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Immunity to bovine herpesvirus 1: II. Adaptive immunity and vaccinology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 June 2013

Randall L. Levings  and
James A. Roth
Randall L. Levings*
Affiliation:
Emergency Management and Diagnostics, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 1800 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
James A. Roth
Affiliation:
Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: Randall.L.Levings@aphis.usda.gov
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Abstract

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection is widespread and causes a variety of diseases. Although similar in many respects to the human immune response to human herpesvirus 1, the differences in the bovine virus proteins, immune system components and strategies, physiology, and lifestyle mean the bovine immune response to BHV-1 is unique. The innate immune system initially responds to infection, and primes a balanced adaptive immune response. Cell-mediated immunity, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing of infected cells, is critical to recovery from infection. Humoral immunity, including neutralizing antibody and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is important to prevention or control of (re-)infection. BHV-1 immune evasion strategies include suppression of major histocompatibility complex presentation of viral antigen, helper T-cell killing, and latency. Immune suppression caused by the virus potentiates secondary infections and contributes to the costly bovine respiratory disease complex. Vaccination against BHV-1 is widely practiced. The many vaccines reported include replicating and non-replicating, conventional and genetically engineered, as well as marker and non-marker preparations. Current development focuses on delivery of major BHV-1 glycoproteins to elicit a balanced, protective immune response, while excluding serologic markers and virulence or other undesirable factors. In North America, vaccines are used to prevent or reduce clinical signs, whereas in some European Union countries marker vaccines have been employed in the eradication of BHV-1 disease.

Keywords

bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1)adaptive immunityvaccineenvelope glycoproteindifferentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA)immune suppression
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , June 2013 , pp. 103 - 123
Creative Commons
This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States.
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013

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