Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T13:55:30.279Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of non-starch polysaccharides on production and absorption of indolic compounds in entire male pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

A. Knarreborg ,
J. Beck ,
M. T. Jensen ,
A. Laue ,
N. Agergaard  and
B. B. Jensen
A. Knarreborg
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
J. Beck
Affiliation:
Farmers Association in South Jutland, DK-6240 Løgumkloster, Denmark
M. T. Jensen
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Product Quality, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
A. Laue
Affiliation:
Danish Co-operative Farm Supply, DK-1504 Copenhagen, Denmark
N. Agergaard
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
B. B. Jensen*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
*
Corresponding author: e-mail bentborg.jensen@agrsci.dk
Get access

Abstract

In order to study the effect of feeding non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) on the production and absorption of the malodorous compounds skatole and indole, eighteen male pigs, representing nine littermate groups, were used. One pig from each litter was assigned to either a low-NSP diet (87 g/kg of NSP) or a high-NSP diet (160 g/kg of NSP). Faecal samples and blood samples from vena jugularis were collected during a three-day period. The production of indolic compounds in different sections of the gastro-intestinal tract of six littermate groups was measured at slaughter (after 1 month on the diets). To investigate the absorption of indole and skatole, three catheterized pigs, acting as their own control (2 weeks on each diet) were used. Parallel determinations in portal blood, peripheral blood and in faeces of skatole and indole were conducted. Faecal, intestinal and blood samples were analysed for indolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The production of indole and skatole in the proximal and distal part of the hind gut, respectively, was significantly reduced in pigs given the high-NSP diet. Similarly, both blood and faecal samples revealed that dietary NSP-inclusion reduced skatole concentration, whereas a dietary effect of NSP on the indole concentration was reflected in blood samples only. The absorption of skatole and indole was significantly lower in pigs given the high-NSP diet compared with those offered the low-NSP diet. The skatole concentrations in blood and faeces were highly correlated when measured within the individual animal, suggesting that a proportional amount of the skatole produced was absorbed. In contrast, only weak correlations were demonstrated when determined between animals. This emphasizes the great impact that individual hepatic clearance rate would have on the level of skatole in backfat, and consequently the importance of applying cross-over designs, when studying the absorption of indolic compounds.

Keywords

digestive tractindolescarbohydrates (non-digestible)pigsskatole
Type
Growth, development and meat science
Information
Animal Science , Volume 74 , Issue 3 , June 2002 , pp. 445 - 453
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agergaard, N. and Laue, A. 1993. Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and liver turnover of skatole. Measurement and prevention of boar taint in entire male pigs, Roskilde, Denmark, 12-14 October 1992. INRA, Paris (Les Colloques no. 60), pp. 107–111.Google Scholar
Bach Knudsen, K. E., Jensen, B. B., Andersen, J. O. and Hansen, I. 1991. Gastrointestinal implications in pigs of wheat and oat fractions. British Journal of Nutrition 65: 233–248.Google Scholar
Bejerholm, C. and Gade, P. B. 1992. The relationship between skatole/androstenone and odour/flavour of meat from entire male pigs. Kongresser, October 1992, Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark, manuscript no. 1059 E 5.Google Scholar
Bonneau, M., Le Denmat, M., Vaudelet, J. C., Velosa unes, J. R., Mortensen, A. B. and Mortensen, H. P. 1992. Contributions of fat androstenone and skatole to boar taint. I. Sensory attributes of fat and pork meat. Livestock Production Science 32: 63–80.Google Scholar
Boyd, W. L. and Lichstein, H. C. 1955. The effect of carbohydrates on the tryptophanase activity of bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology 69: 584–589.Google Scholar
Claus, R., Dehnhard, M., Herzog, A., Bernal-Barragan, H. and Giménez, T. 1993. Parallel measurements of indole and skatole (3-methylindole) in feces and blood plasma of pigs by HPLC. Livestock Production Science 34: 115–126.Google Scholar
Claus, R., Raab, S. and Röckle, S. 1996. Skatole concentrations in blood plasma of pigs as influenced by the effects of dietary factors on gut mucosa proliferation. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 76: 170–179.Google Scholar
Diaz, G. J. and Squires, E. J. 2000. Metabolism of 3-methylindole by porcine liver microsomes: responsible cytochrome P450 enzymes. Toxicological Sciences 55: 274–283.Google Scholar
Friis, C. 1993. Distribution, metabolic fate and elimination of skatole in the pig. Measurement and prevention of boar taint in entire male pigs, Roskilde, Denmark, 12-14 October 1992. INRA, Paris (Les Colloques no. 60), pp. 113–115.Google Scholar
Hansen, L. L., Larsen, A. E., Jensen, B. B. and Hansen-Møller, J. 1997. Short time effect of zinc bacitracin and heavy fouling with faeces plus urine on boar taint. Animal Science 64: 351–363.Google Scholar
Hansen-Møller, J. 1992. Determination of indolic compounds in pig backfat by solid-phase extraction and gradient high-performance liquid chromatography with special emphasis on the boar taint compound skatole. Journal of Chromatography B 624: 479–490.Google Scholar
Hansen-Mølle, J. 1994. Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of androstenone, skatole, and indole in backfat from pigs. Journal of Chromatography B 661: 219–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansson, K., Lundström, K., Fjelkner-Modig, S. and Persson, J. 1980. The importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research 10: 167–173.Google Scholar
Hawe, S. M., Walker, N. and Moss, B. W. 1992. The effects of dietary fibre, lactose and antibiotic on the levels of skatole and indole in faeces and subcutaneous fat in growing pigs. Animal Production 54: 413–419.Google Scholar
Holdeman, L. V., Cato, E. P. and Moore, E. C. 1977. Anarobe laboratory manual. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. B. 1990. [Skatole (boar taint). Microbial production of skatole in the gastro-intestinal tract of pigs.] In Communication 772. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Tjele, Denmark.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. B. 1999. Impact of feed composition and feed processing on the gastrointestinal ecosystem in pigs. In Nutrition and gastrointestinal physiology – today and tomorrow (ed. Jansman, A.J. M. and Huisman, J.), pp. 43–56. TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. B. and Jensen, M. T. 1993. In vitro measurement of microbial production of skatole in the digestive tract of pigs. Measurement and prevention of boar taint in entire male pigs, Roskilde, Denmark, 12-14 October 1992 . INRA, Paris (Les Colloques no. 60), pp. 99–105.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. B. and Jensen, M. T. 1998. Microbial production of skatole in the digestive tract of entire male pigs. In Skatole and boar taint (ed. Jensen, W. K.), pp. 41–76. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. B. and Jørgensen, H. 1994. Effect of dietary fibre on microbial activity and microbial gas production in various regions of the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 1897–1904.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. B., Mikkelsen, L. L. and Cristensen, D. N. 1997. Integration of ileum cannulated pigs and in vitro fermentation to quantify the effect of diet composition on microbial fermentation in the large intestine. In Energy and protein evaluation for pigs in the Nordic countries (ed. Jørgensen, H. and Fernández, J.). Proceedings of NJF Foulum, Denmark, 9-10 April, 1997, seminar no. 274.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. T. 1994. Microbial metabolism of indole compounds in the gastro-intestinal tract of pigs. Ph.D. thesis, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Tjele, Denmark.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. T. and Jensen, B. B. 1994. Gas chromatographic determination of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) in bacterial culture media, intestinal contents and faeces. Journal of Chromatography B 655: 275–280.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. T., Cox, R. P. and Jensen, B. B. 1995a. 3-Methylindole (skatole) and indole production by mixed populations of pig fecal bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 3180–3184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, M. T., Cox, R. P. and Jensen, B. B. 1995b. Microbial production of skatole in the hind gut of pigs given different diets and its relation to skatole deposition in backfat. Animal Science 61: 293–304.Google Scholar
Laue, A. 1996. Quantification of intestinal absorption and liver metabolism of 3-methylindole in swine. An in vivo study in growing intact male pigs. Ph.D. thesis, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Tjele, Denmark.Google Scholar
Lin, R. S., Orcutt, M. W., Allrich, R. D. and Judgre, M. D. 1992. Effect of dietary crude protein content on skatole concentration in boar serum. Meat Science 31: 473–479.Google Scholar
Lundström, K., Malmfors, B., Stern, S., Rydhmer, L., Eliasson-Selling, L. and Mortensen, A. B. 1994. Skatole levels in pigs selected for high lean tissue growth rate on different dietary protein levels. Livestock Production Science 38: 125–132.Google Scholar
Misir, R. and Sauer, W. C. 1982. Effect of starch infusion at the terminal ileum on nitrogen balance and apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in pigs fed meat-and-bone and soybean meal diets. Journal of Animal Science 55: 599–607.Google Scholar
Rérat, A., Fiszlewicz, M., Guisi, A. and Vaugelade, P. 1987. Influence of meal frequency on postprandial variations in the production and absorption of volatile fatty acids in the digestive tract of conscious pigs. Journal of Animal Science 64: 448–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 1988. SAS user’s guide. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute Inc., Cary, NC.Google Scholar
Wiseman, J., Redshaw, M. S., Jagger, S., Nute, G. R., Whittington, F. W. and Wood, J. D. 1999. Influence of type and dietary rate of inclusion of non-starch polysaccharides on skatole content and meat quality of finishing pigs. Animal Science 69: 123–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokoyama, M. T. and Carlson, J. R. 1974. Dissimilation of tryptophan and related compounds by ruminal microorganisms in vivo . Applied Microbiology 27: 540–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokoyama, M. T., Carlson, J. R. and Holdeman, L. V. 1977. Isolation and characteristics of a skatole-producing Lactobacillus sp. from the bovine rumen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 6: 837–842.Google Scholar