pots and Potters: Current Approaches in Ceramic Archaeology, edited by Rice, P. M., pp. 171–178. Monograph No. 24. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Kingery, W. D. 1989 Ceramic Materials Science in Society. Annual Review of Materials Science 19: 1–20.Google Scholar
Kingery, W. D. 1993 Painterly Maiolica of the Italian Renaissance. Technology and Culture 34: 28–18.Google Scholar
Kingery, W. D. (editor) 1990 The Changing Roles of Ceramics in Society: 26,000 B.P to the Present. American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio.Google Scholar
W. D., Kingery, and Lense, E. (editors) 1985 Ancient Technology to Modern Science. Ceramics and Civilization, vol. 1. American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar
Kingery, W. D., and Vandiver, P. B. 1986 Ceramic Masterpieces: Art, Structure, and Technology. Free Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, M. 1996 Ethnoarchaeological Study on the Relationships between Vessel Form and Function. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Kolb, C. C. (editor) 1988 Ceramic Ecology Revisited, 1987: The Technology and Socioeconomics of Pottery. BAR International Series 436 (Parts i and ii). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kolb, C. C. (editor) 1989 Ceramic Ecology, 1988: Current Research on Ceramic Materials. BAR International Series 513. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kolb, C. C., and Lackey, L. M. (editors) 1988 A Pot for all Reasons: Ceramic Ecology Revisited. Laboratory of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S. L. 1994 A Formal Approach to the Design and Assembly of Mobile Toolkits. American Antiquity 59: 59–426.Google Scholar
Lackey, L. M. 1988 Elite Ceramics: Dishes Fit for a King. In Ceramic Ecology Revisited, 1987: The Technology and Socioeconomics of Pottery, edited by Kolb, C. C., pp. 89–109. BAR International Series 436(i). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lackey, L. M. 1989 Following the Book: Lessons from Piccolpasso. In Ceramic Ecology, 1988: Current Research on Ceramic Materials, edited by Kolb, C. C., pp. 117–154. BAR International Series 513. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Leach, B. 1976 A Potter's Book. 3rd ed. Faber, London.Google Scholar
Lechtman, H. 1977 Style in Technology: Some Early Thoughts. In Material Culture: Styles, Organization, and Dynamics of Technology, edited by Lechtman, H. and Merrill, R., pp. 3–20. West Publishers, St. Paul, Minnesota.Google Scholar
Lechtman, H., and Steinberg, A. 1979 The History of Technology: An Anthropological Point of View. In The History and Philosophy of Technology, edited by Bugliarello, G. and Doner, D., pp. 135–160. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Lemonnier, P. 1992 Elements for an Anthropology of Technology. Anthropological Papers No. 88. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Lemonnier, P. (editor) 1993 Technological Choices: Transformation in Material Cultures since the Neolithic. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Linton, R. 1944 North American Cooking Pots. American Antiquity 9: 369–380.Google Scholar
London, G. 1981 Dung-Tempered Clay. Journal of Field Archaeology 8: 189–195.Google Scholar
Longacre, W. A. 1970 Archaeology as Anthropology: A Case Study. Anthropological Papers No. 17. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Longacre, W. A. 1981 Kalinga Pottery: An Ethnoarchaeological Study. In Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honor of David L. Clarke, edited by Hodder, I., Isaac, G., and Hammond, N., pp. 49–66. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Longacre, W. A. 1991 Sources of Ceramic Variability among the Kalinga of Northern Luzon. In Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology, edited by Longacre, W. A., pp. 94–111. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Mabry, J., Skibo, J. M., Schiffer, M. B., and Kvamme, K. 1988 Use of a Falling-Weight Tester for Assessing Ceramic Impact Strength. American Antiquity 53: 829–839.Google Scholar
Mabry, J., Skibo, J. M., Schiffer, M. B., and Kvamme, K. 1988 Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H., and Paynter, R. (editors) 1991 The Archaeology of Inequality. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H., and Schiffer, M. B. 1983 A Theory of Architectural Design. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2: 277–303.Google Scholar
Majewski, T., and O'Brien, M. J. 1987 The Use and Misuse of Nineteenth-Century English and American Ceramics in Archaeological Analysis. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory vol. 11, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 97–209. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Matson, F. R. 1965 Ceramic Ecology: An Approach to the Study of the Early Cultures of the Near East. In Ceramics and Man, edited by Matson, F. R., pp. 202–217. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Miller, D. 1985 Artefacts as Categories: A Study of Ceramic Variability in Central India. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Miller, D. 1987 Material Culture and Mass Consumption. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Mills, B. 1984 Functional Analysis of Ceramics from the Anderson Site. In Ladder Ranch Research Project: A Report of the First Season, edited by Nelson, M., pp. 67–81. Technical Series No. 1. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Mills, B., and Crown, P. L. (editors) 1995 Ceramic Production in the American Southwest. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Nagel, E. 1961 The Structure of Science. Harcourt, Brace and World, New York.Google Scholar
Neflf, H. 1990 Culture Contact and Ceramic Evolution: Examples from Mesoamerica. In The Changing Roles of Ceramics in Society: 26,000 B.P to the Present, edited by Kingery, W. D., pp. 159–181. American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio.Google Scholar
Neflf, H. 1992a Ceramics and Evolution. Archaeological Method and Theory 4: 141–193.Google Scholar
Neff, H. (editor) 1992b Chemical Characterization of Ceramic Pastes in Archaeology. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Nelson, B. 1991 Ceramic Frequency and Use-Life: A Highland Mayan Case in Cross-Cultural Perspective. In Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology, edited by Longacre, W. A., pp. 162–181. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Nelson, M. C. 1991 The Study of Technological Organization. Archaeological Method and Theory 3: 57–100.Google Scholar
Nicklin, K. 1971 Stability and Innovation in Pottery Manufacture. World Archaeology 3: 13–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, A. E. 1995 Architectural Performance and the Reproduction of Social Power. In Expanding Archaeology, edited by Skibo, J. M., Walker, W. H., and Nielsen, A. E., pp. 47–66. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. 1988 The Psychology of Everyday Things. Basic Books, New York.Google Scholar
O'Brien, M. J., and Holland, T. D. 1995 Behavioral Archaeology and the Extended Phenotype. In Expanding Archaeology, edited by Skibo, J. M., Walker, W. H., and Nielsen, A. E., pp. 143–161. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
O'Brien, M. J., Holland, T. D., Hoard, R. J., and Fox, G. L. 1994 Evolutionary Implications of Design and Performance Characteristics of Prehistory Pottery. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1: 259–304.Google Scholar
Odell, G. H. (editor) 1996 Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights into Human Prehistory. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Olin, J. S., and Franklin, A. D. (editors) 1981 Archaeological Ceramics. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Orser, C. E., Jr. 1990 Archaeological Approaches to New World Plantation Slavery. Archaeological Method and Theory 2: 111–154.Google Scholar
Orser, C. E., Jr. 1996 A Historical Archaeology of the Modern World. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Orton, C, Tyers, P., and Vince, A. 1993 Pottery in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Otto, J. S. 1977 Artifacts and Status Differences—A Comparison of Ceramics from Planter, Overseer, and Slave Sites on an Antebellum Plantation. In Research Strategies in Historical Archeology, edited by South, S., pp. 91–118. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Pfaffenberger, B. 1992 Social Anthropology of Technology. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 491–516.Google Scholar
Plog, S. 1980 Stylistic Variation in Prehistoric Ceramics: Design Analysis in the American Southwest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Plog, S. 1983 Analysis of Style in Artifacts. Annual Review of Anthropology 12: 125–142.Google Scholar
Rands, R. L. 1988 Least-Cost and Function-Optimizing Interpretations of Ceramic Production: An Archaeological Perspective. In Ceramic Ecology Revisited, 1987: The Technology and Socioeconomics of Pottery, edited by Kolb, C. C., pp. 165–198. BAR International Series 436(i). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Rathje, W L., and C. Murphy, 1992 Rubbish! HarperCollins, New York.Google Scholar
Rathje, W. L., and Schiffer, M. B. 1982 Archaeology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.Google Scholar
Reid, K. C. 1989 A Materials Science Perspective on Hunter-Gatherer Pottery. In Pottery Technology: Ideas and Approaches, edited by Bronitsky, G., pp. 167–180. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Rhodes, D. 1957 Clay and Glazes for the Potter. Chilton Books, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. 1981 Evolution of Specialized Pottery Production: A Trial Model. Current Anthropology 22: 219–240.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. 1984 Change and Conservatism in Pottery-Producing Systems. In The Many Dimensions of Pottery, edited by van der Leeuw, S. E. and Pritchard, A. C., pp. 231–293. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. 1987 Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. 1981 Pottery Technology: Principles and Reconstruction. Taraxacum, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Sassaman, K. E. 1993 Early Pottery in the Southeast: Tradition and Innovation in Cooking Technology. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1972 Archaeological Context and Systemic Context. American Antiquity 37: 156–165.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1975a Behavioral Chain Analysis: Activities, Organization, and the Use of Space. In Chapters in the Prehistory of Eastern Arizona, IV. Fieldiana: Anthropology Vol. 65, pp. 103–119. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1975b Archaeology as Behavioral Science. American Anthropologist 77: 836–848.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1976 Behavioral Archeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1979a A Preliminary Consideration of Behavioral Change. In Transformations: Mathematical Approaches to Culture Change, edited by Renfrew, C. and Cooke, K., pp. 353–368. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1979b The Place of Lithic Use-Wear Studies in Behavioral Archaeology. In Lithic Use-Wear Analysis, edited by Hayden, B., pp. 15–25. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1987 Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1988 The Structure of Archaeological Theory. American Antiquity 53: 461–185.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1990 The Influence of Surface Treatment on Heating Effectiveness of Ceramic Vessels. Journal of Archaeological Science 17: 373–381.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1991 The Portable Radio in American Life. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1992 Technological Perspectives on Behavioral Change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1993 Cultural Imperatives and Product Development: The Case of the Shirt-Pocket Radio. Technology and Culture 34: 98–113.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1995a Behavioral Archaeology: First Principles. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1995b Social Theory and History in Behavioral Archaeology. In Expanding Archaeology, edited by Skibo, J. M., W H. Walker, and A. E. Nielsen, pp. 22–35. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1996 Some Relationships between Behavioral and Evolutionary Archaeologies. American Antiquity 61: 643–662.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1994 Taking Charge: The Electric Automobile in America. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B., and Skibo, J. M. 1987 Theory and Experiment in the Study of Technological Change. Current Anthropology 28: 595–622.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B., and Skibo, J. M. 1989 A Provisional Theory of Ceramic Abrasion. American Anthropologist 91: 102–116.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B., Skibo, J. M., Boelke, T. C., Neupert, M. A., and Aronson, M. 1994 New Perspectives on Experimental Archaeology: Surface Treatments and Thermal Response of the Clay Cooking Pot. American Antiquity 59: 197–217.Google Scholar
Senior, L. M. 1995 The Estimation of Prehistoric Values: Cracked Pot Ideas in Archaeology. In Expanding Archaeology, edited by Skibo, J. M., Walker, W. H., and Nielsen, A. E., pp. 92–110. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Sheets, P. 1975 Behavioral Analysis and the Structure of a Prehistoric Industry. Current Anthropology 16: 369–391.Google Scholar
Shepard, A. O. 1965 Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Publication No. 609. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Sinopoli, C. M. 1991 Approaches to Archaeological Ceramics. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Skibo, J. M. 1992 Pottery Function: A Use-Alteration Perspective. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Skibo, J. M. 1994 The Kalinga Cooking Pot: An Ethnoarchaeological and Experimental Study of Technological Change. In Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology: Expanding Archaeological Method and Theory, pp. 113–126. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Skibo, J. M., Butts, T. C., and Schiffer, M. B. 1997 Ceramic Surface Treatment and Abrasion Resistance: An Experimental Study. Journal of Archaeological Science 24, in press.Google Scholar
Skibo, J. M., and Schiffer, M. B. 1995 The Clay Cooking Pot: An Exploration of Women's Technology. In Expanding Archaeology, edited by Skibo, J. M., W H. Walker, and A. E. Nielsen, pp. 80–91. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Skibo, J. M., Schiffer, M. B., and Reid, K. C. 1989 Organic Tempered Pottery: An Experimental Study. American Antiquity 54: 122–146.Google Scholar
Skibo, J. M., Walker, W. H., and Nielsen, A. E. (editors) 1995 Expanding Archaeology. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Smith M., E, Jr. 1983 77ie Study of Ceramic Function From Artifact Size and Shape. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Smith M., E, Jr. 1985 Toward an Economic Interpretation of Ceramics: Relating Vessel Size and Shape to Use. In Decoding Prehistoric Ceramics, edited by Nelson, B., pp. 254–309. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Smith, W. 1962 Schools, Pots, and Potters. American Anthropologist 64: 1165–1178.Google Scholar
Spencer-Wood, S. M. (editor) 1987 Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, M. T. 1993 Pottery Economics: A Kalinga Ethnoarchaeological Study. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Tani, M. 1994 Why Should More Pots Break in Larger Households? Mechanisms Underlying Population Estimates from Ceramics. In Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology: Expanding Archaeological Method and Theory, edited by Longacre, W. A. and Skibo, J.M. pp. 51–70. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Thompson, H. 1984 The Athenian Vase—Painters and Their Neighbors. In Pots and Potters: Current Approaches in Ceramic Archaeology, edited by Rice, P. M., pp. 7–19. Monograph No. 24. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Torrence, R. (editor) 1989 Time, Energy and Stone Tools. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
van As, A. 1984 Reconstructing the Potter's Craft. In The Many Dimensions of Pottery, edited by S. E. van der Leeuw and A. C. Pritchard, pp. 129–164. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, S. E. 1984a Dust to Dust: A Transformational View of the Ceramic Cycle. In The Many Dimensions of Pottery, edited by S. E. van der Leeuw and A. C. Pritchard, pp. 707–778. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, S. E. 1984b Pottery Manufacture: Some Complications for the Study of Trade. In Pots and Potters: Current Approaches in Ceramic Archaeology, edited by Rice, P. M., pp. 55–69. Monograph No. 24. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, S. E. 1991 Variation, Variability, and Explanation in Pottery Studies. In Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology, edited by Longacre, W. A., pp. 10–39. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, S. E., and Pritchard, A. C. (editors) 1984 The Many Dimensions of Pottery: Ceramics in Archaeology and Anthropology. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Vaz Pinto, I., Schiffer, M. B., Smith, S., and Skibo, J. M. 1987 Effects of Temper on Ceramic Abrasion Resistance: A Preliminary Investigation. Archaeomaterials 1: 119–134.Google Scholar
Vitelli, K. D. 1984 Greek Neolithic Pottery by Experiment. In Pots and Potters: Current Approaches in Ceramic Archaeology, edited by Rice, P. M., p. 113-131. Monograph No. 24. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Walker, W. H. 1995 Ceremonial Trash? In Expanding Archaeology, edited by Skibo, J. M., Walker, W. H., and Nielsen, A. E., pp. 67–79. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Wardle, P. 1992 Earlier Prehistoric Pottery Production and Ceramic Petrology in Britain. BAR International Series 225. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Weinberg, S. S. 1965 Ceramics and the Supernatural: Cult and Burial Evidence in the Aegean World. In Ceramics and Man, edited by E R. Matson, pp. 187–201. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
West, S. M. 1992 Temper, Thermal Shock and Cooking Pots: A Study of Tempering Materials and Their Physical Significance in Prehistoric and Traditional Cooking Pottery. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Whittlesey, S. 1974 Identification of Imported Ceramics through Functional Analysis of Attributes. Kiva 101-112.Google Scholar
Wiessner, P. 1983 Style and Social Information in Kalahari San Projectile Points. American Antiquity 49: 253–276.Google Scholar
Wiessner, P. 1984 Reconsidering the Behavioral Basis for Style: A Case Study among the Kalahari San. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3: 190–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winner, L. 1986 The Whale and the Reactor. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wobst, H. M. 1977 Stylistic Behavior and Information Exchange. In Papers for the Director: Research Essays in Honor of James B. Griffin, edited by Cleland, C. E., pp. 317–334. Anthropological Papers No. 61. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Wright, R. P. 1991 Women's Labor and Pottery Production in Prehistory. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by Gero, J. M. and W, M. Conkey, pp. 194–223. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Young, D. E., and Bonnichsen, R. 1984 Understanding Stone Tools: A Cognitive Approach. Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine, Orono.Google Scholar
Young, L. C., and Stone, T. 1990 The Termal Properties of Textured Ceramics: An Experimental Study. Journal of Field Archaeology 17: 195–203.Google Scholar
Zedeno, M. N. 1994 Sourcing Prehistoric Ceramics at Chodistaas Pueblo. Arizona: The Circulation of People and Pots in the Grasshopper Region. Anthropological Papers No. 58. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar