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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
Upon the fall of the long-time Mexican dictator Porfirio Díaz in May 1911, the Madero-ledrevolutionary movement found itself with the first opportunity in more than thirty-five years to create a broad-based democratic movement in Mexico. Although his victory was made possible by wide support from the lower class and parts of the middle, Madero proved himself to be philosophically unable to accede to the substantive socio-economic and political reforms they demanded. This attitude, clearly demonstrated during the 1911 interim, led to great dissatisfaction and even outright rebellion. The resulting disillusionment with Madero during these few months severely undermined the viability of his presidency which was eventually cut short by Victoriano Huerta.
An earlier version of this paper was read at the Southwestern Historical Association, Dallas, Texas, 27 March 1981.
1 José Rafael Isunza to Francisco León de la Barra, Puebla, May 26, 1911, Archivo Histórico de la Universidad Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Archivo Particular de Gildardo Magaña (hereinafter cited as AGM), caja 1, exp. 2-Y, doc. 750.
2 Enrique Contreras and Agustín Ramos for the Club Central to Francisco I. Madero, Puebla, May 24, 1911, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico City, Archivo de Francisco I. Madero (hereinafter cited as BN/ AFM), carp. 7, fol. 752. The letter mentioned that the Club Central had only recently been re-constituted after having been suspended and claimed that since it was the only club regularly functioning at the moment, it therefore represented the Anti-Reelectionist party in the state. For a list of the Club members, see Club Central to Madero, Puebla, May 23, 1911, BN/AFM, carp. 14, no. fol. no. The Club Central, made up of moderate middle and upper class reformists, was belatedly formed in early May 1910 outside of Aquiles Serdán's already established Anti-Reelectionist party structure. Following the presidential election in June 1910, when Serdán moved toward open rebellion against the regime, the Club Central denounced Serdán and opted to accept the status quo. At the end of fighting in May 1911, the Club Central quickly reformed in order to take advantage of the power vacuum in the state capital; see LaFrance, David G., “Madero, Serdán, y los albores del movimiento revolucionario en Puebla,” Historia Mexicana 29 (enero-marzo 1980): 486–488, 495.Google Scholar
3 Gámez, Atenedoro, Monografía histórica sobre la génesis de la revolución en el estado de Puebla (Mexico City, 1960), p. 133 Google Scholar; and Madero to León de la Barra, Ciudad Juárez, May 31, 1911, BN/ AFM, carp. 20, no fol. no.
4 Gabriel Soto to León de la Barra, Puebla, June 2, 1911, AGM, caja 9. exp. S–l, doc. 491; and Meléndez, Nicolás, Memoria instructiva y documentada que el jefe del departamento ejecutivo del estado de Puebla presenta al 22º congreso constitucional en el período 1911–1912 (Puebla, 1912), p. 30.Google Scholar
5 Clemente Escalona to Alfredo Robles Domínguez, Puebla, May 30, 1911, Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana, Mexico City, Archivo de Alfredo Robles Domínguez (hereinafter cited as AARD), tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 62; Cordero, Enrique y Torres, , Diccionario biográfico de Puebla, 2 vols. (Puebla, 1973), 1: 145–146 Google Scholar; and Gómez, Francisco Vázquez, Memorias políticas, 1909–1913 (Mexico City, 1933), p. 321.Google Scholar
6 Robles Domínguez to Camerino Mendoza, Mexico City, May 29, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 57; El Imparcial (June 6, 1911), 4; and Izquierdo, Donato Bravo, Un soldado del pueblo (Puebla, 1964), pp. 19–20.Google Scholar
7 Agustín del Pozo to Robles Domínguez, Puebla, May 29, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 56; and El Imparcial (June 7, 1911), 4.
8 Meléndez, , Memoria, p. 33 Google Scholar; Periódico Oficial del Estado (July 21, 1911), 81; and The Mexican Herald (July 23, 1911), 5.
9 Meléndez, , Memoria, p. 32 Google Scholar; and Periódico Oficial del Estado (July 7, 1911), 21.
10 Periódico Oficial del Estado (Sept. 12, 1911), 312–313; and The Mexican Herald (Sept. 22, 1911), 12.
11 Periódico Oficial del Estado (Sept. 12, 1911), 310–311 and (Nov. 24, 1911), 569–570.
12 El Imparcial (June 9, 1911), 4; and El Pais (June 4, 1911),4.
13 Résumé of conversation between Pedro Orozco and Madero, n.p., n.d., Instututo Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, Archivo de Francisco I. Madero (hereinafter cited as INAH/ AFM), rollo 20, doc. 2049.
14 Isunza to León de la Barra, Puebla, May 27, 1911, AGM, caja 1, exp. 2–Y, doc. 751. Likewise, the holdover Puebla City council came under attack and in early July resigned in mass. However, it is unclear from the evidence whether the resignations were accepted; see El Imparcial (July 3, 1911), 7.
15 Castillo, Porfirio del, Puebla y Tlaxcala en los días de ta revolución (Mexico City, 1953), p. 79.Google Scholar
16 Convocatoria al Pueblo signed by Benito Rousset, et al., Puebla, July 8, 1911, Centro de Estudios de Historia de México (Condumex), Mexico City, Archivo de Jenaro Amezcua, Movimiento Zapatista (hereinafter cited as AJA), carp. 1, doc. 27; M.A. Salas, et al. to León de la Barra, Puebla, June 30, 1911. AGM. caja 16, exp. 4, doc. 271; and Diario del Hogar (July 9, 1911), 1.
17 Gómez, Vázquez. Memorias, p. 322.Google Scholar
18 Francisco García to León de la Barra, Mexico City, Sept. 23, 1911, AGM, caja 4, exp. G–5, doc. 709; Mecedonio Solís to León de la Barra, Puebla, Sept. 29, 1911, AGM, caja 9, exp. S–5, doc. 814; and Diario del Hogar (July 11, 1911), 1, 4 and (July 29, 1911),4.
19 Robles Domínguez to Francisco R. Bertani, Mexico City, May 26, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 11; Felipe T. Contreras to Juan Sánchez Azcona, Puebla, June 28, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 130; and El Imparcial (June 25, 1911), 4.
20 Izquierdo, Bravo, Un soldado, pp. 19–20 Google Scholar; and Cockcroft, James D., Intellectual Precursors of the Mexican Revolution, 1900–1913 (Austin, 1968), p. 180.Google Scholar
21 El Imparcial (June 6, 1911), 4 and (June 8, 1911), 4.
22 Ibid. (June 9, 1911), 4, (June 23, 1911), 4, and (July 2, 1911), 4.
23 Ibid. (July 2, 1911), 4; and Diario del Hogar (July 8, 1911), 2.
24 El Imparcial (July 6, 1911), 4; and Nueva Era (Aug. 18, 1911), 8.
25 El Imparcial (July 12, 1911), 7; Meléndez, , Memoria, p. 32 Google Scholar; and Periódico Oficial del Estado (July 21, 1911), 81.
26 The Mexican Herald (Aug. 4, 1911), 3; and LaFrance, , “Madero,” pp. 486–487.Google Scholar
27 The newspapers and archives consulted for this study contain numerous references to the conflict over government posts at the local level; for example, see Emilio Torres to Sánchez Azcona, Ahuacatlán, n.d., INAH/AFM, rollo 20, doc. 1880; Carmen Castillo to León de la Barra, Cholula, July 17, 1911, AGM, caja 16, exp. 3, doc. 241; Diario del Hogar (June 25, 1911), 3; El Imparcial (June 17, 1911), 4; The Mexican Herald (Sept. 13, 1911), 2; and Nueva Era (Aug. 26, 1911), 7.
28 Madero to Manuel Zamora, Ciudad Juárez, May 24, 1911, BN/AFM, carp. 15, no fol. no.; and Robles Domínguez to Rosendo Villa, Mexico City, May 29, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 42.
29 El Pais (Nov. 24, 1910), 3; Gómez, Vázquez, Memorias, p. 226 Google Scholar; and Peral, Miguel Angel, Dic¬cionario de historia, biografía y geografía del estado de Puebla (Mexico City, 1971), p. 296.Google Scholar
30 Gómez, Vázquez, Memorias, p. 317 Google Scholar; and Gámez, , Monografía, p. 98.Google Scholar
31 Résumé of talk between Orozco and Madero, n.p., n.d., INAH/AFM, rollo 20, doc. 2049; and LaFrance, “Madero,” p. 501.
32 Gómez, Vázquez, Memorias, pp. 365–366.Google Scholar Vázquez Gómez claims that Alfredo Robles Domínguez, to whom Madero had given wide discretionary powers, had named del Pozo commander of the state's revolutionary forces. Robles Domínguez may have suggested the naming of del Pozo, but Madero himself made the ultimate decision as-he admitted when he wrote: “Ultimamente nombré jefe movi¬miento Agustín del Pozo.” See Madero to Zamora, Ciudad Juárez, May 24, 1911, BN/AFM, carp. 15, no fol. no.
33 Madero to Jefes de Fuerzas Insurgentes, Ciudad Juárez, May 24, 1911, BN/AFM, carp. 6, fol. 623; Robles Domínguez to Jefes de Fuerzas Insurgentes, Mexico City, May 25, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 17, fols. 18–22; and Robles Domínguez to Benigno Zenteno, Mexico City, May 26, 1911, AARD, Tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 10.
34 Madero to Club Central, Ciudad Juárez, May 24, 1911, BN/AFM, carp. 15, no fol. no.
35 Zenteno to Robles Domínguez, San Martín, May 29, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fo!. 53; Robles Domínguez to del Pozo, Mexico City, June 3, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 86; Robles Domínguez to Mendoza, Mexico City, June 3, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 87; Próspero Cahuantzi to León de la Barra, Tlaxcala, May 29, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 6, doc. 292. Robles Domínguez' orders came after the rebel leader Benigno Zenteno had already marched from San Martín, Puebla, to Tlaxcala on May 31; see Mendoza to Robles Domínguez, El Riego, June 4, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 7, doc. 353.
36 El Imparcial (June 9, 1911),4.
37 The Mexican Herald (June 16, 1911), 2 and (June 23, 1911), 1.
38 Madero to Robles Domínguez, Mexico City, June 26, 1911, AARD, tomo 1, exp. 5, fol. 84; El Imparcial (July 17, 1911), 1 ; and Diario del Hogar (July 1, 1911), 5. Gabriel M. Hernández, the rebel leader from the north of the state who captured Pachuca during the war, for example, was named commander of the 39th Rural Corps and played a major role fighting rebellious Zapatista troops in the south of Puebla during September and October 1911.
39 Madero to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 16, 1911, Centro de Estudios de Historia de México (Condumex), Mexico City, Archivo de Francisco León de la Barra (hereinafter cited as AFLB), carp. 2, doc. 104; Gómez, Vázquez, Memorias, p. 309fGoogle Scholar; and The Mexican Herald (July 16, 1911), 1, 11.
40 Bertani to Robles Domínguez, Teziutlán, May 27, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 16; Zenteno to Robles Domínguez, San Martín, May 27, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fols. 30–32; and Zenteno to Robles Domínguez, San Martín, May 30, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 69; and El Imparcial (June 9, 1911), 4.
41 See, for example. Juventino Reyes Ramírez to Robles Domínguez, Puebla, May 23, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 2; Private Secretary of León de la Barra to Robles Domínguez, Mexico City, May 29, 1911, AARD. tomo 4, cxp. 19, fol. 54; Fausto Rodriquez to E. Ortega, San Martín, May 29, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, cxp. 19, fol. 40; and Robles Domínguez to Zenteno. Mexico City. May 29. 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19. fol. 41.
42 Del Pozo to Robles Domínguez, Puebla, May 29, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fols. 43-44; Del Pozo to Robles Domínguez, Puebla, May 31, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fols. 76-77; Eduardo Mestre to Sánchez Azcona, Mexico City, May 30, 1911, BN/AFM, carp. 20, no fol. no.; El Pais (May 30, 1911), 1 and (June 1, 1911), 2; and Cordero, Enrique y Torres, , Diccionario general de Puebla, 3 vols. (Puebla, 1958), 2: 29, May 1911.Google Scholar
43 The Mexican Herald (May 29, 1911), 2 and (May 30, 1911), 1–2; Diario del Hogar (May 29, 1911), 4; and Amaya Garritz Ruiz, “La presidencia interina de Francisco León de la Barra; política interna” (Lic. Thesis, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1965), p. 158.
44 See, for example, Robles Domínguez to del Pozo, Mexico City, May 30, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 64; Unsigned document, n.p., June 1, 1911, AARD, tomo 6, exp. 28, fol. 29; and Contreras to Sánchez Azcona, Puebla, June 28, 1911, AARD, tomo 4, exp. 19, fol. 130.
45 Rafael Cañete to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 9, 1911, AGM, caja 16, exp. 4, doc. 392; Margarita V. de Popoca to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 11, 1911, AGM, caja 16, exp. 3, doc. 162; Luis Grajales to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 11, 1911, AGM, caja 16, exp. 3, doc. 163; Emilia Martínez to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 9, 1911, AGM, caja 16, exp. 4, doc. 395; Gómez, Vázquez, Memorias, pp. 317–318 Google Scholar; and Ramírez, Manuel González, ed., Fuentes para la historia de la revolución mexicana, 5 vols. (Mexico City, 1954–57), 4: 245–246, 252.Google Scholar
46 Emilio Vázquez Gómez to Cañete, Mexico City, July 9, 1911, AGM, caja 22, exp. 1, doc. 85; León de la Barra to Emilia Martínez, Mexico City, July 10, 1911, AGM, caja 16, exp. 4, doc. 396; Ramírez, Manuel González, La revolución social de México, 3 vols. (Mexico City, 1966), 1: 271 Google Scholar; and Cumberland, Charles Curtis, Mexican Revolution, Genesis Under Madero (Austin, 1952), pp. 160–161.Google Scholar
47 Cañete to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 11, 1911, AGM, caja 16, exp. 3, doc. 158; Womack, John Jr., Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (New York, 1968), p. 105 Google Scholar; and Taracena, Alfonso, Mi vida en el vértigo de la revolución mexicana, anales sintéticos, 1900–1930 (Mexico City, 1936), p. 128.Google Scholar
48 William S. Chambers to Arnold Shanklin, Puebla, July 13, 1911, National Archives, Washington, Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929 (hereinafter cited as RDS), roll 14, doc. 493; The Mexican Herald (July 10, 1911), 1 and (July 11, 1911), 2; and Ramírez, González, La revolución, 1: 277.Google Scholar
49 Francisco Cosío Robelo to Robles Domínguez, Puebla, July 13, 1911, AARD, tomo 2, exp. 8, fol. 43; Madero to León de la Barra, Santa Ana, Tlaxcala, July 13, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 10, doc. 488; Madero to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 13, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 10, doc. 490; Chambers to Shanklin, Puebla, July 13, 1911, RDS, roll 14, doc. 493; and El Imparcial (July 15, 1911), 8.
50 Gómez, Vázquez, Memorias, pp. 312–313 Google Scholar; Ramírez, González, La revolución, 1: 271 Google Scholar; and Taracena, , Mi vida, p. 128 Google Scholar. William S. Chambers, the U.S. consul agent in Puebla, claimed the fighting was initiated by a drunken Maderista brawl; see Chambers to Shanklin, Puebla, July 13, 1911, RDS, roll 14, doc. 493. Andrés Campos, a Maderista, claimed that Carlos Martínez, the ex-governor’s son, began the battle by passing in an auto in front of the barracks of the state’s Zaragoza Batallion shooting at the guards and shouting “Viva Madero” and then by the bullring firing and shouting “Muera Madero”; see “Reminiscencias de la revolución, 12 julio de 1911,” Revista del Ejército y de la Marina, (n.d.), 866–867, in AGM, caja 23, exp. 5, doc. 79. Eduardo Reyes, a Maderista officer present in Puebla at the time of the battle, confirms Campos’ later published version; see Reyes to del Pozo, Puebla, July 15, 1911, AGM, caja 28, exp. 15, doc. 317.
51 Cosío Robelo to Robles Domínguez, Puebla, July 13, 1911, AARD, tomo 2, exp. 8, fol. 43; and Castillo, , Puebla, p. 82.Google Scholar
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54 The Mexican Herald (July 16, 1911), 1, 11 and (July 17, 1911), 1; and El Imparcial (July 17, 1911), 1.
55 León de la Bana to Cañete, Mexico City, July 24, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 10, doc. 505; Paul von Hintze to Jesús Flores Magón, Mexico City, Oct. 16, 1911, AGM, caja 12, exp. 2, doc. 45; and El Imparcial (My 17, 1911), 1.
56 León de la Barra to Cañete, Mexico City, July 25, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 10, doc. 502; L. H. Guajardo to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 28, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 1, doc. 94; León de la Barra to Cañete, Mexico City, Aug. 24, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 10, doc. 511; Ramírez, González, Fuentes, 4: 250–251 Google Scholar; and Diario del Hogar (Aug. 29, 1911), 3.
57 Madero to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 13, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 10, doc. 489; and El Imparcial (July 16, 1911), 1 and (July 17, 1911), 1.
58 Madero to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 13, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 10, doc. 489; Taracena, Alfonso, La verdadera revolución mexicana, 2 vols. (Mexico City, 1965), 2: 19 Google Scholar; and Tara¬cena, Alfonso, Madero, vida del hombre y del político (Mexico City, 1937), pp. 444–445.Google Scholar
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60 El Imparcial (July 16, 1911), 1 and (July 17, 1911), 1.
61 Madero to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 18, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 5, doc. 243; Soto to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 21, 1911, AGM, caja 9, exp. S–2, doc. 614; and Nueva Era (July 31, 1911), 3.
62 Madero to León de la Barra, Puebla, July 14, 1911, AFLB, carp. 2, doc. 101; and Valadés, José C., Imaginación y realidad de Francisco I. Madero, 2 vols. (Mexico City, 1960), 2: 198.Google Scholar
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64 Mariano Xicoy to Robles Domínguez, Puebla, Aug. 1, 1911, AARD, tomo 2, exp. 8, fol. 90; and Diario del Hogar (Aug. 30, 1911), 1, 4.
65 Cañete to León de la Barra, Puebla, Aug. 6, 1911, AGM, caja 2, exp. C-3, doc. 459; and Diario del Hogar (Aug. 6, 1911), 1, 4 and (Aug. 30, 1911), 1, 4. This newspaper carried on a virulent antiCañete campaign during the summer months of 1911. It accused the interim governor of aiding and abetting the conservative cause, blocking reform, responsibility for Covadonga, and having close ties with the old order.
66 Fidercio Hernández to León de la Barra, Mexico City, Aug. 22, 1911, AGM, caja 3, exp. H-3, doc. 504; Nueva Era (Aug. 23, 1911), 4; The Mexican Herald (Aug. 27, 1911), 1; and Taracena, La verdadera, 2:, 36.
67 Miguel Bonilla to León de la Barra, Puebla, Sept. 15, 1911, AGM, caja 13, exp. 2, doc. 106; and Diario del Hogar (Sept. 16, 1911), 5.
68 Martín Vicario to León de la Barra, Iguala, Sept. 1, 1911, AGM, caja 15, exp. 5, doc. 304; The Mexican Herald (Sept. 2, 1911), 10; and Diario del Hogar (Sept. 3, 1911), 4.
69 Carlos P. Martínez to León de la Barra, Mexico City, Aug. 13, 1911, AGM, caja 7, exp. M-3, doc. 339; Rafael Martínez Carrillo to León de la Barra, Puebla, Sept. 14, 1911, AGM, caja 22, exp. 8. doc. 710; Mucio Martínez to León de la Barra, Puebla, Sept. 30, 1911, AGM, caja 22, exp. 8, doc. 705; and Mucio Martínez to León de la Barra, Puebla, Oct. 19, 1911, AGM, caja 22, exp. 8, doc. 706; and La verdad de los hechos en el proceso “Xicoy”, seguido contra el Sr. Gral. D. Mucio Martínez (Puebla, 1911), pp. 14–15.
70 The Mexican Herald (Nov. 14, 1911), 1.
71 Madero to E. Vázquez Gómez, San Lorenzo, July 25, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 5, doc. 245; Madero to León de la Barra, San Lorenzo, July 27, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 5, doc. 248; Madero to León de la Barra, San Lorenzo, July 31, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 5, doc. 254; and Madero to León de la Barra, San Lorenzo, Aug. 2, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 5, doc. 259.
72 Cumberland, , Mexican, pp. 158–160 Google Scholar; and Womack, , Zapata, p. 106.Google Scholar
73 Madero to León de la Barra, San Lorenzo, July 25, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 5, doc. 244; Madero to Gustavo Madero, San Lorenzo, July 25, 1911, AGM, caja 17, exp. 5, doc. 246; Jesús Z. Moreno to León de la Barra, Puebla, Aug. 4, 1911, AGM, caja 7, exp. M-3, doc. 306; Mendoza, et al. to León de la Barra, Aug. 7, 1911, AGM, caja 18, exp. 1, doc. 58; and del Pozo to León de la Barra, Zacatlán, Aug. 9, 1911, AGM, caja 18, exp. 1, doc. 64.
74 El Imparcial (Nov. 18, 1911), 7.
75 Nueva Era (Dec. 14, 1911), 6 and (Dec. 23, 1911), 1.
76 Ibid. (Aug. 30, 1911), 5.
77 Claudio Blanco to León de la Barra, Puebla, Aug. 10, 1911, AGM, caja 15, exp. 1, doc. 5.
78 Agustín Sánchez to B. E. Holloway, Apizaco, Aug. 1, 1911, AGM, caja 8, exp. P–3, doc. 220; and Rafael Pardo to León de la Barra, Mexico City, Aug. 17, 1911, AGM, caja 8, exp. P–3, doc. 241.
79 Diario del Hogar (Aug. 4, 1911), 2.
80 Anonymous to Martín Sánchez, Metepec, Sept. 5, 1911, AGM, caja 31, exp. B-4, no doc. no.
81 The newspapers and archives consulted for this study contain numerous references to the demands for the return of land and water rights; see, for example, Martín Martínez to Madero, Acatlán, Aug. 18, 1911, INAH/AFM, rollo 21, doc. 3187; Bibiano Zarate, et al. to León de la Barra, Santa Maria Oxtotipan, June 25, 1911, AGM, caja 6, exp. V-l, doc. 135; Francisco Ortíz, et al. to León de la Barra, Apapantilla, Sept. 30, 1911, AGM, caja 23, exp. 8, doc. 184; and Diario del Hogar (Sept. 25, 1911), 4.
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87 Joaquín V. Casarín to Clemente Villaseñor, Atlixco, Nov. 21, 1911, AGN/RG, leg. 695; and Madero to Cañete, Mexico City, Dec. 5, 1911, Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico City, Libros Copiadores de Francisco I. Madero (hereinafter cited as LCFM), libro 1, carta 35.
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99 Manifesto by Madero to the Junta Iniciador de la Reorganización del Partido Liberal, Mexico City, Dec. 28, 1911, LCFM, libro 1, carta 126-127; Nueva Era (Dec. 3, 1911), 4 and (Dec. 7, 1911), 6; and Pardo, Luis Lara, Madero, esbozo político (Mexico City, 1938), p. 156.Google Scholar
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101 Madero to Cañete, Mexico City, Jan. 3, 1912, LCFM, libro 1, carta 153.