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“Bridge of Varvarin”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Klaus Ferdinand Gärditz
Klaus Ferdinand Gärditz*
Affiliation:
University of Bonn, Germany
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Abstract

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Keywords

National law of state liability and international lawfourth Hague Conventioncustomary international humanitarian lawcompensation of civilian victimsjudicial review of military operations
Type
International Decisions
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 108 , Issue 1 , January 2014 , pp. 86 - 93
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2014 

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References

1 Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG] [Federal Constitutional Court] Aug. 13, 2013, docket nos. 2 BvR 2660/ 06, 2 BvR 487/07, at http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen/rk20130813_2bvr266006.html (“Bridge of Varvarin”). Quotations of passages from the decision below were translated by the author.

2 BVerfG Apr. 20, 1994, 90 BVerfGE 286 (388), 1994; BVerfG Feb. 12, 2008, 121 Entscheidungendes Bundesverfassungsgerichts [BVERFGE] 135 (153–55), 2008; BVerfG May 4, 2010, 126 BVerfGE 55 (69–70), 2010.

3 Landgericht Bonn [regional court Bonn] Dec. 10, 2003, 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift [NJW] 525, 2004.

4 See the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights under the Convention, Bankovit v. Belgium, 2001-XII Eur. Ct. H.R. 333 (reported by Alexandra Ruth & Mirja Trilsch at 97 AJIL 168 (2003)).

5 Oberlandesgericht Köln [higher regional court Cologne] July 28, 2005, 58 NJW 2860, 2005.

6 Bundesgerichtshof [BGH] [Federal Court of Justice] Nov. 2, 2006, 169 Entscheidungen Des Bundes Gerichtshofes in Zivilsachen [BGHZ] 348, 2006.

7 The case was heard by the First Chamber of the Second Senate.

8 Grundgesetz Für Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland [GG] [Basic Law], May 23, 1949, Bundesgesetzblatt, Gesetzblatt, Teil I [BGBL. I], Art. 25.

9 E.g., BVerfG May 8, 2007, 118 BVERFGE 124 (135), 2007.

10 BVerfG Dec. 16, 1983, 66 BVERFGE 39 (64), 1983; BVerfG June 9, 1971, 31 BVERFGE 145 (177–78), 1971; BVerfG (Chamber), Jan. 30, 2008, 13 Kammerentscheidungen Des Bundesverfassungs Gerichts [BVerfGK] 246 (252), 2008.

11 GG Art. 59(2).

12 Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Ger. v. It.: Greece Intervening), para. 108 (Int’l Ct. Justice Feb. 3, 2012), at http://www.icj-cij.org (reported by Alexander Orakhelashvili at 106 AJIL 609 (2012)).

13 Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Art. 33(2), in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Fifty-Third Session 26, 28, UN GAOR, 56th Sess., Supp. No. 10, UN Doc. A/56/10 (2001) (suggesting, however, that individuals might be able to bring such claims under human rights law).

14 Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Art. 3, Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2277, 1 Bevans 631; Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, Art. 91, June 8, 1977, 1125 UNTS 3.

15 BVerfG Oct. 16, 2004, 112 BVerfGE 1 (32–33), 2004; BVerfG (Chamber), June 28, 2004, 3 BVerfGK 277 (283), 2004.

16 ICJ Statute Art. 38(1)(b).

17 BVerfG May 13, 1996, 94 BVerfGE 315 (328 –30), 1996 (concerning forced laborers during World War II).

18 GG Art. 19(4).

19 A U.S. circuit court denied that a dispute regarding damage caused by military operations (in that case, the shooting down of an aircraft by a naval vessel) fell under the political question doctrine. see Koohi v. United States, 976 F.2d 1328 (9th Cir. 1992). Thus, the tort claim was justiciable. To similar effect, see Ramirez de Arellano v. Weinberger, 745 F.2d 1500 (D.C. Cir. 1984).

20 See Ossenböhl, Fritz & Cornils, Matthias, Staatshaftungsrecht 43 (6th ed. 2013)Google Scholar.

21 The Federal Court of Justice has rejected liability for individual injuries caused through the end of World War II. see BGH June 26, 2003, 156 BGHZ 279 (293–96), 2003.

22 Bullock, Kenneth, United States Tort Liability for War Crimes Abroad: An Assessment and Recommendation, 58 L. & Contemp. Probs. 139, 159 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 Völkerstrafgesetzbuch [Act to Introduce the German Code of Crimes Against International Law], June 26, 2002, BGBL. I at 2254, 42 ILM 998 (2003) (Eng. trans.).

24 Henkin, Louis, Foreign Affairs and the United States Constitution 283 (2d ed. 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.