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Cycles in American National Electoral Politics, 1854–2006: Statistical Evidence and an Explanatory Model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2008

SAMUEL MERRILL III ,
BERNARD GROFMAN  and
THOMAS L. BRUNELL
SAMUEL MERRILL III*
Affiliation:
Wilkes University
BERNARD GROFMAN*
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
THOMAS L. BRUNELL*
Affiliation:
The University of Texas at Dallas
*
Samuel Merrill, III, is Professor Emeritus, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA18766. Correspondence should be addressed at 3024 43rd Ct. NW, Olympia, WA 98502 (smerrill@zhonka.net).
Bernard Grofman is Professor, Department of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 (bgrofman@uci.edu).
Thomas L. Brunell is Associate Professor, School of Economic, Political, and Policy Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083 (tbrunell@utdallas.edu).
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Abstract

Are there cycles in American politics? In particular, does the proportion of the Democratic/Republican vote share for president and/or seat share in Congress rise and fall over extended periods of time? If so, are the cycles regular, and what are the cycling periods? Moreover, if there are regular cycles, can we construct an integrated model—such as a negative feedback loop—that identifies political forces that could generate the observed patterns? First, we use spectral analysis to test for the presence and length of cycles, and show that regular cycles do, in fact, exist—with periods that conform to those predicted by the Schlesingers—for swings between liberalism and conservatism—but with durations much shorter than those most commonly claimed by Burnham and others in characterizing American political realignments. Second, we offer a voter–party interaction model that depends on the tensions between parties' policy and office motivations and between voters' tendency to sustain incumbents while reacting against extreme policies. We find a plausible fit between the regular cycling that this model projects and the time series of two-party politics in America over the past century and a half.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Political Science Review , Volume 102 , Issue 1 , February 2008 , pp. 1 - 17
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2008

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