Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T04:11:33.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of dietary protein concentration and source on the growth rate and on body composition of Holstein-Friesian male calves

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

A. Brosh ,
Y. Aharoni ,
D. Levy  and
Z. Holzer
A. Brosh
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay 30095 Israel
Y. Aharoni
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay 30095 Israel
D. Levy
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay 30095 Israel
Z. Holzer
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay 30095 Israel
Get access

Abstract

Holstein-Friesian male calves, aged 160 to 450 days, and of live weight 180 to 530 kg, were used to determine the effects of dietary nitrogen level and dietary nitrogen source on performance. Experiment 1, tested dietary nitrogen level, and involved two trials with three dietary-nitrogen levels and equal dietary metabolizable energy (ME) 11·7 MJ/kg dry matter (DM). The crude protein (CP) level was reduced in the course of the trials by 40 g/kg, the experimental average CP in the diets being 146, 126 and 106 g/kg for the high (HP), medium (MP) and the low protein (LP) diets, respectively. The urea space (US) for estimation of body protein deposition and the rumen volume for calculation of empty body weight were measured in trial A of experiment 1. Experiment 2 involved four diets of equal ME concentrations; (11-7 MJ/kg DM), in three of which the CP contents were equal but from different sources: (a) 110 g/kg, all of it true protein (TP), negative control; (b) 130 g/kg, all of it TP; (с) 130 g/kg CP, 20 g/kg of it is poultry litter (PL) protein; (d) 130 g/kg CP, 40 g/kg of it is PL protein. Significantly lower US and ratio of US to live weight were found in the calves on the LP diet, from the age of 265 days than in the calves on the other diets. The ratio of US to live weight significantly decreased with increasing age in all protein level treatments. Until the age of 300 days the rumen volume was significantly higher on the LP diet than on the other diets. Calves on the HP diet had the highest daily gain and carcass gain. The recommendation to reduce the dietary protein as age increased to lower than 120 g/kg caused a reduction in the energy retained from the diet but protein deposition was not impaired. Protein deposition was impaired when the CP was reduced by 20 g/kg below the level recommended by the National Research Council. The inclusion of poultry litter in the diet, with ME concentration being maintained, did not reduce the rate of live-weight gain, and improved food conversion efficiency.

Keywords

body compositioncalvesdietary proteingrowth raterumen
Type
Ruminant nutrition, behaviour and production
Information
Animal Science , Volume 70 , Issue 3 , June 2000 , pp. 527 - 536
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aharoni, Y., Brosh, A. and Holzer, Z. 1995a. Effects of fill volume of diets on digestive tract kinetics and fattening pattern of growing Holstein-Friesian bull calves. Journal of Animal Science 73: 2418–2427.Google Scholar
Aharoni, Y., Nachtomi, E., Holstien, P., Brosh, A., Holzer, Z. and Nitzan, Z. 1995b. Dietary effects on fat deposition and fatty acid profiles in muscle and fat depots of Friesian bull calves. Journal of Animal Science 73: 2712–2720.Google Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1980. Official methods of analysis, 13th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Bailey, C. B. 1986. Growth of digestive organs and their contents in Holstein steers: relation to body weight and diet. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66: 653–661.Google Scholar
Bartle, S. J., Kock, S. W., Preston, R. L., Wheeler, T. L. and Davis, G. W. 1987. Validation of urea dilution to estimate in vivo body composition in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 64: 1024–1030.Google Scholar
Bartle, S. J. and Preston, R. I. 1986. Plasma, rumen and urine pools in urea dilution determination in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 63: 77–82.Google Scholar
Brosh, A., Aharoni, Y., Levy, D. and Holzer, Z. 1995. Effect of diet energy concentration and age of Holstein Friesian bull calves on growth rate, urea space and fat deposition and ruminai volume. Journal of Animal Science 73: 1666–1673.Google Scholar
Brosh, A., Holzer, Z. and Levy, D. 1990. The effect of source of nitrogen used for supplementation of high wheat silage diets for cattle. Animal Production 51: 109–114.Google Scholar
Byers, F.M. 1982a. Protein growth and turnover in cattle. Systems for measurement and biological limits. In Proceedings of the symposium on protein requirements for cattle, Oklahoma MP 109/Oklahoma State University, pp. 141–166.Google Scholar
Byers, F.M. B. 1982b. Nutritional factors affecting growth of muscle and adipose tissue in ruminants. Federation Proceedings 41: 2562–2566.Google Scholar
Coulombe, J. J. and Favreau, L. 1963. A new simple semimicro method for colorimetrie determination of urea. Clinical Chemistry 9: 102–108.Google Scholar
Hammond, A. C., Rumsey, T. S. and Haaland, G. L. 1988. Prediction of empty body components in steers by urea dilution. Journal of Animal Science 66: 354–360.Google Scholar
Hammond, A. C., Waldo, D. R. and Rumsey, T. S. 1990. Prediction of body composition in Holstein steers using urea dilution. Journal of Dairy Science 73: 3141–3145.Google Scholar
Holzer, Z. and Levy, D. 1976. Poultry litter as a protein supplement for beef cattle fed fibrous diets. World Review of Animal Production XII: 91–95.Google Scholar
Holzer, Z., Levy, D., Samuel, V. and Bruckenthal, I. 1986. Interactions between supplementary nitrogen source and ration energy density on performance and nitrogen utilization in growing and fattening male cattle. Animal Production 42: 19–28.Google Scholar
Hyden, S. 1961. Determination of the amount of fluid in the reticulo-rumen of sheep and its rate of passage to the omasum. Kungliga Lantbrukshögskolans, Annaler 27: 51–79.Google Scholar
Lawes Agricultural Trust. 1995. GENSTAT V, mark 4-03. Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden.Google Scholar
Levy, D., Holzer, Z., Samuel, V. and Bruckenthal, I. 1986. The effect of source of nitrogen and level of its supplementation on the performance of growing-fattening bulls. Animal Production 43: 377–384.Google Scholar
Levy, D., Holzer, Z. and Volcani, R. 1968. The effect of age and live weight on food conversion yield of salable meat of intact Israeli male calves. Animal Production 10: 325–330.Google Scholar
Martin, T. G., Perry, T. W., Beeson, W. M. and Mohler, M.T. 1978. Protein levels for bulls: comparison of three continuous dietary levels on growth and carcass traits. Journal of Animal Science 47: 29–33.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 1984. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, sixth revised edition. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals, no. 4. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Reid, J. T., Wellington, G. H. and Dunn, H. O. 1955. Some relationships among the major chemical components of the bovine body and their application to nutritional investigation. Journal of Dairy Science 38: 1344–1359.Google Scholar
Robelin, J. and Geay, Y. 1984. Body composition of cattle as affected by physiological status, breed, sex and diet. In Herbivore nutritio. (ed. Gilchrist, F. M. C. and Mackie, R. I.), proceedings of the international symposium on herbivore nutrition in the subtropics and tropics, p. 525. Science Press, Craighall, Pretoria, South Africa.Google Scholar
Roy, J. H., Balch, C. C., Miller, E. L., Ørskov, E. R. and Smith, R. H. 1977. Calculations of the N requirement for ruminants from nitrogen metabolism studies. In Proceedings of the second symposium on protein metabolism and nutritio. (ed Tamminga, S.), European Association for Animal Production publication no. 22, p. 126. Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Rule, D. C., Arnold, R. N., Hentges, E. J. and Beitz, D. C., 1986. Evaluation of urea dilution as a technique for estimating body composition of beef steers in vivo: validation of published equations and comparison with chemical composition. Journal of Animal Science 63: 1935–1948.Google Scholar
Shain, D. H., Stock, R. A., Klopfenstein, T. J. and Herold, D.W. 1998. Effect of degradable intake protein level on finishing cattle performance and ruminai metabolism. Journal of Animal Science 76: 242–248.Google Scholar
Somogyi, M. 1945. Determination of blood sugar. Biological Chemistry 160: 69–72.Google Scholar
Stephenson, A. H., McCasbey, T. A. and Ruffin, B. G. 1990. A survey of broiler litter composition and potential value as a nutrient resource. Biological Wastes 34: 1–9.Google Scholar
Tagari, H. 1978. Recycled animal waste as feedstuff. Economic importance, processing data and nutritive value for ruminants. Refuah Veterinarit 35: 123–128.Google Scholar
Tagari, H., Levy, D. and Holzer, Z. 1976. Poultry litter for intensive beef production. Animal Production 23: 317–327.Google Scholar
Wells, R. C. and Preston, R. L. 1998. Effects of repeated urea dilution measurement on feedlot performance and consistency of estimated body composition in steers of different breed types. Journal of Animal Science 76: 2799–2804.Google Scholar