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Time, Oral Tradition, and Archaeology at Xakwnoowú, A Little Ice Age Fort in Southeastern Alaska

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Aron L. Crowell  and
Wayne K. Howell
Aron L. Crowell
Affiliation:
Arctic Studies Center (Alaska Office), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Anchorage, Alaska 99510 (croweIla@si.edu)
Wayne K. Howell
Affiliation:
Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Gustavus, Alaska 99826 (wayne_howell@nps.gov)
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Abstract

As a linguistic medium, oral tradition conveys rich and specific detail about past events but is also subject to alteration in the course of transmission between generations. As a source for indigenous history, spoken heritage is characteristically specific in geographic attribution and thus definitive of cultural landscapes, but it is temporally under-defined because it is unconstrained by calendrical dates. We consider these qualities in relation to Tlingit oral accounts that refer to Xak-wnoowú, an 850-year-old fort in the Glacier Bay region of southeastern Alaska. The site is narratively linked to the origins of Tlingit warfare and of the Kaagwaantaan clan, and remains a landmark of historical consciousness for contemporary descendants. We apply archaeological and geological evidence to date and verify key oral narratives, finding substantial convergence with scientific data and a complementarity of perspective that potentiates fuller understandings of both Tlingit history and environmental change during the Little Ice Age. We conclude that the historicity of oral tradition—a topic of wide current debate—is clearly demonstrated at Xakwnoowú, although instances of chronological compression are revealed by the analysis.

Resumen

Resumen

La tradición oral es un medio lingüístico que permite la transmisión de acontecimientos pasados con gran detalle y especificidad, pero a la vez está sujeta a modificaciones de estos detalles de una generación a otra. La herencia oral como fuente de conocimientos históricos indígenas es muy precisa en cuanto a información geográfica y por lo tanto define el panorama cultural, pero presenta poca precisión en cuanto a los detalles temporales debido a que no está atada a un calendario de fechas. En este trabajo, tomamos en consideración estas cualidades en relación a los relatos orales Tlingit que hacen referencia a Xakwnoowú, un fuerte de 850 años de antigüedad de la región de la Bahía de los Glaciares del sureste de Alaska. El sitio está vinculado enforma narrativa a los orígenes de las batallas Tlingit y del clan Kaagwaantaan, y sigue siendo un hito de la conciencia histórica de los descendientes contemporáneos. Para esto, presentamos evidencia arqueológica y geológica con la cuál damos validez a narraciones orales clave, al encontrar que existe una convergencia sustancial entre estas y los datos científicos disponibles hasta la fecha así como perspectivas complementarias que dan como resultado un entendimiento más completos tanto de la historia Tlingit como del cambio ambiental durante la Pequeña Edad de Hielo. Concluimos que la auntenticidad histórica de la tradición oral—un tema de amplio debate—queda claramente demostrada en Xakwnoowú, a pesar de que el análisis revela casos de compresión cronológica.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 78 , Issue 1 , January 2013 , pp. 3 - 23
Copyright
Copyright © 2013 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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