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Antimicrobial resistance: its emergence and transmission

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2008

Patrick Boerlin  and
Richard J. Reid-Smith
Patrick Boerlin*
Affiliation:
Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 3W4, Canada
Richard J. Reid-Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 3W4, Canada Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: pboerlin@uoguelph.ca
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Abstract

New concepts have emerged in the past few years that help us to better understand the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These include, among others, the discovery of the mutator state and the concept of mutant selection window for resistances emerging primarily through mutations in existing genes. Our understanding of horizontal gene transfer has also evolved significantly in the past few years, and important new mechanisms of AMR transfer have been discovered, including, among others, integrative conjugative elements and ISCR (insertion sequences with common regions) elements. Simultaneously, large-scale studies have helped us to start comprehending the immense and yet untapped reservoir of both AMR genes and mobile genetic elements present in the environment. Finally, new PCR- and DNA sequencing-based techniques are being developed that will allow us to better understand the epidemiology of classical vectors of AMR genes, such as plasmids, and to monitor them in a more global and systematic way.

Keywords

mutationhorizontal gene transfermobile genetic elementsselection
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 9 , Issue 2: Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Animals , December 2008 , pp. 115 - 126
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

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