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A review of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) testing in livestock with an emphasis on the use of alternative diagnostic specimens

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 October 2018

Korakrit Poonsuk Open the ORCID record for Korakrit Poonsuk [Opens in a new window] ,
Luis Giménez-Lirola  and
Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
Korakrit Poonsuk*
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
Luis Giménez-Lirola
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Korakrit Poonsuk, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA. E-mail: poonsuk@iastate.edu
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Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains an important pathogen of livestock more than 120 years after it was identified, with annual costs from production losses and vaccination estimated at €5.3–€17 billion (US$6.5–US$21 billion) in FMDV-endemic areas. Control and eradication are difficult because FMDV is highly contagious, genetically and antigenically diverse, infectious for a wide variety of species, able to establish subclinical carriers in ruminants, and widely geographically distributed. For early detection, sustained control, or eradication, sensitive and specific FMDV surveillance procedures compatible with high through-put testing platforms are required. At present, surveillance relies on the detection of FMDV-specific antibody or virus, most commonly in individual animal serum, vesicular fluid, or epithelial specimens. However, FMDV or antibody are also detectable in other body secretions and specimens, e.g., buccal and nasal secretions, respiratory exhalations (aerosols), mammary secretions, urine, feces, and environmental samples. These alternative specimens offer non-invasive diagnostic alternatives to individual animal sampling and the potential for more efficient, responsive, and cost-effective surveillance. Herein we review FMDV testing methods for contemporary and alternative diagnostic specimens and their application to FMDV surveillance in livestock (cattle, swine, sheep, and goats).

Keywords

DiagnosisFMDVfoot-and-mouth disease virusreviewspecimensurveillance
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 19 , Issue 2 , December 2018 , pp. 100 - 112
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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