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Rendering Economies: Native American Labor and Secondary Animal Products in the Eighteenth-Century Pimería Alta

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman
Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman*
Affiliation:
Arizona State Museum and School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 (bpavao@email.arizona.edu)
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Abstract

While the ostensible motivation for Spanish missionization in the Americas was religious conversion, missions were also critical to the expansion of European economic institutions in the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries. Native American labor in mission contexts was recruited in support of broader programs of colonialism, mercantilism, and resource extraction. Archaeological research throughout North America demonstrates the importance and extent of the integration of Native labor into regional colonial economies. Animals and animal products were often important commodities within colonialperiod regional exchange networks and thus, zooarchaeological data can be crucial to the reconstruction of local economic practices that linked Native labor to larger-scale economic processes. Zooarchaeological remains from two Spanish missions—one in southern Arizona and one in northern Sonora—demonstrate that Native labor supported broader colonial economic processes through the production of animal products such as tallow and hide. Tallow rendered at Mission San Agustín de Tucson and Mission Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera was vital for mining activities in the region, which served as an important wealth base for the continued development of Spanish colonialism in the Americas. This research also demonstrates continuity in rendering practices over millennia of human history, and across diverse geographical regions, permitting formalization of a set of expectations for identifying tallow-rendered assemblages, regardless of context.

Resumen

Resumen

Si bien el objetivo explícito del establecimiento de las misiones españolas en el continente americano fue la conversión religiosa de sus poblaciones nativas, las misiones jugaron también un papel fundamental para la expansión de las instituciones económicas europeas durante los siglos XVI al XIX. En este sentido, la mano de obra nativa en los contextos misionales fue reclutada en apoyo a programas más amplios relacionados al colonialismo, mercantilismo y la extracción de recursos naturales. La investigación arqueológica en Norteamérica demuestra la importancia y alcance de la integración de la mano de obra nativa en las economías coloniales locales. Debido a que los animales, y los productos relacionados, constituían frecuentemente mercancías vitales dentro de las redes de intercambio regional en la época colonial, la información zooarqueológica puede ser crucial en la reconstrucción de las prácticas económicas locales que vinculaban la mano de obra nativa a procesos económicos de mayor escala. El análisis de los restos zooarqueológicos de dos misiones españolas localizadas en el sur de Arizona y el norte de Sonora demuestran que la mano de obra nativa sostenía procesos económicos más amplios a través de la manufactura de productos animales como el sebo ó manteca y el cuero. En este contexto, el sebo producido en la misión de San Agustín de Tucson y en la misión de Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera era crítico para las actividades mineras en la región, las cuales constituían a su vez una importante fuente de riqueza para el continuo desarrollo del colonialismo español en las Américas. Esta investigación demuestra también continuidad en las prácticas productivas del sebo por más de mil años de historia humana, y a través de diversas áreas geográficas, permitiendo así la formalización de una serie de características para la identificación de los aparejos requeridos para su fabricación, independientemente del contexto en que se encuentren.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 76 , Issue 1 , January 2011 , pp. 3 - 23
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2011

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