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The Mexican Secret Service in the United States, 1910-1920*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Michael M. Smith
Michael M. Smith*
Affiliation:
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Extract

Throughout the era of the Mexican Revolution, the United States provided sanctuary for thousands of political exiles who opposed the regimes of Porfirio Díaz, Francisco Madero, Victoriano Huerta, and Venustiano Carranza. Persecuted enemies of Don Porfirio and losers in the bloody war of factions that followed the ouster of the old regime continued their struggle for power from bases of operation north of the international boundary in such places as San Francisco, Los Angeles, El Paso, San Antonio, New Orleans, and New York. As a consequence, Mexican regimes were compelled not only to combat their enemies on domestic battlefields but also to wage more subtle campaigns against their adversaries north of the Río Bravo. The weapons in this shadowy war included general intelligence gathering, surveillance, espionage, counter-espionage, and propaganda; the agency most responsible for these activities was the Mexican Secret Service.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 59 , Issue 1 , July 2002 , pp. 65 - 85
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 2002

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Footnotes

*

The author wishes to express his gratitude to the Oklahoma Humanities Council and to the Department of History and College of Arts and Sciences, Oklahoma State University, for their generous financial assistance.

References

1 See, for example: Richmond, Douglas W., “Intentos externos para derrocar al régimen de Carranza (1915–1920),” Historia Mexicana 32:1 (Julio-Septiembre 1981), pp. 106–132;Google Scholar and his Venustiano Carranza's Nationalist Struggle, 1893–1920 (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), pp. 189–203; a collection of previously published articles by Harris, Charles H. III and Sadler, Louis R. may be found in The Border and the Revolution: Clandestine Activities of the Mexican Revolution: 1910–1920 (Silver City, New Mexico: High-Lonesome Books, 1990);Google Scholar Raat's, William D. Revoltosos: Mexico's Rebels in the United States, 1903–23 (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1981);Google Scholar and his “US Intelligence Operations and Covert Action in Mexico, 1900–47,” Journal of Contemporary History 22 (1987), pp. 615–638; a collection of articles entitled “Espionaje e historia diplomática” in Eslabones: Revista Semestral de Estudios Regionales, 2 (Julio-Diciembre, 1991), particularly Katz, Friedrich, “El espionaje mexicano en Estados Unidos durante la Revolución,” pp. 8–15;Google Scholar Bassols, Jacinto Barrera, “El espionaje en la frontera México-Estados Unidos (1905–1911),” pp. 23–28;Google Scholar and de la Parra, Enrique Plasencia, “El papel de los consulados mexicanos durante la rebelión delahuertista,” pp. 61–67;Google Scholar Hall, Linda B. and Coerver, Don M., Revolution on the Border: The United States and Mexico, 1910–1920 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988);Google Scholar Sandos, James A., Rebellion in the Borderlands: Anarchism and the Plan de San Diego, 1904–1923 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992);Google Scholar Henderson, Peter V.N., Félix Díaz, the Porfirians, and the Mexican Revolution (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981);Google Scholar Smith, Michael M., “Carrancista Propaganda and the Print Media in the United States: An Overview of Institutions,” The Americas 52:2 (October 1995), pp. 155–174;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Sigal, Victoria Lerner, “Espionaje y revolución mexicana,” Historia Mexicana 44:4 (Abril-Junio 1995), pp. 617–643.Google Scholar

2 Raat, , Revoltosos, pp. 175–199 Google Scholar; Raat, , “US Intelligence Operations,” pp. 615–638 Google Scholar; and Richmond, , Venustiano Carranza's Nationalist Struggle, pp. 192–193.Google Scholar

3 Gómez-Quiñones, Juan, “Piedras contra la Luna, México en Aztlán y Aztlán en México: Chicano-Mexican Relations and the Mexican Consulates, 1900–1920,” in Wilkie, James W., et al., eds., Contemporary Mexico, Papers of the IV International Conference of Mexican Historians (Berkeley and Mexico City: University of California Press and El Colegio de México, 1976), pp. 496–497.Google Scholar

4 “Proyecto de Instrucciones para el Visitador de Consulados D. Manuel Esteva Ruíz;” México, 11 de Mayo de 1911, Expediente 16-5-6, Archivo Histórico de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México, México, D.F. (hereafter cited, AHSRE).

5 Raat, , Revoltosos, pp. 163–164 Google Scholar and 175–199; Raat, , “US Intelligence Operations,” pp. 615–620 Google Scholar; see also in Eslabones: Katz, , “El espionaje mexicano,” pp. 8–15 Google Scholar; Bassols, Barrera, “El espionaje en la frontera,” pp. 23–28;Google Scholar Richard, Carlos Macías, “Diplomacia y propaganda mexicana en Estados Unidos (1920–1924),” pp. 55–60;Google Scholar Harris, and Sadler, , The Border and the Revolution, p. 28 Google Scholar; and Pierson Kerig, Dorothy, Luther T. Ellsworth: U.S. Consul on the Border during the Mexican Revolution (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1975), pp. 16–41.Google Scholar

6 Harris, and Sadler, , The Border and the Revolution, pp. 53–67 Google Scholar, describe the cooperative effort of Madero's secret service and the Bureau of Investigation in El Paso to crush the orozquista rebellion in 1912.

7 See, for example: Richmond, , “Intentos externos,” pp. 106–132;Google Scholar Richmond, , Venustiano Carranza's Nationalist Struggle, pp. 192–193;Google Scholar Sadler, and Harris, , The Border and the Revolution, pp. 7–23, and pp. 101–112;Google Scholar Gilderhus, Mark T., Diplomacy and Revolution: U.S.-Mexican Relations under Wilson and Carranza (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1977);Google Scholar Haley, P. Edward, Revolution and Intervention: The Diplomacy ofTaft and Wilson with Mexico, 1910–1917 (Cambridge and London: The MIT Press, 1970);Google Scholar and Raat, William D., Mexico and the United States (Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1992).Google Scholar

8 One may find many documents, letters, reports, etc. from these and other consuls in the bound volumes of the series “La Revolución Mexicana, 1910–1920,” AHSRE; see Ulloa's, Berta guide, Revolución Mexicana, 1910–1920 (México: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 1985);Google Scholar see also: “Teodoro Frezieres. Su expediente (en 3 Partes),” Expediente 2–18–21, AHSRE; “Andrés G. García. Su expediente,” Expediente 3–6–12, AHSRE; “Ramón P. de Negri. Su expediente personal. Años de 1914–1941 (en 3 Partes), Expediente 25–7–9, AHSRE; “Juan T. Burns. Su expediente. Año 1914 a 1916 (en 2 Partes),” Expediente 1–16–29, AHSRE.

9 R. P. de Negri to Ernesto Garza Pérez, San Francisco, California, 16 Septiembre 1917, L-E-837(11), AHSRE.

10 J. M. Arriola, “Observaciones prácticas para el uso de los Agentes del ‘Mexican Bureau of Investigation,’ Cuerpo de vigilancia organizado por el señor RAMON P. De NEGRI, Cónsul General de México, San Francisco, Cal., E.U. de A.,” n.p., n.d., Archivo de la Embajada de México en los Estados Unidos de América (hereafter cited as AEMEUA), Legajo 499(12), AHSRE.

11 “Memorandum que Jesús M. Arriola…presenta a…señor Presidente de la República,” México, 5 Julio 1918, Manuscritos de don Venustiano Carranza. Fondo XX-I, Centro de Estudios de Historia de México, Fundación Cultural de Condumex, México, D.F. (hereafter cited, VC), doc. 13904; R. P. de Negri to Ernesto Garza Pérez, San Francisco, California, 16 Septiembre 1917, L-E-837(11), AHSRE; Arthur M. Allen, San Francisco, California, 20 July 1915, in “Investigative Case Files of the Bureau of Investigation, 1908–1922; Investigative Records Relating to Mexican Neutrality Violations (“Mexican Files”), 1909–21,” Microfilm Publication M1085, National Archives, Washington, D.C.: 1982 (hereafter cited as BI), Roll 856; E. M. Blanford, Los Angeles, California, 16 December 1915, BI, Roll 856. See also: Henry M. Moffitt, San Francisco, 15 February 1916, Vol. 11, Roll 766; Edward Tyrrell, San Antonio, Texas, 6 March 1916, Vol. 12, Roll 751; George W. Hazen, Los Angeles, California, 13 April 1916, Vol. 31, Roll 531; Sheldon Bovee, El Paso, Texas, 26 February 1916, Vol. 2, Roll 490; all in U.S., Department of the Treasury. United States Secret Service. Daily Reports of Agents, 1875 Thru 1936. Record Group No. 87. Microcopy No. T915. Records of the United States Secret Service. General Services Administration, 1952.

12 See, for example: Braddy, Haldeen, Pershing's Mission to Mexico (El Paso: Texas Western College Press, 1966);Google Scholar Clendenon, Clarence C., The United States and Pancho Villa: A Study in Unconventional Diplomacy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1961);Google Scholar Guzmán, Martín Luis, Memoirs of Pancho Villa (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965);Google Scholar Gilderhus, Diplomacy and Revolution; and Haley, Revolution and Intervention.

13 C. Aguilar to Pagador Contador de la SRE, México, 5 Junio 1916; C. Aguilar to Luis Cabrera, México, 5 Junio 1916; C. Aguilar to J. M. Arriola, Consul de México en Eagle Pass, México, 9 Junio 1916; and Andrés G. García to Cándido Aguilar, El Paso, Texas, 31 Julio 1916; all the preceding may be found in Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal. Años 1916–1922,” Expediente 1-6-12, AHSRE; Subsecretario de Relaciones to Teódulo R. Beltrán, México, 5 Junio 1916, BI, Roll 857; E.B. Stone to Robert L. Barnes, El Paso, Texas, 24 June 1916, BI, Roll 857.

14 Extracto, México, D.F., 6 Septiembre 1916 [?], L-E-798(26), AHSRE.

15 C. Aguilar to Pagador Contador de la SRE, México, 5 Junio 1916; C. Aguilar to Luis Cabrera, México, 5 Junio 1916; C. Aguilar to J. M. Arriola, Consul de México en Eagle Pass, México, 9 Junio 1916, all in “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

16 Jesús M. Arriola to Cándido Aguilar, México, D.F., 10 Abril 1918, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal;” Robert L. Barnes to A. Bruce Bielaski, San Antonio, Texas, 13 June 1916, BI, Roll 857; “ Arriola, Jesús M.,” Diccionario histórico y biográfico de la Revolución Mexicana, Tomo VIII, “Sección Internacional” (México, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana y Secretaría de Gobernación, 1994), p. 46.Google Scholar

17 “Jesús M. Arriola,” Diccionario histórico y biográfico de la Revolución Mexicana, p. 46; Worley's Directory of El Paso, Texas (Dallas, Texas: Press of John F. Worley, 1904–1911); “Ataque a Ciudad Juárez,” L-E-678(l), AHSRE; John K. Wren, El Paso, Texas, 8 January 1920, BI, Roll 863.

18 Arturo M. Elías to Embajador de México, Los Angeles, California, 14 Junio 1911, Archivo de la Embajada de México en los Estados Unidos de América (hereafter cited, AEMEUA), Legajo 376(1), AHSRE; Jesús M. Arriola to Cándido Aguilar, México, D.F., 10 Abril 1918, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

19 J. J. Lawrence, Del Rio, Texas, 12 June 1916, BI, Roll 863.

20 Calvin S. Weakley, San Antonio, Texas, 21 June 1916, BI, Roll 863; William Ibbs, New Orleans, Louisiana, 22 and 23 June 1916, BI, Roll 860.

21 Calvin E. Weakley, San Antonio, Texas, 21 June 1916, BI, Roll 863; Robert L. Barnes to A. Bruce Bielaski, San Antonio, Texas, 13 June 1916 and Subsecretario de Relaciones to Teódulo Beltran, México, 5 Junio 1916, BI, Roll 857; A. Devlin, New Orleans, Louisiana, 19 June 1916, BI, Roll 863; R. L. Barnes, San Antonio, Texas, 24 June 1916, BI, Roll 863; David Lee, San Antonio, Texas, 13 June 1916, BI, Roll 863; F. C. Pendleton, New Orleans, Louisiana, 19 June 1916, BI, Roll 863; Elmer C. Story, New Orleans, Louisiana, 20 June 1916, BI, Roll 860; E. B. Stone, El Paso, Texas, 30 June 1916, BI, Roll 863; Wm. Ibbs, New Orleans, Louisiana, 21 June 1916, BI, Roll 860; E.B. Stone to Robert L. Barnes, El Paso, Texas, 24 June 1916, BI, Roll 860; C. K. Minck, El Paso, Texas, 25 June 1916, BI, Roll 863; Chas. E. Breniman, Tucson, Arizona, 26 June 1916, BI, 863; Wm. Neunhoffer, Nogales, Arizona, 26 June 1916, BI, Roll 863.

22 Arthur M. Allen, San Francisco, California, 9 November 1916, BI, Roll 865.

23 Andrés G. García to Cándido Aguilar, El Paso, Texas, 31 Julio 1916, “Servicio Secreto Político de México en Estados Unidos de A. Reglamento, atribuciones y diversas instrucciones relativas, Año de 1916,” Expediente, 27–22–6, ASHRE; C. K. Minck, El Paso, Texas, 27 July 1916, BI, Roll 863.

24 An English translation of the Reglamento may be found in CE. Breniman, San Antonio, Texas, 14 October 1916, BI, Roll 863. The report, however, does not contain the original Spanish version of the document. A copy of the original document is located in the Files of the Military Intelligence Division, Records of the War Department, General and Special Staffs, Record Group 165, Office of the Chief of Staff, War College Division, File number 8534-139, National Archives and Records Service, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as MID).

25 “Regulations of the Mexican Secret Service in the United States,” in C. E. Breniman, San Antonio, Texas, 14 October 1916, BI, Roll 863.

26 Ibid.

27 Ibid.

28 Ibid.

29 Memorandum. A. Gómez M. [Encaragado del Archivo del Servicio Secreto], México, D.F., 28 Febrero 1917, Expediente 11–18–195, AHSRE.

30 C. E. Breniman, San Antonio, Texas, 14 October 1916, BI, Roll 863. The investigative case files of the Bureau of Investigation relating to Mexican neutrality violations contain hundreds of examples of such references; additional examples may be found in the documents referenced in the “Name Index to Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division of the War Department General Staff, 1917–1941,” MID.

31 Mr. Arriola, Chief of the Mexican Secret Service in the United States, to the Department of Foreign Affairs, Querétaro, December 16, 1916, found in United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), pp. 902–904. Arriola clearly exaggerated the lack of language skills among Bureau personnel. A number of the agents spoke Spanish; in addition, numerous special employees, operatives, and informants were Mexicans or Mexican Americans, and, therefore, native speakers.

32 SRE to de Negri, México, 6 Noviembre 1916 and Ramón P. de Negri to J. M. Arriola, Tucson, Arizona, 20 Noviembre 1916, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

33 Andrés G. García to Cándido Aguilar, El Paso, Texas, 31 Julio 1916, “Servicio Secreto Político de México en Estados Unidos de A. Reglamento, atribuciones y diversas instrucciones relativas,” AHSRE.

34 See “Andrés G. García. Su expediente personal.”

35 Andrés G. García to Cándido Aguilar, El Paso, Texas, 31 Julio 1916, “Servicio Secreto Político de México en Estados Unidos de A. Reglamento, atribuciones y diversas instrucciones relativas,” AHSRE.

36 Luis A. Peredo to Andrés G. García, México, 18 Agosto 1916, “Servicio Secreto Político de México en Estados Unidos de A. Reglamento, atribuciones y diversas instrucciones relativas,” AHSRE.

37 Soriano Bravo to V. Carranza, El Paso, Texas, 15 Agosto 1916, “Eduardo Soriano Bravo. Su expediente personal.” Expediente 18-22-88, ASHRE; Andrés G. García to Cándido Aguilar, El Paso, Texas, 6 Septiembre 1916, “Eduardo Soriano Bravo. Su expediente personal”; Cándido Aguilar to Andrés G. García, México, 20 Septiembre 1916, “Andrés G. García. Su expediente personal.”

38 Clifford G. Beckham, New Orleans, Louisiana, 19 December 1916, BI, Roll 863; E. B. Stone, El Paso, Texas, 20 December 1916, BI, Roll 861 ; Clifford G Beckham, New Orleans, Louisiana, 21 December 1916, BI, Roll 863; EC. Pendleton, New Orleans, Louisiana, 27 December 1916, BI, Roll 854.

39 Ignacio Bonillas to Ernesto Garza Pérez, Washington, D.C., 9 April 1917, L-E-838, AHSRE; Katz, “El espionaje mexicano,” p. 15.

40 J. M. Arriola to Cándido Aguilar, El Paso, Texas, 22 Enero 1917 and Eduardo Soriano Bravo to José [sic] M. Arriola, El Paso, Texas, 12 Diciembre 1916, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

41 Luis A. Peredo. Memorandum. Mexico, 24 Febrero 1917, Expediente 11–18–195, AHSRE.

42 SRE a Cónsules, Circular, 5 Marzo 1917, México; and Juan B. Vega, “Extracto,” 5 Mayo 1917, [México], “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal;” Arriola, Jesús M., “Memorandum que Jesús M. Arriola…presenta a…Presidente de la República,” México, 5 Julio 1918, VC, doc. 13904;Google Scholar Richmond, , “Intentos Externos,” pp. 118–119.Google Scholar

43 J. M. Arriola to E. Garza Pérez, El Paso, Texas, 15 Agosto 1917, L-E-837(11), AHSRE.

44 Subsecretario del Estado del Exterior to J. M. Arriola, México, 1 Julio 1917, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

45 Andrés G. García to E. Garza Pérez, El Paso, Texas, 4 Julio 1917, L–E–837(11), AHSRE; Andrés G. García to E. Garza Pérez, El Paso, Texas, 10 Julio 1917 and “Memorandum. Para el Acuerdo del C. Presidente. Asunto Relativo a la Destitución del Señor J. M. Arriola como Jefe del Servicio Secreto Mexicano en los Estados Unidos de América,” México, D.F., 1 Noviembre 1917, both in “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

46 “Memorandum. Para el Acuerdo del C. Presidente. Asunto Relativo a la Destitución del Señor J. M. Arriola como Jefe del Servicio Secreto Mexicano en los Estados Unidos de América,” México, D.F., 1 Noviembre 1917, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

47 Andrés G. García to E. Soriano Bravo, El Paso, Texas, 30 Julio 1917, in “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

48 “Memorandum. Para el Acuerdo del C. Presidente. Asunto Relativo a la Destitución del Señor J. M. Arriola como Jefe del Servicio Secreto Mexicano en los Estados Unidos de América,” México, D.F., 1 Noviembre 1917, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

49 E. Garza Pérez to J. M. Arriola, México, 27 Agosto 1917 in Gus T. Jones, El Paso, Texas, 3 Septiembre 1917, BI, Roll 863, and L-E-837(ll), AHSRE.

50 Andrés G. García to Guillermo M. Seguin, El Paso, Texas, 29 Agosto 1917 in Gus T. Jones, El Paso, Texas, 3 September 1917, BI, Roll 863; Andrés G. García to Guillermo M. Seguín, Los Angeles, California, 30 Agosto 1917, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

51 Andrés G. García to E. Garza Pérez, El Paso, Texas, 7 Septiembre 1917 and J. M. Arriola to E. Garza Pérez, El Paso, Texas, 17 Septiembre 1917, L-E-837(ll), AHSRE.

52 “Memorandum. Para el Acuerdo del C. Presidente. Asunto Relativo a la Destitución del Señor J. M. Arriola como Jefe del Servicio Secreto Mexicano en los Estados Unidos de América,” México, D.F., 1 Noviembre 1917, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

53 R. P. de Negri to Ernesto Garza Pérez, San Francisco, California, 16 Septiembre 1917, L-E-837(11), AHSRE; R. P. de Negri to Cándido Aguilar, San Francisco, California, 18 Febrero 1918 and Cándido Aguilar to Ramón P. de Negri, México, 23 Marzo 1918, L-E-83701), AHSRE; J. M. Arriola to Cándido Aguilar, México, D.F., 10 Abril 1918 and V. Carranza. Acuerdo, México, D.F., 11 Septiembre 1918, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

54 Juan B. Vega to Subsecretario de S RE, México, D.F., 31 Octubre 1919; de Negri to SRE, New York, 2 Febrero 1920; and SRE to Arriola, México, D.F., 27 Marzo 1920, “Jesus M. Arriola. Su expediente personal;” “J. M. Arriola. Comisionado Especial en el Servicio Consular Mexicano, en Los Angeles, Cal., informa sobre actividades de los enemigos del Gobierno Mexicano. Año de 1920,” Expediente 9-19-277, ASHRE; Saenz to J. M. Arriola, México, 9 Febrero 1921, “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

55 The complete text of the committee hearings may be found in investigation of Mexican Affairs, U.S. Congress, Senate, 66th Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1919–1920), 2 vol. Studies of this investigation include Lou, Dennis W., “Fall Committee: An Investigation of Mexican Affairs” (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1963);Google Scholar and Trow, Clifford W., “Senator Albert B. Fall and Mexican Affairs, 1912–1921” (Ph.D. diss., University of Colorado, 1966).Google Scholar

56 See, for example, Jesús M. Arriola to Salvador Diego Fernández, Los Angeles, California, 30 Marzo 1920, AEMEUA, Legajo 623(5), AHSRE.

57 Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores to J.M. Arriola, México, D.F., 27 Marzo 1920; Ramón P. de Negri to Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores, New York, 19 Junio 1920; Ramón P. de Negri to Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores, New York, 29 Junio 1920; Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores to Jesús M. Arriola, México, 26 Julio 1920; Saenz to J. M. Arriola, México, 9 Febrero 1921; and Seguin to J. M. Arriola, San Francisco, California, 4 Marzo 1921, all in “Jesús M. Arriola. Su expediente personal.”

58 Juan B. Vega to Luis M. Vázquez, México, 31 Octubre 1917, “Andrés G. García. Su expediente personal.”

59 E. Garza Pérez to García, México, 10 Diciembre 1917, “Andrés G. García. Su expediente personal.”

60 Ignacio Bonillas to Cándido Aguilar, Washington, D.C., 13 Marzo 1918 and Múzquiz to Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores, New Orleans, 9 Abril 1918, both in “Asunto Chas. E. Jones,” Expediente 1716–211, AHSRE. Many of Jones's documents may be found in L-E-837(12), AHSRE.

61 Testimony of Jones, Charles E., Investigation of Mexican Affairs, U.S. Congress, Senate, 66th Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: GPO, 1919–1920) (hereafter cited as IMA), 2, pp. 2889–2897.Google Scholar

62 Andrés G. García to Relaciones, Laredo, Texas, 26 Abril 1918, “Asunto Chas. E. Jones.”

63 García to Aguilar, Ciudad Juárez, 30 Abril 1918, “Asunto Chas. E. Jones.”

64 García to Secretario de Relaciones, Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 11 Mayo 1918, “Asunto Chas. E. Jones.”

65 Aguilar to García, México, 2 Mayo 1918, and García to Secretario de Relaciones, Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 11 Mayo 1918, both in “Asunto Chas. E. Jones.”

66 Aguilar to García, México, D.E, 6 Junio 1918 and Múzquiz to Relaciones, New Orleans, 25 Agosto 1918, both in “Asunto Chas. E. Jones.”

67 See, for example, Ignacio Bonillas to Cándido Aguilar, Washington, D.C., 1 Noviembre 1918, “Asunto Chas. E. Jones.”

68 Testimony of Jones, Charles E., IMA, 2, pp. 2889–2994, passim.Google Scholar

69 H. Medina to Andrés G. García, México, 16 Enero 1920, “Andrés G. García. Su expediente personal.”

70 Indicador del Servicio Postal, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Obras Públicas, Dirección General de Correos, Año XIX, Núm. 2, México, 20 Enero 1920 and Año XIX, Núm. 12, 10 Mayo 1920.

71 El Paso Herald, 26 March 1921.

72 de la Parra, Plasencia, “El papel,” pp. 61–67.Google Scholar

73 H. F. Arthur Shoenfeld to Department of State, Mexico, 22 September 1927, doc. 812.20/74, in Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1920, Record Group 59, Microfilm Publications, Microcopy 274, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (Washington: General Services Administration, 1959).

74 Ramón R de Negri to Rafael E. Múzquiz, San Francisco, California, 26 Febrero 1916, “Ramón P. de Negri. Su expediente personal”; Ramón P. De Negri to Ernesto Garza Pérez, 24 Noviembre 1917, New York, Expediente 18-1-83, AHSRE.

75 “Ramón P. de Negri. Su expediente personal,” passim; “Ramón P. de Negri,” Diccionario histórico y biográfico de la Revolución Mexicana, Tomo VI “Sonora” (México, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana y la Secretaría de Gobernación, 1992), pp. 583–584.