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Measuring Sedentariness and Settlement Population: Accumulations Research in the Middle Atlantic Region

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Martin D. Gallivan
Martin D. Gallivan*
Affiliation:
Center for Archaeological Research, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795
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Abstract

Archaeologists have long sought to understand the relationships between the quantity and diversity of material that accumulates at a site and the variables of community size and occupation duration. This paper examines these relationships through an analysis of mobility and settlement population in the late precontact and early colonial Chesapeake region of the eastern U.S. Drawing on previous accumulations research and two “strong” archaeological cases that provide critical values, the study develops measures of relative sedentariness and ceramic-discard behavior that can be used to model behavior at sites without stratified deposits or well-preserved architecture. Application of this model to the James River Valley of Virginia produces more reliable dates for the inception of village communities, several centuries following the adoption of maize-based horticulture in the region. The analysis also suggests that the fundamental nature of residential settlement changed dramatically in the study area after A.D. 1200 with the emergence of a settlement hierarchy including relatively large communities with lengthy occupation durations. The creation of a new cultural landscape containing substantial villages, combined with related changes in household and community organization, is central to the origins and development of the Powhatan paramountcy, one of North America's archetypal complex chiefdoms.

Résumé

Résumé

Por mucho tiempo, los arqueólogos han tratado de entender las relaciones entre la cantidad y la diversidad de material que se acumula en un sitio arqueológico y las variabilidades del tamaño de una comunidad y la duración del asentamiento. Este artículo examina estas relaciones a través de un análisis de movilidad en estos asentamientos poblacionales en las época del tardío preencuentro y el temprano colonial de la región Chesapeake de los Estados Unidos oriental. Utilizando previas y “robustas" investigaciones, en conjunto con dos estudios de sitio que proveen valores críticos, esta investigación desarrolla un índice de vivencia relativa y sobre los hábitos a través del análisis de desecho de cerámica, lo que se puede usar para modelar las costumbres de uso en lugares donde no existen suficientes estratificaciones con depósitos de una arquitectura bien conservada. La aplicación de este modelo al James Valley de Virginia permite tener datos más seguros y confiables sobre la introducción de asentamientos permanentes, con una data entre dos a tres siglos después de la adopción de una horticulura de maíz en la región. El análisis también sugiere que la naturaleza fundamental del asentamiento residencial cambió de forma drástica en el área de estudio, después de 1200 D.C. con la emergencia de una jerarquía comunitaria incluyendo a grandes comunidades con prolongados períodos de ocupación. La creación de un nuevo paisaje cultural, con importantes aldeas, combinado con los cambios en la organización del núcleo doméstico y comunitario, es central para el origen y desarrollo uno de los principales complejos arquetípicos de Norteamérica, el cacicazgo “Powhatan.”

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 67 , Issue 3 , July 2002 , pp. 535 - 557
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2002

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