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Black Americans and the State in Turn-of-the-Century Guatemala*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
Extract
In May 2006, foreign-born workers, largely from Latin America, mobilized across the United States in response to calls from anti-immigrant groups for tougher federal policies against illegal immigrants. About 400,000 protested in Chicago, 300,000 in Los Angeles, and 75,000 in Denver. In fifty cities between Los Angeles and New York, workers organized walkouts, demonstrations, and rallies in an effort to show just how important they were to the smooth operation of the U.S. economy.
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- Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 2008
Footnotes
*
Many thanks to Jason Colby and David Woolner for commenting on earlier drafts of this article. In addition I am grateful to the two anonymous readers engaged by The Americas who provided encouraging comments and helpful feedback.
References
1 Washington Times, May 2, 2006.
2 Guardian, May 2, 2006.
3 Providence Journal, June .14, August 3, 2006.
4 From an online newspaper, http://immigrationoutpost.com/the-sandman-motel, April 30, 2006.
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38 Penney was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1865. At the age of twenty, he formed a partnership to build bridges in Mexico. Penny relocated to Guatemala City in the late 1890s, where he continued to manage the company alone. While in Guatemala, he became identified with the construction of the Northern Railroad. El Libro Azul de Guatemala, eds. Bascom Jones, Colonel J., Soto Hall, Maximo, Scoullar, William T. (New Orleans: Searcy and Pfaff, LTD, 1915), p. 134.Google Scholar
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76 Wm. Rockwill to Pringle, January 12, 1897, RG 84, vol. 26.
77 It appears that the unnamed author of the letter was Ernest Willis of Monroe, Louisiana. The author identified himself as being from Monroe.
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79 George Chapman, Henry Williams, Jim Johnson, Henry Willison, T. Tazerend, Will Dully, and John N. Misanys [sic] to the secretary of the U.S. Navy, September 1896, RG 84, vol. 25, no. 82, pp. 1–2.
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100 Garrard Harris, 1914, RG 84, vol. 179.