Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T04:06:55.480Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Growth and food utilization of the Australian short-finned eel, Anguilla australis australis (Richardson) given paired iso-energetic diets with increasing crude protein content

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

K. Engin  and
C. G. Carter
K. Engin*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mersin University, Yenisehir Kampusu C Blok Kat:2, 33169, Mersin, Turkey
C. G. Carter
Affiliation:
School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1-370 Launceston Tasmania 7250, Australia
*
†E-mail: kenan769@mynet.com
Get access

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of 100 g/kg increments of crude protein (approx. 250 (P25) to 550 (P55) g/kg of crude protein) in paired iso-energetic diets on the growth performance of the juvenile Australian short-finned eel (1·83 (s.e. 0·01) g average wet weight). The highest growth response was obtained with treatment P45 followed by P35, P55 and P25. It appeared that food efficiency ratio (FER) increased with increasing crude protein content in low energy diets (treatments P25 and P35). However, 100 g/kg increase in dietary crude protein content (from 450 to 550 kg crude protein per kg diet) in high energy diets resulted in lower FER for treatment P55 than for the treatment P45. The protein efficiency ratio (PER, %) was higher in low protein:low energy diets (treatments P25 and P35) than that of high protein:high energy diets (treatments P45 and P55). The protein productive values (PPV, %) for treatments followed a similar trend to PER in this experiment. The lowest PPV was obtained by the treatment P55 and it was significantly different from that of the other three treatments. A proportional increase in dietary crude protein content in paired iso-energetic diets did not significantly change the whole body protein content. However, a small increase in whole body protein content with increasing dietary crude protein in each group was detected. In conclusion, the present study showed protein sparing effects of lipids and carbohydrates in the diets of the short-finned eel. Further studies specifically investigating the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios at different protein levels would improve diet formulation and reduce nutrient impact in intensive recirculation systems.

Keywords

Anguilla australis australisfood intakegrowthprotein efficiency ratio
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Science , Volume 82 , Issue 2 , April 2006 , pp. 169 - 174
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arai, S. 1991. Eel Anguilla spp. In Handbook of nutrient requirement of finfish (ed. Wilson, R. P.), pp. 69–75. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1995. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. AOAC International, Arlington, VA.Google Scholar
Austreng, E. and Reftstie, T. 1978. Effect of varying dietary protein level in different families of rainbow trout. Aquaculture 18: 145–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bligh, E. G. and Dyer, W. G. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology 37: 911–917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boorman, K. N. 1980. Dietary constraints on nitrogen retention. In Protein deposition in animals (ed. Buttery, P. J. and Lindsay, D.), pp. 147–165. Butterworths, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, C. Y. and Kaushik, S. J. 1985. Effects of protein intake on metabolisable and net energy values of fish diets. In Nutrition and feeding in fish (ed. Cowey, C. B.Mackie, A. M. and Bell, J. G.), pp. 95–117. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Cho, C. Y., Slinger, S. J. and Bayley, H. S. 1982. Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 73B: 25–41.Google Scholar
Cho, C. Y., Slinger, S. J. and Bayley, H. S. 1976. Influence of level and type of dietary protein and level of feeding on feed utilisation by rainbow trout. Journal of Nutrition 106: 1547–1556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De la Higuera, M., Garcia-Gallego, M., Sanz, A., Hidalgo, M. C. and Suárez, M. D. 1989. Utilisation of dietary protein by the eel (Anguilla anguilla):optimum dietary protein levels. Aquaculture 79: 53–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Silva, S. S. and Anderson, T. A. 1995. Fish nutrition in aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar
De Silva, S. S., Gunasekera, R. M. and Gooley, G. 2000. Digestibility and amino acid availability of three protein-rich ingredient-incorparated diets by Murray cod Maccullochella peeli peeli (Mitchell) and the Australian short-finned eel. Anguilla australis Richardson. Aquaculture Research 31: 195–205.Google Scholar
De Silva, S. S., Gunasekera, R. M., Gooley, G. and Ingram, B. A. 2001. Growth of Australian short-finned eel (Anguilla australis) elvers given different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition 7: 53–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degani, G. 1987. Effects of dietary carbohydrate source on soluble protein glucose concentration and enzyme activity (aldolase) of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 87A: 30–37.Google Scholar
Degani, G. and Viola, S. 1987. The protein sparing effects of carbohydrates in the diets of eels (Anguilla anguilla). Aquaculture 64: 283–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degani, G., Viola, S. and Levanon, D. 1986. Effects of dietary carbohydrate source on growth and body composition of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Aquaculture 52: 97–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dosoretz, C. and Degani, G. 1987. Effect of fat rich diet and temperature on growth and body composition of European eels (Anguilla anguilla). Comperative Biochemistry and Physiology 87A: 733–736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einen, O. and Roem, A. J. 1997. Dietary protein/energy ratios for Atlantic salmon in relation to fish size: growth, feed utilisation and slaughter quality. Aquaculture Nutrition 3: 115–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engin, K. and Carter, C. G. 2001. Ammonia and urea excretion rates of juvenile Australian short-finned eel (Anguilla australis australis) as influenced by dietary protein level. Aquaculture 194: 123–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engin, K. and Carter, C. G. 2005. Fish meal replacement by plant and animal by-products in diets for the Australian short-finned eel. Anguilla australis australis Richardson. Aquaculture Research 36: 445–454.Google Scholar
Engin, K. and Carter, C. G. 2002. Ingredient apparent digestibility coefficients for the Australian short-finned eel (Anguilla australis australis Richardson). Animal Science 75: 401–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furuichi, M. and Yone, Y. 1981. Change of blood sugar and plasma insulin levels of fishes in glucose tolerance test. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 47: 761–764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, M. and Matthews, A. M. 1987. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the American eel Anguilla rostrata fed diets with varying protein energy ratios and protein levels. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 18: 107–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-Gallego, M., Bazoco, J., Suárez, M. D. and Sanz, A. 1995. Utilization of dietary carbohydrates by fish: a comparative study in eel and trout. Animal Science 61: 427–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garling, D. L. and Wilson, R. P. 1976. The optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for channel catfish fingerlings. Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of Nutrition 106: 1368–1375.Google ScholarPubMed
Gonçalves, J. F., Santos, S., Pereira, V. S., Baptista, I. and Coimbra, J. 1989. The use of fish silage as an ingredient for eel fingerling nutrition. Aquaculture 80: 135–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hidalgo, M. C., Sanz, A., García-Gallego, M., Suárez, M. D., and De la Higuera, M. 1993. Feeding of the European eel Anguilla anguilla. I. Influence of dietary carbohydrate level. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 105A: 165–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houlihan, D. F., Carter, C. G. and McCarthy, I. D. 1995. Protein turnover in animals. In Nitrogen metabolism and excretion (ed. Wright, P. J. and Walsh, P. A.), pp. 1–29. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
Kaushik, S. J. and Médale, F. 1994. Energy requirements, utilisation and dietary supply to salmonids. Aquaculture 124: 81–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanari, D., D'agaro, E. and Ballestrazzi, R. 1995. Effect of dietary DP/DE ratio on apparent digestibility, growth and nitrogen and phosphorus retention in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Nutrition 1: 105–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lecomte-Finiger, R. 1983. Regime alimentaire des civilles et angillettes (Anguilla anguilla) dans trois etages saumaters du rousillon. Bulletin d'Ecologie 14: 297–306.Google Scholar
Lee, D. J. and Putnam, G. B. 1973. The response of rainbow trout to varying protein/energy ratios in a test diet. Journal of Nutrition 103: 916–922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marais, J. F. K. and Kissil, G. W. 1979. The influence of energy level on feed intake, growth, food conversion and body composition of Sparus aurata. Aquaculture 17: 203–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy Press, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Nose, T. and Arai, S. 1971. Optimum level of protein in purified diet for eel, Anguilla japonica. Bulletin of the Freshwater Fisheries Research Laboratory (Tokyo) 22: 145–155.Google Scholar
Ohta, M. and Watanabe, T. 1996. Energy requirements for maintenance of body weight and activity and for maximum growth in rainbow trout. Fisheries Science 62: 737–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, T. N. and Ryman, B. E. 1972. Studies on oral glucose intolerance in fish. Journal of Fish Biology 4: 311–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinitz, G. and Hitzel, F. 1980. Formulation of practical diets for rainbow trout based on desired performance and body composition. Aquaculture 19: 243–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanz, A., Suárez, M. D., Hidalgo, M. C., García-Gallego, M. and De la Higuera, M. 1993. Feeding of the European eel Anguilla anguilla. III. Influence of the relative proportions of the energy yielding nutrients. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 105A: 177–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 1987. SAS/Statistical guide for personal computers. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.Google Scholar
Steffens, W. 1996. Protein sparing effect and nutritive significance of lipid supplementation in carp diets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 49: 93–98.Google ScholarPubMed
Tibaldi, E., Beraldo, P., Volpelli, L. A. and Pinosa, M. 1996. Growth response of juvenile dentex (Dentex dentex L.) to varying protein level and protein to lipid ratio in practical diets. Aquaculture 139: 91–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tibbetts, S. M., Lall, D. M. and Anderson, D. M. 2001. Optimum dietary ratio of digestable protein and energy for juvenile American eel, Anguilla rostrata, fed practical diets. Aquaculture Nutrition 7: 213–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tibbetts, S. M., Lall, S. P. and Milley, J. E. 2005. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels and DP DE-1 ratio on growth, feed utilisation and hepatosomatic index of juvenile haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L. Aquaculture Nutrition 11: 67–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, A. J. 1981. Techniques of analysis of variance in experimental marine biology and ecology. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 19: 513–605.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. P. 1994. Utilisation of dietary carbohydrate by fish. Aquaculture 124: 67–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.Google Scholar