Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:13:28.497Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Social Formations, Modo de Vida, and Conflict in Archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Bradley E. Ensor
Bradley E. Ensor*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1112 Turlington Hall, PO Box 117305, Gainesville, FL 32611-7305 and Archaeological Consulting Services, 424 W. Broadway, Tempe, AZ 85281
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The focus of archaeological investigation is shifting from generalizations about societies for comparative theory-building to the internal dynamics of societies. The generalizations made in processual archaeology have been attacked for ignoring conflict and the modo de vida: the concrete rhythms of daily life. As a result, the increased attention to internal dynamics is beginning to paint complex pictures of social relationships. A structural marxist approach that was associated with functionalism is reappraised and argued to be suitable for understanding the complexities of individual's daily lives and power relations. Rather than viewing social formations as systems comprised of multiple modes of production that influence one another, individuals are argued to have crossed between modes. The sets of social relations comprise the totality of people's daily experiences. Furthermore, within each mode of production are different recognizable variations that produce dynamic sets of relations. An application to the U.S. Southwest illustrates this social formations approach to modo de vida and conflict.

Resumen

Resumen

El enfoque de investigaciones arqueológicas está desviando desde generalizaciones de sociedades para hacer teoría a la dinámica interna social. Las generalizaciones han sido criticadas por ignorar conflicto y el modo de vida: los ritmos concretos de la vida diaria. Como resultado, esta creciente atención a las dinámicas internas demuestran relaciones sociales complejas. Un método marxista estructural, asociado confuncionalismo, esta reconsiderado y debatido para intender la complejidad de las vidas diarias de individuos y las relaciones de poder. En lugar de ver formaciones sociales como sistemas de modos de producción múltiples que influyen cada uno, los individuos cruzaron entre modos. Las colecciones de relaciones sociales comprenden la totalidad de las experiencias diarias de la gente. Además, adentro de cada modo de producción hay variantes diferentes y reconocibles que producen colecciones de relaciones dindmicas. Una aplicacion al suroeste de E. U. A. demuestra este método de formaciones sociales al modo de vida y conflicto.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 65 , Issue 1 , January 2000 , pp. 15 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, R. E. W., and Smith, W. D. 1981 Feudal Models for Classic Maya Civilization. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Ashmore, W., pp. 335–349. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Allen, W. 1985 The Block 24 East Lithics. In City of Phoenix Archaeology of the Original Townsite: Block 24-East, edited by Cable, J. S., Hoffman, D. S., Doyel, D. E., and Ritz, F., pp. 127–167. Publications in Archaeology No. 8. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Althusser, L., and Balibar, E. 1970 Reading Capital. Pantheon Books, New York.Google Scholar
Bate, L. F. 1978 Sociedad, formacion economico social y cultura. Ediciones Cultura Popular, Mexico.Google Scholar
Bate, L. F. 1990 Culturas y modos de vida de los cazadores recolectores en el poblamiento de America del Sur. Revista Arqueologia Americana 2: 89–153 Google Scholar
Berdan, F. F. 1982 The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Bernstein, H. 1986 Capitalism and Petty Commodity Production. Social Analysis 20: 11–27.Google Scholar
Brown, J. K. 1975 Iroquois Women: An Ethnohistoric Note. In Toward an Anthropology of Women, edited by Reiter, R. R., pp. 235–251. Monthly Review Press, New York.Google Scholar
Brubaker, P. K. 1994 Women Don't Count: The Challenge ofWomen 's Poverty to Christian Ethics. Scholar's Press, Atlanta.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, E. M. 1991 Weaving and Cooking: Women's Production in AztecMexico. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by Gero, J. M. and Conkey, M.W. pp. 244–251. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, E. M. 1992 Distinguished Lecture in Archeology: Breaking and Entering the Ecosystem— Gender, Class, and Faction Steal the Show. American Anthropologist 94: 551- 567.Google Scholar
Burns, E. 1989 Squatters’ Power in San Miguel Teotongo. Report on the Americas 23(4): 29–35.Google Scholar
Cable, J. S., and Allen, W. 1982 Part I: The Prehistoric Component. In City of Phoenix, Archaeology of the Original Townsite: Blocks I and 2, edited by Cable, J. S., Henry, S. L., and Doyel, D. E., pp. 13–179. Publications in Archaeology No. 1. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Cable, J. S., and Doyel, D. E. 1987 Pioneer Period Village Structure and Settlement Pattern in the Phoenix Basin. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 21–70. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs.Google Scholar
Cable, J. S., Henry, S. L., and Doyel, D. E. 1982 City of Phoenix, Archaeology of the Original Townsite: Blocks 1 and 2. Publications in Archaeology No. 1. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Cable, J. S., Henry, S. L., and Doyel, D. E. 1983 City of Phoenix, Archaeology of the Original Townsite: Block 28- North. Publications in Archaeology No. 2. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Cable, J. S., Henry, S. L., and Doyel, D. E. 1984 City of Phoenix, Archaeology of the Original Townsite: The Murphy's Addition. Publications in Archaeology No. 3. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Cable, J. S., Hoffman, K. S., Doyel, D. E., and Ritz, F. 1985 City of Phoenix, Archaeology of the Original Townsite: Block 24-East. Publications in Archaeology No. 8. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Carrasco, P. 1978 La economia del Mexico prehispanico. In Economia politico e ideologia en el Mexico prehispanico, edited by Carrasco, P. and Broda, J., pp. 15–76. Editorial Nueva Imagen, Mexico, D. F. Google Scholar
Cassell, P. 1993 Introduction. In The Giddens Reader, edited by Cassell, P., pp. 1–37. Stanford University Press, Stanford.Google Scholar
Cook, S., and Binford, L. 1986’ Petty Commodity Production, Capital Accumulation, and Peasant Differentiation: Lenin vs. Chayanov in Rural Mexico. Review of Radical Political Economics 18: 1–31.Google Scholar
Crown, P. L. 1985 Morphology and Function of Hohokam Small Structures. Kiva 50: 75–94.Google Scholar
Cassell, P. 1997 Food Processing, Preparation, and Gender in the Greater American Southwest. Paper presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Nashville.Google Scholar
Cushing, F. H. 1892 The Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition. Manuscript on file, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Davis, A. 1988 Women, Race and Class. Women's Press, London.Google Scholar
Davis, A. 1990 Women, Culture and Politics. Women's Press, London.Google Scholar
Dean, J. S. 1991 Thoughts on Hohokam Chronology. In Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Peoples of the American Southwest, edited by Gumerman, G. J., pp. 61–150. Amerind Foundation New World Studies Series No. 1. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Deaver, W. L., and Ciolek-Torrello, R. 1995 Early Formative Period Chronology for the Tucson Basin. Kiva 60: 481–530.Google Scholar
deJanvry, A. 1981 The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Doelle, W H” Huntingtion, F. W., and Wallace, H. D. 1987 Rincon Phase Reorganization in the Tucson Basin. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 71–95. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs.Google Scholar
Doyel, D. E. 1991 Hohokam Cultural Evolution in the Phoenix Basin. In Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest, edited by Gumerman, G. J., pp. 231–278. Amerind Foundation New World Studies Series No. 1. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Doyel, D. E., and Ensor, B. E. (editors) 1997 Archaeological Survey in Districts 6 and 7 Gila River Indian Community: Research Orientation and Results, vol. 1. Cultural Resources Report No. 98. Archaeological Consulting Services, Tempe.Google Scholar
Draper, P. 1975 !Kung Women: Contrasts in Sexual Egalitarianism in Foraging and Sedentary Contexts. In Toward an Anthropology of Women, edited by Reiter, R. R., pp. 77- 109. Monthly Review Press, New York.Google Scholar
Ember, C. R. 1983 The Relative Decline in Women's Contribution to Agriculture with Intensification. American Anthropologist 85: 285–304.Google Scholar
Engels, F. 1972 The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State. Pathfinder Press, New York.Google Scholar
Ensor, B. E. 1997 Social Formations in Archaeology. Paper presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Nashville.Google Scholar
Ensor, B. E., and Doyel, D. E. 1997 Trends in Subsistence, Settlement, and Land Use. In Archaeological Survey in Districts 6 and 7 Gila River Indian Community: Research Orientation and Results, vol. 1, edited by Doyel, D. E. and Ensor, B.E. pp. 75–104. Cultural Resources Report No. 98. Archaeological Consulting Services, Tempe.Google Scholar
Fish, S. K., and Nabhan, G. P. 1991 Desert as Context: The Hohokam Environment. In Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest, edited by Gumerman, G. J., pp. 29–60. Amerind Foundation New World Studies Series No. 1. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Foladori, G. 1983 Formas de valor y formas de intercambio. Cuadernos Antropologicos 1: 49–63.Google Scholar
Foladori, G. 1986 Proletarios y Campesinos. Editorial Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico.Google Scholar
Fried, M. 1967 The Evolution of Political Society. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Friedman, J. 1979 System, Structure and Contradiction. National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Friedman, J., and Rowlands, M. (editors) 1978 The Evolution of Social Systems. Duckworth, London.Google Scholar
Gailey, C. W, and Patterson, T. C. 1988 State Formation and Uneven Development. In State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization, edited by Gledhill, J., Bender, B., and Larsen, M. T., pp. 77–90. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Garret, B.G., and Russell, S.C. 1983 A Model for the Household Complex of the Gila Pima: 1853-1920. In Alicia: The History of a Piman Homestead, edited by Rice, G. E., Upham, S., and Nicholas, L., pp. 11–36. The Arizona Archaeologist No. 16, Anthropological Field Studies No. 4. Office of Cultural Resource Management, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Gasser, R. 1985 Macrobotanical Analysis. In City of Phoenix Archaeology of the Original Townsite: Block 24-East, edited by Cable, J. S., Hoffman, K. S., Doyel, D. E., and Ritz, F., pp. 391. Publications in Archaeology No. 8. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Gladwin, H. S. 1948 Excavations at Snaketown: IV Reviews and Conclusions Medallion Papers 38. Gila Pueblo, Globe.Google Scholar
Gladwin, H. S., Haury, E., Sayles, E. B., and Gladwin, N. 1937 Excavations at Snaketown: Material Culture. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Godelier, M. 1975 Modes of Production, Kinship, and Demographic Structures. In Marxist Analyses and Social Anthropology, edited by Bloch, M., pp. 3–27. Malaby, London.Google Scholar
Godelier, M. 1978 Infrastructures, Societies, and History. Current Anthropology 19: 763–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwald, D. M. 1993 Intraregional Comparisons of Flaked and Ground Stone Assemblages from Temporary and Permanently Occupied Sites. In Early Desert Farming and Irrigation Settlements: Archaeological Investigations in the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center: Special Studies, Synthesis, and Conclusions, edited by Greenwald, D. H. and Ballagh, J.H. pp. 197–220. Archaeological Report No. 93-17(4). SWCA Environmental Consultants, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Gregory, D. A. 1987 The Morphology of Platform Mounds and the Structure of Classic Period Hohokam Sites. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 183–210. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs.Google Scholar
Gregory, D. A. 1991 Form and Variation in Hohokam Settlement Patterns. In Chaco & Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Crown, P. L. and Judge, W.J. pp. 159–193. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Haury, E. W. 1945 The Excavations of Los Muertos and Neighboring Ruins in the Salt River Valley, Southern Arizona. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology No. 24(1). Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Haury, E. W. 1976 The Hohokam: Desert Farmers & Craftsmen. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Henderson, T. K. 1987 The Growth of aHohokam Village. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 97–125. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs.Google Scholar
Henderson, T. K. 1995 The Prehistoric Archaeology of Heritage Square. Anthropological Papers No. 3. Pueblo Grande Museum, Phoenix.Google Scholar
hooks, b. 1984 Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. South End Press, Boston.Google Scholar
hooks, b. 1990 Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. South End Press, Boston.Google Scholar
Howard, J. B. 1982 Hohokam Community Patterns at La Ciudad de Los Hornos. Paper presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Kahn, J. S. 1974 Imperialism and the Reproduction of Capitalism: Towards a Definition of the Indonesian Social Formation. Critique of Anthropology 2: 1–35.Google Scholar
Kahn, J. S. 1975 Economic Scale and the Cycle of Petty Commodity Production in West Sumatra. In Marxist Analyses and Social Anthropology, edited by Bloch, M., pp. 137–158. Malaby, London.Google Scholar
Kahn, J. S. 1980 Minangkabau Social Formations: Indonesian Peasants and the World-Economy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Keegan, W F., and Maclachlan, M. D. 1989 The Evolution of Avunculocal Chiefdoms: A Reconstruction of Taino Kinship and Politics. American Anthropologist 91: 613–630.Google Scholar
Lazcano Arce, J. C. 1993 Identification arqueol6gica de un modo de vida: un estudio en Xochimilco. Boletin de Antropologia Americana 28: 133–162.Google Scholar
LeClau, E. 1971 Feudalism and Capitalism in Latin America. New Left Review 67: 19–38.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H. 1992a A Marxist Archaeology. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H. 1992b Death, Society, and Ideology in the Hohokam Community of La Ciudad, AD 800 to 1100. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H. 1993 Archaeology and Marxism. In Archaeological Method and Theory, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 101–157. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H. and Saitta, D. J. 1996 Although They Have Petty Captains, They Obey Them Badly: The Dialectics of Prehispanic Western Pueblo Social Organization. American Antiquity 61: 197- 216.Google Scholar
Marquardt, W. H. 1992 DialecticalArchaeology. In Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 4, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 101–140. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Marx, K. 1964 Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations. International Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Marx, K., and Engels, F. 1981 The German Ideology. International Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, C. 1972 From Reproduction to Production: A Marxist Approach to Economic Anthropology. Economy and Society 1: 93–105.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, C. 1981 Maidens, Meal and Money: Capitalism and the Domestic Community Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Mills, B. J. 1997 Gender, Labor, and Inequality: Dynamics of Craft Production in the American Southwest. Paper presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Nashville.Google Scholar
Montane, M. J. C. 1981 Sociedades igualitarias y modo de production. Boletin Antropologia Americana 3: 71–89.Google Scholar
Motsinger, T. N. 1994 An Inside View of Hohokam Architecture. Kiva 59: 395–418.Google Scholar
Mueller, E. 1976 The Economic Value of Children in Peasant Agriculture. In Population and Development, edited by Ridker, R. G., pp 98-153. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Netting, R., Wilk, R. R., and Arnold, E. J. 1984 Introduction. In Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group, edited by Netting, R., R. R. Wilk, and E.J. Arnold, pp. xiii- xxxviii. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Ong, A. 1987 Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia. State University of New York Press, Albany.Google Scholar
Patterson, T. C. 1986 La creacion de cultura en las formaciones sociales preestatales y no-estatales. Boletin de Antropologia Americana 14: 53–61.Google Scholar
Ong, A. 1994 Social Archaeology in Latin America: An Appreciation. American Antiquity 59: 531–537.Google Scholar
Remy, D. 1975 Underdevelopment and the Experience of Women: A Nigerian Case Study. In Toward an Anthropology of Women, edited by Reiter, R. R., pp. 358–371. Monthly Review Press, New York.Google Scholar
Roseberry, W. 1989 Anthropologies and Histories: Essays in Culture, History, and Political Economy. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.Google Scholar
Rubbo, A. 1975 The Spread of Capitalism in Rural Colombia: Effects on Poor Women. In Toward an Anthropology of Women, edited by Reiter, R. R., pp. 333–357. Monthly Review Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sacks, K. 1975 Engels Revisited: Women, the Organization of Production, and Private Property. In Toward an Anthropology of Women, edited by Reiter, R. R., pp. 211–234. Monthly Review Press, New York.Google Scholar
Saitta, D. J. 1997 Power, Labor, and the Dynamics of Change in Chacoan Political Economy. American Antiquity 62: 7–26.Google Scholar
Sanoja Obediente, M. 1982 Modos de produccion precapitalistas en Venezuela. Boletin de Antropologia Americana 6: 5–16.Google Scholar
Sanoja Obediente, M. 1990 The Venezuelan Colonial Way of Life. Revista Arqueologia Americana 2: 158–167.Google Scholar
Sanoja Obediente, M. and Vargas Arenas, I. 1974. Antiguas formaciones y modos de produccion venozolanos. Monte Avila Editores, Caracas.Google Scholar
Sanoja Obediente, M. 1996 Tendencias del proceso urbano en las provincias de Caracas y Guayana, siglos XVI-XIX: el modo de vida colonial Venezolano. Revista de Arqueologia Americana 11: 57–77.Google Scholar
Service, E. 1971 Primitive Social Organization. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Seymour, D. J. 1994 Peripheral Considerations: Defining the Spatial and Physical Correlates of Storage Behavior in Hohokam Structures. Kiva 59: 377–394.Google Scholar
Sires, E. W. Jr. 1987 Hohokam Architectural Variability and Site Structure during the Sedentary-Classic Transition. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 171–182. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs.Google Scholar
Smith, C. A. 1984 Local History in Global Context: Social and Economic Transitions in Western Guatemala. Comparative Study of Society and History 26: 193–228.Google Scholar
Smith, C. A. 1986 Reconstructing the Elements of Petty Commodity Production. Social Analysis 20: 29–46.Google Scholar
Smith, S. J., Midsicek, C. H., James, S. R., and Hutira, J. 1995 Biological Remains. In The Prehistorical Archaeology of Heritage Square, edited by Henderson, T. K., pp. 151–177. Anthropological Papers No. 3. Pueblo Grande Museum, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Stark, O. 1981 The Asset Demand for Children During Agricultural Modernization. Population and Development Review 7: 4: 671–675.Google Scholar
Stavenhagen, R. 1966 Social Aspects of Agrarian Structure in Mexico. Social Research 33: 225–270.Google Scholar
Stavenhagen, R. 1975 Social Classes in Agrarian Societies. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, V. P. 1978 Location Theory and Complex Chiefdoms: a Mississippian Example. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns, edited by Smith, B., pp. 417–453. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Steward, J. 1963 Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Stone, T. 1993 Small Site Function and Duration of Occupation in the Hohokam Periphery. JSva 59: 65–82.Google Scholar
Taussig, M. T. 1980 The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Terray, E. 1975 Classes and Class Consciousness intheAbron Kingdom of Gyaman. In Marxist Analyses and Social Anthropology, edited by Bloch, M., pp. 85–135. Malaby Press, London.Google Scholar
Thomas, M., and King, J. 1985 Hohokam Figurine Assemblages: A Suggested Ritual Context. In Proceedings of the 1983 Hohokam Symposium, edited by A. E. Dittert Jr. and D. E. Dove, pp. 687–732. Occasional Paper 2. Arizona Archaeological Society, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Turney, O. A. 1929 Prehistoric Irrigation in Arizona. Office of the Arizona State Historian, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Vargas Arenas, I. 1985 Modo de vida: categoria de las mediaciones entre formation social y cultural. Boletin de Antropologia Americana 12: 5–16.Google Scholar
Vargas Arenas, I. 1986 Sociedad y naturaleza: en torno a las mediaciones y determinaciones para el cambio en las FES preclasistas. Boletin de Antropologia Americana 13: 65–74.Google Scholar
Vargas Arenas, I. 1989 Teoria sobre el cacicazgo como modo de vida: el caso del caribe. Boletin de Antropologia Americana 20: 19–29.Google Scholar
Vargas Arenas, I. and Sanoja Obediente, M. 1995 La arqueologia como ciencia social y su expression en America Latina. Revista de Arqueologia Americana 9: 141–163.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M. 1976 Medioambiente y adaptacion humana en la prehistoria de Santo Domingo, Tomo 1. Editora Taller, Santo Domingo.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M. 1977 Medioambiente y adaptacion humana en la prehistoria de Santo Domingo, Tomo 2. Editora de la Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M. 1984 La arqueologia de la vida cotidiana: matices historia y diferencias. Boletin de Antropologia Americana 10: 5–21.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M., and Pantel, G. 1988 El modo de vida de los recolectores en la arqueologia del caribe (parte I). Boletin de Antropologia Americana 18: 149–167.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M., and Pantel, G. 1989 El mode de vida de los recolectores en la arqueologia del caribe (parte II). Boletin de Antropologia Americana 19: 83–117.Google Scholar
White, B. 1976 Population, Involution, and Employment in Rural Java. Development and Change 7: P267-290.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D. R. 1987a Frank Midvale 's Investigation of the Site of La Ciudad. Anthropological Field Studies No. 19. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D. R. 1987b New Models of Social Structure at the Palo Parado Site. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 223–248. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D. R. 1991 Hohokam Social Complexity. In Chaco & Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Crown, P. L. and Judge, W J., pp. 253–275. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D. R., and Sternberg, C. 1983 Hohokam Ballcourts and Their Interpretation. Archaeological Series No. 160. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D. R., McGuire, T. R., and Sternberg, C. 1981 Snaketown Revisited. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 155. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wolf, E. R. 1982 Europe and the People Without History. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Zagarell, A. 1986 Trade, Women, Class, and Society in Ancient Western Asia. Current Anthropology 27: 415–430.Google Scholar