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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 March 2017
1 European Convention on Cybercrime, Nov. 23, 2001, ETS No. 185; see Council of Europe Press Release, 30 States Sign the Convention on Cybercrime at the Opening Ceremony (Nov. 23, 2001), at <http://press.coe.int/ cp/2001/875a(2001).htm>. For background on the convention, see Sean D. Murphy, Contemporary Practice of the United States, 95 AJIL 889 (2001).
2 See Council of Europe Committee of Experts on the Criminalisation of Acts of a Racist and Xenophobic Nature Committed Through Computer Systems, Racism and Xenophobia in Cyberspace, COE Doc. 9263 (Oct. 12, 2001), at <http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc01/EDOC9263.htm>.
3 Letter from U.S. Dep’t of Justice Assistant Attorney Generals Ralph F. Boyd, Jr., and Michael Chertoff to the Chairman of the Council of Europe PC-RX Committee (Dec. 13, 2001) (on file at GWU).
4 [Editor’s Note: In the Yahoo! case, a U.S. court issued a declaratory judgment stating that a French court order requiring that the Internet service provider Yahoo! block access in France to Nazi materials available through Yahoo! ‘s Internet site was a “real and immediate” threat to Yahoo!’s First Amendment rights. Yahoo!, Inc. v. La Ligue Centre Le Racisme et L’Antisemitisme, 169 F.Supp.2d 1181 (N.D. Cal. 2001).]
5 Letter from American Civil Liberties Union et al. to Secretary of State Colin L. Powell and Attorney-General John Ashcroft (Feb. 7, 2002), at <http://www.cdt.org/international/cybercrime/020207powellashcroft.shtml>.
6 See Draft of the First Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime Concerning the Criminalisation of Acts of a Racist and Xenophobic Nature Committed Through Computer Systems, COE Doc. PC-RX (2002) 15, Draft No. 11 (May 14, 2002), at <http://www.cybercrime.gov/intl.html>.
7 Id., Art. 3.
8 Id., Art. 2.