Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T21:38:19.378Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Oxidative stress in primiparous cows in relation to dietary starch and the progress of lactation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

G. Gabai ,
S. Testoni ,
R. Piccinini ,
L. Marinelli ,
C. M. Howard  and
G. Stradaioli
G. Gabai*
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali Veterinarie, Università di Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
S. Testoni
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Università di Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
R. Piccinini
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Università di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
L. Marinelli
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali Veterinarie, Università di Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
C. M. Howard
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali Veterinarie, Università di Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
G. Stradaioli
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze della Produzione Animale, Università di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
*
E-mail: gianfranco.gabai@unipd.it
Get access

Abstract

Oxidative stress may be important in early lactation cows due to high metabolic demands. Modifying dietary starch may alter glucose utilization, modify oxidative metabolism and, consequently, increase oxidative stress. To test this hypothesis, early lactation primiparous cows underwent a short-term dietary starch restriction followed by realimentation. At calving, 10 Friesian primiparous cows were randomly assigned to two groups and given a basal starch diet (BSD, 249 g/kg of starch dry matter (DM)) in the form of a total mixed ration until 42 days in milk (DIM). Afterwards, five cows (CTR) continued to receive the same diet and five cows (EXP) were allotted to experimental diets: low starch diet (LSD, 210 g/kg starch DM) from 43 to 65 DIM followed by high starch diet (HSD, 283 g/kg starch DM) from 66 to 85 DIM and BSD from 86 to 94 DIM. Blood samples were collected at 37, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 94 DIM to measure total plasma glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity as indicators of oxidative stress, N-acetyl-ß-D glucosaminidase (NAGase), lysosyme, and white blood cell counts as indicators of immune response. Metabolic adaptations were evaluated by glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxy-butyrate (BOHB), insulin, and GH concentrations, and the acid/base balance. Milk yield was not significantly different between groups throughout the experiment and was correlated with TBARS (r 0·284; P 0·05) and GSH (r = 0·294; P 0·05). Estimated energy intake was significantly higher in the EXP group at 70 DIM only (P 0·05). Plasma glucose was significantly lower in the EXP group at 50, 60 (P 0·001) and 80 DIM (P 0·05), and was correlated with GSH (r = 0·348; P 0·01) and TBARS (r = 0·367; P 0·01). Plasma NEFA decreased overall in both groups (P 0·01). EXP was lower than CTR in concentrations of plasma BOHB at 70 DIM (P 0·05) and plasma insulin at 60 (P 0·001), 80 and 94 (P 0·05) DIM. Plasma TBARS, GSH and GPx increased throughout (P 0·01) in both groups. This was delayed in the EXP group following introduction of LSD; significant differences between groups at 60 (P 0·01), 80 and 95 (P 0·05) DIM for TBARS, and at 70 (P 0·01) and 80 (P 0·05) DIM for GPx. Indicators of immune response and plasma bicarbonates did not differ between groups. Blood pH was significantly lower in the EXP group at 80 and 94 DIM (P 0·001). Blood pCO2 was significantly lower at 80 and 94 DIM (P 0·05) in the CTR group. While recovering from the negative energy balance, cellular metabolism probably shifted towards oxidative phosphorylation, with a consequent oxidative stress increase. LSD delayed this recovery in the EXP group and thus reduced GSH synthesis. In conclusion, the diet starch content may alter the control of oxidative stress and expose animals to oxidative injuries.

Keywords

dairy cowsdietary starchglucose availabilityoxidative stress
Type
Growth, development and meat science
Information
Animal Science , Volume 79 , Issue 1 , August 2004 , pp. 99 - 108
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Annison, E. F., Bickerstaffe, R. and Linzell, J. L. 1974. Glucose and fatty acids metabolism in cows producing milk of low fat content. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 82: 87–95.Google Scholar
Baker, M. A., Cerniglia, G. J. and Zaman, A. 1990. Microtiter plate assay for the measurement of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in large numbers of biological samples. Analytical Biochemistry 190: 360–365.Google Scholar
Bell, A. W. 1995. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. Journal of Animal Science 73: 2804–2819.Google Scholar
Bernabucci, U., Ronchi, B., Lacetera, N. and Nardone, A. 2002. Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes of transition dairy cows during the hot season. Journal of Dairy Science 85: 2173–2179.Google Scholar
Bray, T. M. and Taylor, C. G. 1993. Tissue glutathione, nutrition, and oxidative stress. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71: 746–751.Google Scholar
Debras, E., Grizard, J., Aina, E., Tesseraud, S., Champredon, C. and Arnal, M. 1989. Insulin sensitivity and responsiveness during lactation and dry period in goats. American Journal of Physiology 19: E295–E302.Google Scholar
>Drackley, J. K. 1999. Biology of the dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier? Journal of Dairy Science 82: 2259–2273.Google Scholar
Facchini, F. S., Hua, N. W., Reaven, G. M. and Stoohs, R. A. 2000. Hyperinsulinemia: the missing link among oxidative stress and age-related diseases? Free Radical Biology and Medicine 29: 1302–1306.Google Scholar
Faulkner, A. and Pollock, H. T. 1990. Metabolic responses to euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia in lactating and non-lactating sheep in vivo . Journal of Endocrinology 124: 59–66.Google Scholar
Forman, H. J., Tian, L. and Liu, R. M. 1997. Glutathione cycling in oxidative stress. In Lung biology in health and disease, volume 105 ‘Oxygen, gene expression, and cellular function’ (ed. Biadasz, L. Clerch, L. and Massaro, D. J.), pp. 99–121. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Gaàl, T., Mézes, M., Miskucza, O. and Ribiczey-Szabò, P. 1993. Effect of fasting on blood lipid peroxidation parameters of sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 55: 104–107.Google Scholar
Halliwell, B. 1994. Free radicals and antioxidants: a personal review. Nutrition Reviews 52: 253–265.Google Scholar
Hamel, F. G., Bennett, R. G., Harmon, K. S. and Duckworth, W. C. 1997. Insulin inhibition of proteasome activity in intact cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 234: 671–674.Google Scholar
Hum, S., Koski, K. G. and Hoffer, L. J. 1992. Varied protein intake alters glutathione metabolism in rats. Journal of Nutrition 122: 2010–2018.Google Scholar
Hum, S., Robitaille, L. and Hoffer, L. J. 1991. Plasma glutathione turnover in the rat: effect of fasting and buthionine sulfoximine. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69: 581–587.Google Scholar
Kaneko, J. J., Harveyand, J. W. and Bruss, M. L. 1997. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, fifth edition. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Kankofer, M. 2002. Placenta release/retention in cows and its relation to peroxidative damage of macromolecules. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 37: 27–30.Google Scholar
Kennelly, J. J., Robinson, B. and Khorasani, G. R. 1999. Influence of carbohydrate source and buffer on rumen fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition in early-lactation Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82: 2486–2496.Google Scholar
Kitchen, B. J., Middleton, G. and Salmon, M. 1978. Bovine milk N-acetyl-ß-D glucosaminidase and its significance in the detection of abnormal udder secretions. Journal of Dairy Research 45: 15–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowlton, K. F., Dawson, T. E., Glenn, B. P., Huntington, G. B. and Erdman, R. A. 1998. Glucose metabolism and milk yield of cows infused abomasally or ruminally with starch. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 3248–3258.Google Scholar
Mahadev, K., Wu, X., Zilbering, A., Zhu, L., Lawrence, J. T. and Goldstein, B. J. 2001. Hydrogen peroxide generated during cellular insulin stimulation is integral to activation of the distal insulin signaling cascade in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276: 48662–48669.Google Scholar
Metcalf, J. A., Gallin, J. I., Nauseef, W. M. and Root, R. K. 1986. Laboratory manual of neutrophil function. Raven Press, New York.Google Scholar
Miller, J. K., Brzezinska-Slebodzinska, E. and Madsen, F. C. 1993. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and animal function. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 2812–2823.Google Scholar
Murdon, P., Rehage, J., Qualmann, K., Sallmann, H. -P. and Sholz, H. 1999. A study of lipid peroxidation and vitamin E in dairy cows with hepatic insufficiency. Journal of Veterinary Medicine (A) 46: 219–224.Google Scholar
Niskanen, L. K., Salonen, J. T., Nyyssönen, K. and Uusitupa, M. I. J. 1995. Plasma lipid peroxidation and hyperglycaemia: a connection through hyperinsulinaemia? Diabetic Meicine 12: 802–808.Google Scholar
Palmer, H. J. and Paulson, K. E. 1997. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in signal transduction and gene expression. Nutrition Reviews 55: 353–361.Google Scholar
Salacinski, P. R. B., McLean, C., Sykes, J. E. C., ClementJones, V. V. and Lorry, P. J. 1981. Iodination of proteins, glycoproteins and peptides using a solid phase oxiding agent 1, 3, 4, 6-tetrachloro-3α, 6α-diphenil glicoluril (iodogen). Analytical Biochemistry 117: 136–146.Google Scholar
Sauer, H., Wefer, K., Vetrugno, V., Pocchiari, M., Gissel, C., Sachinidis, A., Hescheler, J. and Wartemberg, M. 2003. Regulation of intrinsic prion protein by growth factors and TNF-α: the role of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 35: 586–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slatter, D. A., Bolton, C. H. and Bailey, A. J. 2000. The importance of lipid-derived malondialdehyde in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 43: 550–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squires, E. J. 1990. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the malondialdehyde content of chicken liver. Poultry Science 69: 1371–1376.Google Scholar
Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences. 1997. SPSS advanced statistics 7. 5. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA.Google Scholar
Stringer, M. D., Görög, P. G., Freeman, A. and Kakkar, V. V. 1989. Lipid peroxides and atherosclerosis. British Medical Journal 298: 281–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugden, M. C., Bulmer, K. and Holness, M. J. 2001. Fuel-sensing mechanisms integrating lipid and carbohydrate utilization. Biochemical Society Transactions 29: 272–278.Google Scholar
Summer, A., Sgorlon, S., Mariani, P. and Stefanon, B. 2003. Influence of dietary starch contents on milk composition and health of heifers in early lactation. Proceedings of the XXXVIII Simposio Internazionale di Zootecnia ‘milk and research’ (ed. Greppi, G. F. and Enne, G.), Società Italiana per il Progresso della Zootecnia, pp. 321–327. MG Scientific Publications, Milano, Italy.Google Scholar
Tesseraud, S., Grizard, J., Debras, E., Papet, I., Bonnet, Y., Bayle, G. and Champredon, C. 1993. Leucine metabolism in lactating and dry goats: effect of insulin and substrate availability. American Journal of Physiology 28: E402–E413.Google Scholar
Tietze, F. 1969. Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: application to mammalian blood and other tissues. Analytical Biochemistry 27: 502–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wasowicz, W., Nève, J. and Peretz, A. 1993. Optimized steps in fluorimetric determination of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in serum: importance of extraction pH and influence of sample preservation and storage. Clinical Chemistry 39: 2522–2526.Google Scholar
White, A. C., Thannickal, V. J. and Fanburg, B. L. 1994. Glutathione deficiency in human desease. Journal of Nutrition and Biochemistry 5: 218–226.Google Scholar
Zwart, L. L. de, Meerman, J. H. N., Commandeur, J. N. M. and Vermeulen, N. P. E. 1999. Biomarkers of free radical damage. Applications in experimental animals and humans. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26: 202–226.Google Scholar