Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T10:07:31.414Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of balancing crystalline amino acids in diets containing heat-damaged soybean meal or distillers dried grains with solubles fed to weanling pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2014

F. N. Almeida ,
J. K. Htoo ,
J. Thomson  and
H. H. Stein
F. N. Almeida
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207W. Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
J. K. Htoo
Affiliation:
Evonik Industries AG, Nutrition Research, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau, Germany
J. Thomson
Affiliation:
Evonik Degussa Corporation, 1701 Barrett Lakes Blvd NW, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
H. H. Stein*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207W. Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
*
†E-mail: hstein@illinois.edu
Get access

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to investigate if adjustments in diet formulations either based on total analysed amino acids or standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acids may be used to eliminate negative effects of including heat-damaged soybean meal (SBM) or heat-damaged corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to weanling pigs. In Experiment 1, four corn–SBM diets were formulated. Diet 1 contained non-autoclaved SBM (315 g/kg), and this diet was formulated on the basis of analysed amino acid concentrations and using SID values from the AminoDat® 4.0 database. Diet 2 was similar to Diet 1 in terms of ingredient composition, except that the non-autoclaved SBM was replaced by autoclaved SBM at 1 : 1 (weight basis). Diet 3 was formulated using autoclaved SBM and amino acid inclusions in the diet were adjusted on the basis of analysed total amino acid concentrations in the autoclaved SBM and published SID values for non-autoclaved SBM (AminoDat® 4.0). Diet 4 also contained autoclaved SBM, but the formulation of this diet was adjusted on the basis of analysed amino acids in the autoclaved SBM and SID values that were adjusted according to the degree of heat damage in this source of SBM. Pigs (160; initial BW: 10.4 kg) were allotted to the four treatments with eight replicate pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Diets were fed to pigs for 21 days. The gain to feed ratio (G : F) was greater (P<0.05) for pigs fed Diet 1 compared with pigs fed the other diets and pigs fed Diet 4 had greater (P<0.05) G : F than pigs fed Diet 2. In Experiment 2, 144 pigs (initial BW: 9.9 kg) were allotted to four diets with eight replicate pens per diet. The four diets contained corn, SBM (85 g/kg) and DDGS (220 g/kg), and were formulated using the concepts described for Experiment 1, except that heat-damaged DDGS, but not heat-damaged SBM, was used in the diets. Pigs fed Diet 1 had greater (P<0.05) G : F than pigs fed Diet 2, but no differences were observed for G : F among pigs fed diets containing autoclaved DDGS. Results demonstrate that the negative effects of heat damage of SBM or DDGS may be ameliorated if the reduced concentration and digestibility of amino acids in heat-damaged SBM or DDGS is taken into account in diet formulation. Further research is needed to improve the prediction of the ileal digestibility of amino acids in heat-processed ingredients used in practical diet formulations.

Keywords

distillers dried grains with solublesheat damageMaillard reactionssoybean mealweaned pigs
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 8 , Issue 10 , October 2014 , pp. 1594 - 1602
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almeida, FN, Htoo, JK, Thomson, J and Stein, HH 2013. Amino acid digestibility of heat damaged distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 4, 44–54.Google Scholar
Ames, JM 1998. Applications of the Maillard reaction in the food industry. Food Chemistry 62, 431–439.Google Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International 2007. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 18th edition. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.Google Scholar
Evonik Degussa GmbH 2010. AminoDat® 4.0. Platinum version. Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany. Retrieved from https://www.aminoacidsandmore.com Google Scholar
Fontaine, J, Zimmer, U, Moughan, PJ and Rutherfurd, SM 2007. Effect of heat damage in an autoclave on the reactive lysine contents of soy products and corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Use of the results to check on lysine damage in common qualities of these ingredients. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 55, 10737–10743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Vega, JC, Kim, BG, Htoo, JK, Lemme, A and Stein, HH 2011. Amino acid digestibility in heated soybean meal fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 89, 3617–3625.Google Scholar
Helmbrecht, A, Redshaw, M, Elwert, C, Veldkamp, T and Lemme, A 2010. Detection of heat damage in soybean meal by rapid method and consideration in feed formulation – validation of a concept by broiler feeding trials. Retrieved May 2013, from http://epc2010.org/cd/Abstracts/333.pdf Google Scholar
Holst, DO 1973. Holst filtration apparatus for Van Soest detergent fiber analysis. Journal of AOAC 56, 1352–1356.Google Scholar
Hussein, HS, Demjanec, B, Merchen, NR and Aldrich, CG 1995. Effect of roasting on site and extent of digestion of soybean meal by sheep: II. Digestion of artifacts of heating. Journal of Animal Science 73, 835–842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jezierny, D, Mosenthin, E and Bauer, E 2010. The use of grain legumes as a protein source in pig nutrition: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 157, 111–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, BG, Kil, DY, Zhang, Y and Stein, HH 2012. Concentrations of analyzed or reactive lysine, but not crude protein, may predict the concentration of digestible lysine in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to pigs. Journal of Animal Science 90, 3798–3808.Google Scholar
Klindt, J, Thallman, RM and Wise, T 2006. Effects of sire line, sire, and sex on plasma urea nitrogen, body weight, and backfat thickness in offspring of Duroc and Landrace boars. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1323–1330.Google Scholar
Mariscal-Landín, G, Reis de Souza, TC, Parra, JE, Aguilera, A, Mar, B 2008. Ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids from canola meal in weaned piglets and growing pigs. Livestock Science 116, 53–62.Google Scholar
Marty, BJ and Chavez, ER 1993. Effects of heat processing on digestible energy and other nutrient digestibilities of full-fat soybeans fed to weaner, grower and finisher pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, 411–419.Google Scholar
NRC 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine, 11th edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Nursten, H 2005. The Maillard reaction. Chemistry, biochemistry, and implications. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Pahm, AA, Pedersen, C and Stein, HH 2008. Application of the reactive lysine procedure to estimate lysine digestibility in distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 56, 9441–9446.Google Scholar
Redshaw, M 2010. AminoNews® 2010. Aminored®. Tech. Bull. Degussa AG, Hanau, Germany.Google Scholar
Sadeghi, AA, Nikkhah, A, Shawrang, P and Shahrebabak, MM 2006. Protein degradation kinetics of untreated and treated soybean meal using SDS-PAGE. Animal Feed Science and Technology 126, 121–133.Google Scholar
Spiehs, MJ, Whitney, MH and Shurson, GC 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2639–2645.Google Scholar
Stein, HH, Connot, SP and Pedersen, C 2009. Energy and nutrient digestibility in four sources of distillers dried grains with solubles produced from corn grown within a narrow geographical area and fed to growing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 22, 1016–1025.Google Scholar
Stein, HH, Gibson, ML, Pedersen, C and Boersma, MG 2006. Amino acid and energy digestibility in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 84, 853–860.Google Scholar
Stein, HH, Berger, LL, Drackley, JK, Fahey, GC Jr, Hernot, DC and Parsons, CM 2008. Nutritional properties and feeding values of soybeans and their co-products. In Soybeans: chemistry, production, processing, and utilization (ed. L Johnson, PJ White and R Galloway), pp. 613–660. AOCS Press, Urbana, IL, USA.Google Scholar
US Pork Center of Excellence 2010. National swine nutrition guide: national swine nutrition guide tables on nutrient recommendations, ingredient composition, and use rates. US Pork Center of Excellence, Ames, IA, USA.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Almeida Supplementary Material

Table S1

Download Almeida Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 122.9 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Almeida Supplementary Material

Table S2

Download Almeida Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 157.7 KB