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Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Kristina Daugirdas  and
Julian Davis Mortenson
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Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law
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American Journal of International Law , Volume 108 , Issue 2 , April 2014 , pp. 321 - 347
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Copyright © American Society of International Law 2014

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References

1 Fernandez, Manny, Plan to Execute Mexican May Harm Ties Abroad, Kerry Tells Texas, N.Y. Times, Dec. 12, 2013, at A27 Google Scholar.

2 Id.; Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, Art. 36, Apr. 24, 1963, 21 UST 77, 596 UNTS 261.

3 Fernandez, supra note 1, at A27.

4 Avena (Mex. v. U.S.), 2004 ICJ Rep. 12 (Mar. 31).

5 Medellín v. Texas, 552 U.S. 491 (2008).

6 See, e.g., Consular Notification Compliance Act of 2011, S. 1194, 112th Cong. (2011) (referred to committee but never enacted).

7 Letter from John F. Kerry, Secretary of State, to Rick Perry, Governor of Texas (Sept. 16, 2013) [hereinafter Kerry Letter]; see also U.S. Dep’t of State Press Statement, Execution of Mexican National Edgar Arias Tamayo, Statement of Marie Harf, Deputy Department Spokesperson (Jan. 23, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/01/220546.htm.

8 See, e.g., Jacobs, Andrew, U.S. Businessman Accused of Being Crime Boss Stands Trial in China, N.Y. Times, Feb. 13, 2014 Google Scholar, at A11 (describing China’s apparent denial of consular access to a U.S. citizen standing trial in China).

9 Kerry Letter, supra note 7; Letter from Eduardo Medina Mora, Ambassador of Mexico, to John Kerry, Secretary of State (Aug. 28, 2013).

10 Fernandez, supra note 1, at A27.

11 See id.

12 Id.

13 Tamayo v. Perry, No. A-14-CV-031-LY, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8972, at *4 (Jan. 21, 2014), aff’d, No. 14-70003, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 1187 (5th Cir. Jan. 22, 2014) (per curiam); Tamayo v. Stephens, 134 S.Ct. 1021 (Jan. 22, 2014) (final denial of stay of execution); see also Fernandez, Manny, Texas Prepares to Execute Mexican Despite Concerns That His Arrest Violated Law, N.Y. Times, Jan. 22, 2014, at A12 Google Scholar.

14 Tamayo v. Thayer, No. 11-70005, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 26671, at *24–25 (Jan. 21, 2011).

15 E.g., Ex parte Tamayo, No. WR-55,690-03, 2008 Tex. Crim. App. Unpub. LEXIS 488 (July 2, 2008) (per curiam); Ex parte Medellín, 223 S.W.3d 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

16 Avena, supra note 4, paras. 112–13.

17 Id., para. 113.

18 Tamayo v. United States, Inter-Am. Comm’n H.R., Report No. 73/12, Admissibility Petition 15-12, para. 1 (2012), at https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/decisions/2012/USAD15-12EN.doc.

19 [Editors’ note: The American Declaration codifies the rights and duties of human beings, as agreed to by the members of the Organization of American States (OAS). American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, May 2, 1948, 43 AJIL Supp. 133 (1949).]

20 OAS Press Release No. 6/14, IACHR Condemns Execution of Edgar Tamayo Arias in the United States (Jan. 27, 2014), at http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2014/006.asp.

21 Fernandez, supra note 13, at A12.

22 Tamayo v. Stephens, 134 S.Ct. 1021 (Jan. 22, 2014).

23 Fernandez, Manny, Texas Executes Mexican Man for Murder, N.Y. Times, Jan. 23, 2014, at A17 Google Scholar.

24 OAS Press Release No. 6/14, supra note 20.

25 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Statement, supra note 7.

26 Fernandez, supra note 23, at A17. Jose Ernesto Medellín was executed in 2008, and Humberto Leal Garcia in 2011. Medellín v. Texas, 554 U.S. 759 (2008) (per curiam) (stay of execution denied); Leal Garcia v. Texas, 131 S.Ct. 2866 (2011) (per curiam) (stay of execution denied); see also John R. Crook, Contemporary Practice of the United States, 105 AJIL 784, 784–85 (2011).

27 UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office Press Release, HMA Westmacott’s Statement on the Execution of Edgar Tamayo (Jan. 30, 2014), at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hma-westmacotts-statement-on-theexecution-of-edgar-tamayo (statement by Peter Westmacott, UK ambassador to the United States).

1 Gowen, Annie & Branigin, William, U.S. Attorney Vows to Pursue Case Against Indian Diplomat at Center of U.S. India Row, Wash. Post, Dec. 19, 2013 Google Scholar, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-attorney-vows-to-pursuecase-against-indian-diplomat-at-center-of-us-india-row/2013/12/19/81764c1c-68c5-11e3-8b5ba77187b716a3_story.html.

2 9 U.S. Dep’t of State, Foreign Affairs Manual §41.21 N 6.3 (2013), available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/87174.pdf.

3 See Sealed Complaint, para. 24, United States v. Khobragade, Case No. 14 Cr. 008 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 11, 2013), available at http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/December13/KhobragadeArrestPR/Khobragade,%20 Devyani%20Complaint.pdf.

4 Id., para. 8.

5 Id., para. 10(b). According to the complaint, Khobragade separately indicated on Richard’s visa application that Richard would be paid $4,500 per month. This monthly figure is consistent with an hourly rate of $9.75 only if the employee logged 462 hours of work per month.

6 Id., para. 17.

7 18 U.S.C. §§1001, 1002, 1546 (2012).

8 U.S. Atty’s Office (S.D.N.Y.) Press Release, Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Arrest of Indian Consular Officer for Visa Fraud and False Statements in Connection with Household Employee’s Visa Application (Dec. 12, 2013), at http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/December13/KhobragadeArrestPR.php.

9 Embassy of India (Washington, D.C) Press Release, In Response to a Media Query Relating to Dr. Devyani Khobragade, Deputy Consul General, Consulate General of India, New York (Dec. 12, 2013), at https://www.indianembassy.org/archives_details.php?nid=1987.

10 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, Art. 43(1), Apr. 24, 1963, 21 UST 77, 596 UNTS 261.

11 Id., Art. 41(1).

12 See U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing (Dec. 18, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/12/218895.htm#INDIA. The briefing reported the following inquiry:

QUESTION: But does consular immunity—not diplomatic immunity but consular immunity—protect someone from detention except in the cases of grave crimes?

MS. [MARIE] HARF [DEPUTY SPOKES PERSON]: Well, and Ican check in terms of what this charge, she was charged with, where that falls into that rubric. I’m not familiar with every single part of the State Department diplomatic immunity code.

13 Devyani Khobragade Letter to Her Colleagues: The Full Text, Wash. Post, Dec. 18, 2013, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/devyani-khobrogade-letter-to-her-colleagues-the-full-text/2013/12/18/aaad7018-6804-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_story.html.

14 Embassy of India (Washington, D.C.) Press Statement (Dec. 13, 2013), at https://www.indianembassy.org/informations.php?id=179.

15 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing (Dec. 16, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/12/218802.htm#INDIA.

16 U.S. Atty’s Office (S.D.N.Y.) Press Release, Statement of Manhattan U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara on U.S. v. Devyani Khobragade (Dec. 18, 2013), at http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/December13/KhobragadeStatement.php.

17 See Devyani Khobragade: India-US Diplomat Row Escalates, BBC News, Dec. 17, 2013, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-25411876.

18 DeYoung, Karen & Horwitz, Sari, In Dispute over Indian Envoy, U.S. Officials Split on Response, Wash. Post, Dec. 20, 2013, at A9 Google Scholar.

19 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. 2013/1596, Secretary Kerry Call to Indian National Security Advisor Menon (Dec. 18, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/218890.htm.

20 Id.

21 In response to a question about media reports that Indian employees of the U.S. embassy in India were being underpaid, a U.S. Department of State spokesperson explained that U.S. policy is “to pay folks that work for us in countries around the world in conjunction with local law, with local practice.” U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing (Dec. 30, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/12/219160.htm#INDIA.

22 Gowen, Annie, Row over Indian Envoy’s Arrest Escalates, Wash. Post, Dec. 18, 2013, at A13 Google Scholar.

23 Indian Ministry of External Affairs Press Statement, External Affairs Minister’s Intervention in Rajya Sabha on the Discussion on the Arrest of an Indian Diplomat in USA (Dec. 19, 2013), at http://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/22680/External+Affairs+Ministers+intervention+in+Rajya+Sabha+on+the+discussion+on+the+arrest+of+an+Indian+Diplomat+in+USA.

24 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Art. 22(2), Apr. 18, 1961, 23 UST 3227, 500 UNTS 95 [hereinafter VCDR].

25 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing (Dec. 17, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/12/218861.htm#INDIA.

26 United States v. Khobragade, Case No. 14 Cr. 008, Opinion and Order, at *3 & n.6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 12, 2014) (citing Letter from Eileen P. Merritt, Minister Counselor at the United States Mission to the United Nations, to Devyani Khobragade (Jan. 8, 2014)); Indian Ministry of External Affairs Press Release, Diplomatic Immunity to Dr. Devayani Khobragade (Jan. 10, 2014), at http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22723/Diplomatic+immunity+to+Dr+Devayani+Khobragade [hereinafter Indian Ministry Press Release].

27 Agreement Regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, U.S.-UN, sec. 15, June 26, 1947, 61 Stat. 3416, 11 UNTS 11, available at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decad036.asp.

28 VCDR, supra note 24, Art. 31(1).

29 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing (Jan. 10, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/01/219535.htm#INDIA.

30 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing (Dec. 20, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/12/219043.htm#INDIA.

31 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing (Jan. 10, 2014), supra note 29.

32 Id.

33 Indictment, United States v. Khobragade, Case No. 14 Cr. 008 (S.D.N.Y.Jan. 9, 2014), available at http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/January14/KhobragadeIndictment/Khobragade,%20Devyani%20Indictment.pdf.

34 Indian Ministry Press Release, supra note 26.

35 Rama Lakshmi & Karen DeYoung, American Oasis Is Latest Casualty of Row with India, Wash. Post, Jan. 9, 2014, at A1.

36 Harris, Gardiner & Weiser, Benjamin, School in India Ensnared in U.S. Diplomatic Spat, NY. Times, Jan. 16, 2014, at A10 Google Scholar.

37 Lakshmi, Rama & DeYoung, Karen, U.S. Envoy Expelled from India; Officials Seek Spat’s ‘Closure,’ Wash. Post, Jan. 10, 2014, at A9 Google Scholar; Indian Ministry of External Affairs Press Release, Transcript of Media Briefing by Official Spokesperson and Joint Secretary (East Asia) (Jan. 13, 2014), at http://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/22738/Transcript+of+media+briefing+by+Official+Spokesperson+and+Joint+SecretaryEast+Asia+January+13+2014.

38 Indian Ministry of External Affairs Press Release, External Affairs Minister’s Interview to AIR FM Gold (Jan. 23, 2014), at http://www.mea.gov.in/interviews.htm?dtl/22783/External+Affairs+Ministers+interview+to+AIR+FM+Gold.

39 Embassy of India (Washington, D.C.) Press Release, External Affairs Minister Mr. Salman Khurshid Meets US Secretary of State Mr. John F. Kerry in Montreux (Jan, 22, 2014), at https://www.indianembassy.org/press_detail.php?nid=1995.

40 United States v. Khobragade, Case No. 14 Cr. 008, Opinion and Order, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 12, 2014).

41 Id. at *7– 8 (footnote omitted).

42 Id. at *9 (footnote omitted).

43 Id. at *9–12 (footnotes omitted). Id. at *12 (footnote omitted).

45 Devyani Khobragade: Indian Diplomat Re-indicted in US, BBC News, Mar. 15, 2014, at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-26587333.

46 Indian Ministry of External Affairs Press Release, Official Spokesperson’s Response to a Media Question on Second Indictment Against Dr. Devyani Khobragade (Mar. 15, 2014), at http://www.mea.gov.in/mediabriefings.htm?dtl/23088/Official+Spokespersons+response+to+a+media+question+on+second+indictment+against+Dr+Devyani+Khobragade.

1 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release, Daniel R. Russel, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Testimony Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific (Feb. 5, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2014/02/221293.htm.

2 For a map depicting the nine-dash line, see Lori Fisler Damrosch & Oxman, Bernard H., Editors’ Introduction to Agora: The South China Sea , 107 AJIL 95, 96 (2013)Google Scholar.

3 U.S. Dep’t of Defense, Annual Report to Congress, Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2013, at 22 (2013), at http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_china_report_final.pdf.

4 Gao, Zhiguo & Jia, Bing Bing, The Nine-Dash Line in the South China Sea: History, Status, and Implications, 107 AJIL 98, 102–06 (2013)Google Scholar.

5 Note Verbale No. CML/17/2009 from the Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN Secretary-General (May 7, 2009), at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_09/chn_2009re_mys_vnm_e.pdf; Note Verbale No. CML/18/2009 from the Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN Secretary-General (May 7, 2009), at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/vnm37_09/chn_2009re_vnm.pdf.

6 Gao & Jia, supra note 4, at 108 (arguing that the nine-dash line has “become synonymous with a claim of sovereignty over the island groups that always belonged to China and with an additional Chinese claim of historical rights of fishing, navigation, and other marine activities (including the exploration and exploitation of resources, mineral or otherwise) on the islands and in the adjacent waters”); Dupuy, Florian & Dupuy, Pierre-Marie, A Legal Analysis of China’s Historic Rights Claim in the South China Sea, 107 AJIL 124, 132 (2013)Google Scholar (“China has never provided any explanation as to the meaning of the nine-dash line—and, in particular, as to whether it is meant to delimit China’s waters or to encircle insular features belonging to China.”); Beckman, Robert, The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Maritime Disputes in the South China Sea, 107 AJIL 142, 155 (2013)Google Scholar (suggesting that the notes verbales could be interpreted as a Chinese claim to sovereignty over the islands and their “adjacent waters” or as a Chinese claim to sovereign rights and jurisdiction over all the maritime space within the nine-dash line); see also id. at 156 (suggesting that “China is maintaining a policy of ‘strategic ambiguity’ with respect to its maritime claims in the South China Sea”).

7 Note Verbale No. CML/8/2011 from the Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN Secretary-General (Apr. 14, 2011), at http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/vnm37_09/chn_2011_re_phl_e.pdf.

8 See generally Beckman, supra note 6.

9 See, e.g., Note Verbale No. 000228 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the UN Secretary-General (Apr. 5, 2011), at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/vnm37_09/phl_re_chn_2011.pdf.

10 Compare, e.g., Gao & Jia, supra note 4, with Dupuy & Dupuy, supra note 6.

11 U.S. Dep’t of Defense, supra note 3, at 3.

12 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release, supra note 1.

13 See id.

14 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. 210/T32-21, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Remarks at Press Availability in Hanoi, Vietnam(July 23, 2010), at http://www.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/07/145095.htm.

15 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei’s Remarks on Comments by the US State Department Official on the South China Sea (Feb. 8, 2014), at http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t1127014.shtml.

1 Fernandez, Manny, Plan to Execute Mexican May Harm Ties Abroad, Kerry Tells Texas, N.Y. Times, Dec. 12, 2013, at A27 Google Scholar.

2 Id.; Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, Art. 36, Apr. 24, 1963, 21 UST 77, 596 UNTS 261.

3 Fernandez, supra note 1, at A27.

4 Avena (Mex. v. U.S.), 2004 ICJ Rep. 12 (Mar. 31).

5 Medellín v. Texas, 552 U.S. 491 (2008).

6 See, e.g., Consular Notification Compliance Act of 2011, S. 1194, 112th Cong. (2011) (referred to committee but never enacted).

7 Letter from John F. Kerry, Secretary of State, to Rick Perry, Governor of Texas (Sept. 16, 2013) [hereinafter Kerry Letter]; see also U.S. Dep’t of State Press Statement, Execution of Mexican National Edgar Arias Tamayo, Statement of Marie Harf, Deputy Department Spokesperson (Jan. 23, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/01/220546.htm.

8 See, e.g., Jacobs, Andrew, U.S. Businessman Accused of Being Crime Boss Stands Trial in China, N.Y. Times, Feb. 13, 2014 Google Scholar, at A11 (describing China’s apparent denial of consular access to a U.S. citizen standing trial in China).

9 Kerry Letter, supra note 7; Letter from Eduardo Medina Mora, Ambassador of Mexico, to John Kerry, Secretary of State (Aug. 28, 2013).

10 Fernandez, supra note 1, at A27.

11 See id.

12 Id.

13 Tamayo v. Perry, No. A-14-CV-031-LY, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8972, at *4 (Jan. 21, 2014), aff’d, No. 14-70003, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 1187 (5th Cir. Jan. 22, 2014) (per curiam); Tamayo v. Stephens, 134 S.Ct. 1021 (Jan. 22, 2014) (final denial of stay of execution); see also Fernandez, Manny, Texas Prepares to Execute Mexican Despite Concerns That His Arrest Violated Law, N.Y. Times, Jan. 22, 2014, at A12 Google Scholar.

14 Tamayo v. Thayer, No. 11-70005, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 26671, at *24–25 (Jan. 21, 2011).

15 E.g., Ex parte Tamayo, No. WR-55,690-03, 2008 Tex. Crim. App. Unpub. LEXIS 488 (July 2, 2008) (per curiam); Ex parte Medellín, 223 S.W.3d 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

16 Avena, supra note 4, paras. 112–13.

17 Id., para. 113.

18 Tamayo v. United States, Inter-Am. Comm’n H.R., Report No. 73/12, Admissibility Petition 15-12, para. 1 (2012), at https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/decisions/2012/USAD15-12EN.doc.

19 [Editors’ note: The American Declaration codifies the rights and duties of human beings, as agreed to by the members of the Organization of American States (OAS). American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, May 2, 1948, 43 AJIL Supp. 133 (1949).]

20 OAS Press Release No. 6/14, IACHR Condemns Execution of Edgar Tamayo Arias in the United States (Jan. 27, 2014), at http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2014/006.asp.

21 Fernandez, supra note 13, at A12.

22 Tamayo v. Stephens, 134 S.Ct. 1021 (Jan. 22, 2014).

23 Fernandez, Manny, Texas Executes Mexican Man for Murder, N.Y. Times, Jan. 23, 2014, at A17 Google Scholar.

24 OAS Press Release No. 6/14, supra note 20.

25 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Statement, supra note 7.

26 Fernandez, supra note 23, at A17. Jose Ernesto Medellín was executed in 2008, and Humberto Leal Garcia in 2011. Medellín v. Texas, 554 U.S. 759 (2008) (per curiam) (stay of execution denied); Leal Garcia v. Texas, 131 S.Ct. 2866 (2011) (per curiam) (stay of execution denied); see also John R. Crook, Contemporary Practice of the United States, 105 AJIL 784, 784–85 (2011).

27 UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office Press Release, HMA Westmacott’s Statement on the Execution of Edgar Tamayo (Jan. 30, 2014), at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hma-westmacotts-statement-on-theexecution-of-edgar-tamayo (statement by Peter Westmacott, UK ambassador to the United States).

1 John Kerry, Eric Holder & Sally Jewel, Opinion: End Illegal Wildlife Trafficking on World Wildlife Day, Nat’l Geographic, Mar. 3, 2014, at http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140303-opinion-kerryjewell-world-wildlife-day; Paramaguru, Kharunya, A Landmark International Agreement to Halt Wildlife Trafficking Is Just the Beginning, Time, Feb. 14, 2014 Google Scholar, at http://science.time.com/2014/02/14/a-landmark-internationalagreement-to-halt-wildlife-trafficking-is-just-the-beginning.

2 Exec. Order No. 13,648, 78 Fed. Reg. 40,621 (July 5, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/01/executive-order-combating-wildlife-trafficking; see also John D. Sutter, The Most Trafficked Mammal You’ve Never Heard of, CNN, Apr. 2, 2014, at http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2014/04/opinion/sutter-changethe-list-pangolin-trafficking/index.html?hpt=hp_c2.

3 Exec. Order No. 13,648, supra note 2. Id.

5 Id.

6 Id.

7 Id.

8 White House, National Strategy for Combating Wildlife Trafficking 5 (Feb. 2014), at http://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2014/trafficking/national-strategy-wildlife-trafficking.pdf.

9 White House Press Release, Fact Sheet: National Strategy for Combating Wildlife Trafficking & Commercial Ban on Trade in Elephant Ivory (Feb. 11, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/02/11/factsheet-national-strategy-combating-wildlife-trafficking-commercial-b.

10 U.S. Dep’t of Interior Press Release, Interior Announces Ban on Commercial Trade of Ivory as Part of Overall Effort to Combat Poaching, Wildlife Trafficking (Feb. 11, 2014), at http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/interior-announces-ban-on-commercial-trade-of-ivory-as-part-of-overall-effort-to-combat-poaching-wildlifetrafficking.cfm.

11 White House Press Release, supra note 9.

12 Vaughan, Adam, Global Accord on Combatting Illegal Wildlife Trade Agreed by 46 Nations, Guardian, Feb. 13, 2014 Google Scholar, at http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/13/global-accord-illegal-wildlife-trade-london46-nations.

13 London Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade, Declaration (Feb. 13, 2014), at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/281289/london-wildlife-conferencedeclaration-140213.pdf.

14 Id.

15 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release, World Wildlife Day (Mar. 3, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/03/222804.htm.

1 World Trade Organization Press Release, Days 3, 4 and 5: Round the Clock Consultations Produce ‘Bali Package’ (Dec. 7, 2013), at http://www.WTO.org/english/news_e/news13_e/mc9sum_07dec13_e.htm [hereinafter WTO Press Release].

2 Id.

3 W.T.O. Reaches First Global Trade Deal, N.Y. Times, Dec. 8, 2013, at A12; see also WTO Press Release, supra note 1.

4 WTO Press Release, supra note 1.

5 Office of the U.S. Trade Representative Press Release, Statement of U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman following the 9th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (Dec. 6, 2013), at http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2013/December/Froman-statement-following-Ninth-MinisterialConference-WTO.

6 See id.; see also Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Art. X, Apr. 15, 1994, 1867 UNTS 154,33ILM 1144 (1994), available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto.pdf [hereinafter Marrakesh Agreement]; see also W TO: EU Hails Adoption of Bali Package, viEUws, Dec. 9, 2013, at 1, at http://www.vieuws.eu/eutradeinsights/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/N01-EU-trade-insights1.pdf.

7 World Trade Organization, Whose WTO Is It Anyway? (2014), at http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org1_e.htm.

8 WTO Press Release, supra note 1.

9 See Peter Van den Bossche & Werner Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization 140 (3d ed. 2013).

10 WTO Press Release, supra note 1.

11 Id.

12 Id.

13 Id.

14 Schneider, Howard, A Wobbling WTO Lurches Forward with Trade Deal, Wash. Post, Dec. 7, 2013, at A12 Google Scholar.

15 W.T.O. Reaches First Global Trade Deal, supra note 3.

16 India to Take Tough Stand on Food Subsidy at WTO Bali Meet, Econ. Times, Nov. 28, 2013, at http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news/44547159_1_wto-bali-food-subsidy-trade-facilitationagreement.

17 Id.

18 Office of the U.S. Trade Representative Press Release, Statement by U.S. Ambassador to the WTO Michael Punke at A Meeting of the Trade Negotiations Committee at the World Trade Organization (Apr. 11, 2013), at http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/speeches/transcripts/2013/april/amb-punke-statement-wto-tnc.

19 See Schneider, supra note 14, at A12.

20 W.T.O. Reaches First Global Trade Deal, supra note 3.

21 WTO Press Release, supra note 1.

22 W.T.O. Reaches First Global Trade Deal, supra note 3; Fabi, Randy, Historic Global Trade Deal on Ice as Cuba Holds Out, Reuters, Dec. 7, 2013 Google Scholar, at http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/12/06/trade-wto-idINDEE9B50 4420131206.

23 Fabi, supra note 22.

24 WTO Press Release, supra note 1.

25 Jane M. Smith, Daniel T. Shedd & Brandon J. Murrill, Cong. Research Serv., Rep. No. 97-896, Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than Treaties 1–4 (2013), available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/97-896.pdf.

26 Schneider, Howard, Obama Initiatives Encounter Resistance in Both Parties, Wash. Post, Jan. 30, 2014, at A6 Google Scholar.

27 See id.

28 U.S. Ambassador to the WTO Michael Punke, Office of the U.S. Trade Representative Press Conference, Meeting of the Trade Negotiations Committee at the World Trade Organization (Dec. 7, 2013), at http://www.wtomc9.org/mc9_webcast_pressconf_e.php (audio feed at 17:10).

29 Cf.Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 107 AJIL 208, 210 (2013)Google Scholar (describing the view of former State Department legal adviser Harold Koh that the executive branch had authority to conclude the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement even though “Congress did not expressly pre-authorize this particular agreement”); see also Marrakesh Agreement, supra note 6, Art. X.

30 Marrakesh Agreement, supra note 6, Art. X.

31 Ku, Julian, Does the U.S. Congress Have to Approve the New WTO Agreement? Apparently Not., Opinio Juris (Dec. 9, 2013)Google Scholar, at http://opiniojuris.org/2013/12/09/u-s-congress-approve-new-wto-agreement-apparently.

32 WTO: EU Hails Adoption of Bali Package, supra note 6, at 1.

33 Ku, supra note 31.

1 See Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 107 AJIL 900, 905–07 (2013)Google Scholar (quoting SC Res. 2118 (Sept. 27, 2013)).

2 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons [OPCW] Press Release, Executive Council Receives Destruction Plan for Syrian Chemicals (Dec. 18, 2013), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/executive-councilreceives-destruction-plan-for-syrian-chemicals.

3 OPCW Press Release, Statement by the Director-General (Dec. 28, 2013), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/statement-by-the-director-general-6; OPCW Executive Council, Decision on Detailed Requirements for the Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons and Syrian Weapons Production Facilities, OPCW Doc. EC-M-34/DEC1 (Nov. 15, 2013), at https://www.opcw.org/index.php?eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=16875 (setting deadline of December 31, 2013).

4 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 210 (Dec. 30, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/12/219160.htm#syria.

5 OPCW Press Release, First Priority Chemicals in Syria Transported to Latakia and Removed from the Country (Jan. 7, 2014), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/first-priority-chemicals-in-syria-transported-to-latakia-andremoved-from-the-country.

6 Herszenhorn, David M. & Barnard, Anne, Russia Sends Vehicles to Syrian Port to Aid in Removal of Chemical Weapons Stockpile, N.Y. Times, Dec. 24, 2013, at A9 Google Scholar.

7 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 1 (Jan. 2, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/01/219269.htm#syria.

8 Id.; OPCW Press Release, Germany to Destroy Effluent from Syrian Chemicals (Jan. 9, 2014), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/germany-to-destroy-effluent-from-syrian-chemicals.

9 OPCW Press Release, Trans-loading of Syrian Chemicals to Be Undertaken at Port of Gioia Tauro in Italy (Jan. 16, 2014), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/trans-loading-of-syrian-chemicals-to-be-undertaken-at-port-ofgioia-tuaro-in-italy.

10 See OPCW Press Release, OPCW Receives Tenders from 14 Private Firms to Destroy Syrian Commodity Chemicals and Effluents (Jan. 20, 2014), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-receives-tenders-from-14private-firms-to-destroy-syrian-commodity-chemicals-and-effluents; OPCW Press Release, OPCW Awards Contracts to Two Companies for Destruction of Syrian Chemicals and Effluents (Feb. 14, 2014), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-awards-contracts-to-two-companies-for-destruction-of-syrian-chemicals-andeffluents.

11 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 19 (Jan. 30, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/01/221045.htm#DEPARTMENT.

12 OPCW Press Release, Director-General: Need to “Pick Up Pace” in Removing Chemicals from Syria (Jan. 31, 2014), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/director-general-need-to-pick-up-pace-in-removing-chemicalsfrom-syria-1.

13 OPCW-UN Joint Mission Press Release, Further Removal of Chemical Weapons Materials from the Syrian Arab Republic (Jan. 27, 2014), at http://opcw.unmissions.org/CommunicationsCentre/Newsroom/PressReleases andBulletins/tabid/193/ctl/Details/mid/635/ItemID/136/Default.aspx; OPCW Press Release, OPCW-UN Joint Mission: Removal and Elimination of Chemical Weapons Material (Feb. 10, 2014), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-un-joint-mission-statement-removal-and-elimination-of-chemical-weapons-material.

14 OPCW Press Release, Consignment of Sulfur Mustard Delivered to Latakia and Removed from Syria (Feb. 26, 2014), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/consignment-of-sulfur-mustard-delivered-to-latakia-and-removedfrom-syria.

15 Gladstone, Rick, Syrians Seek New Delay in Exporting of Chemicals, N.Y. Times, Feb. 22, 2014, at A6 Google Scholar.

16 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release, Robert Mikulak, U.S. Permanent Representative to the OPCW, Statement to the Thirty-Ninth Meeting of the Executive Council (Feb. 21, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/t/avc/rls/2014/221891.htm.

17 Syria Chemical Weapons ‘Could Go in a Month,’ Al Jazeera, Mar. 14, 2014, at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/03/syria-chemical-weapons-could-go-month-201431452653715794.html.

18 OPCW Press Release, Syria Submits Revised Proposal to OPCW for Removal of Chemicals and Accelerates Pace of Deliveries to Latakia (Mar. 4, 2014), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/syria-submits-revised-proposalto-opcw-for-removal-of-chemicals-and-accelerates-pace-of-deliveries-t.

19 OPCW Executive Council, Report of the Seventy-Fifth Session of the Executive Council, OPCW Doc. EC-75/2 (Mar. 7, 2013), available at https://www.opcw.org/index.php?eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=17165.

20 OPCW Press Release, More Movement of Chemicals out of Syria Boosts Removals to Half of Stockpile (Mar. 20, 2014), at http://www.opcw.org/news/article/more-movement-of-chemicals-out-of-syria-boostsremovals-to-half-of-stockpile.

21 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release, John Kerry, Sec’y of State, Remarks with OPCW Director-General Ahmet Uzumcu Before Their Meeting (Mar. 24, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/03/223845.htm.

1 See Daugirdas, Kristina & Mortenson, Julian Davis, Contemporary Practice of the United States, 107 AJIL 109, 109 (2014)Google Scholar.

2 See id. at 114.

3 See id. at 114–15.

4 Ali Akbar Dareini, Iran Lawmakers Introduce Uranium-Enrichment Bill, Associated Press, Dec. 25, 2013, at http://bigstory.ap.org/article/iran-lawmakers-introduce-uranium-enrichment-bill.

5 Erdbrink, Thomas, 2 Conservatives Join Iran Nuclear Panel, N.Y. Times, Jan. 2, 2014, at A7 Google Scholar.

6 Id.

7 Sayyid Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran, Supreme Leader’s Speech in Meeting with People from the Holy City of Qom (Jan. 9, 2014), at http://www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id=11381.

8 White House Press Release, Statement by Press Secretary Jay Carney on the Implementation of the Joint Plan of Action Regarding the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Nuclear Program (Jan. 20, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/20/statement-press-secretary-jay-carney-implementation-joint-plan-action-re.

9 Dep’t of the Treasury Press Release, Implementation of the Joint Plan of Action from November 24, 2013 in Geneva Between the P 5+1 and the Islamic Republic of Iran and Provision of Limited, Temporary, and Targeted Sanctions Relief (Jan. 20, 2014), at http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2260.aspx; see also U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury & U.S. Dep’t of State, Guidance Relating to the Provision of Certain Temporary Sanctions Relief in Order to Implement the Joint Plan of Action Reached on November 24, 2013, Between the P 5+1 and the Islamic Republic of Iran (Jan. 20, 2014), at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/jpoa_guidance.pdf

10 Gladstone, Rick, U.S. Warns Against Business with Iran, N.Y. Times, Jan. 24, 2014, at A6 Google Scholar.

11 White House Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney (Jan. 23, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/23/press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-1232014.

12 Gladstone, supra note 10, at A6.

13 President Hassan Rouhani, President’s Speech Addressing the 44th World Economic Forum (Jan. 23, 2014), at http://www.president.ir/en/74125.

14 Id.

15 President Barack Obama, State of the Union Address (Jan. 28, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/thepress-office/2014/01/28/president-barack-obamas-state-union-address.

16 Cowell, Alan & Gladstone, Rick, U.N. Inspectors Visit Uranium Mine in Iran, Media Report, N.Y. Times, Jan. 29, 2014 Google Scholar, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/30/world/middleeast/united-nations-inspectors-visit-uraniummine-in-iran.html.

17 Gearan, Anne, Kerry Tells Iran That Existing Sanctions Will Stay in Place as Nuclear Negotiations Continue, Wash. Post, Feb. 2, 2014 Google Scholar, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/kerry-tells-iran-thatexisting-sanctions-will-stay-in-place-as-negotiations-continue/2014/02/02/54a225e0-8c32-11e3-9ed8-259977a 48789_story.html.

18 Cowell & Gladstone, supra note 16.