Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T15:54:47.880Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Modelling and optimizing of calcium and non-phytate phosphorus requirements of male broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age using response surface methodology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2020

H. Fallah Open the ORCID record for H. Fallah [Opens in a new window] ,
A. Karimi ,
A. Sadeghi  and
N. Behroozi-Khazaei
H. Fallah
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
A. Karimi*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
A. Sadeghi
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
N. Behroozi-Khazaei
Affiliation:
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
*
†E-mail: Akarimi@uok.ac.ir
Get access

Abstract

The skeleton is the main site of P and Ca deposition; therefore, accurate estimation of Ca and P requirements is necessary to maintaining health and optimum performance of broiler chickens. A response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) was used for evaluating and optimizing of Ca and non-phytate P (NPP) requirements of broiler chickens for optimal performance, ileal nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 750 one-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into 50 cages including 9 treatments, each replicated 5 times (except central treatment with 10 replicates) and 15 birds in each cage by CCD. The dietary Ca levels of 4.3, 5.6, 8.6, 11.7 and 13.0 g/kg and NPP of 2.5, 2.9, 4.0, 5.0 and 5.4 g/kg were used for nine treatments of CCD. The results indicated that the linear and quadratic effects of NPP, quadratic effects of Ca and Ca × NPP were significant for average weight gain (AWG, P < 0.05), average feed intake (AFI, P < 0.05), feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.05) and Ca and P apparent ileal digestibility (AID, P < 0.05); however, the linear effect of Ca was significant only for FCR (P < 0.05). On the other hand, tibia and toe ash were affected by NPP (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) and Ca (quadratic, P < 0.01). The second-order polynomial regression model was significant for AWG (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.001), AFI (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001), FCR (R2 = 0.78, P < 0.001), AID of Ca (R2 = 0.78, P < 0.001) and P (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001), tibia ash (R2 = 0.86, P < 0.001) and toe ash (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.001). The multi-objective optimization indicated that broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age need 7.03 and 4.47 g/kg of Ca and NPP, respectively, to achieve optimal AWG, FCR, tibia and toe ash. However, the dietary Ca and NPP levels can be reduced to 6.57 and 3.95 g/kg with a slight negative impact on performance and bone mineralization, respectively. In conclusion, the findings indicate that using multi-objective optimization model such as RSM provides more information regarding optimum Ca and NPP requirements of broiler chickens, considering the complex interaction between these two minerals. While the NPP levels are in line with current recommended requirements, Ca levels are considerably lower and suggest that current recommended Ca requirements may be in excess of the needs of the broiler.

Keywords

ashdigestibilitymineralizationperformancetibia
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 14 , Issue 8 , August 2020 , pp. 1598 - 1609
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmadi, H and Golian, A 2011. Response surface and neural network models for performance of broiler chicks fed diets varying in digestible protein and critical amino acids from 11 to 17 days of age. Poultry Science 90, 2085–2096.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahn, H 2015. Central composite design for the experiments with replicate runs at factorial and axial points. In Industrial engineering, management science and applications (ed. Gen, M, Kim, K, Huang, X and Hiroshi, Y), pp. 969–979. Springer, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
Akter, M, Graham, H and Iji, P 2016. Response of broiler chickens to different levels of calcium, non-phytate phosphorus and phytase. British Poultry Science 57, 799–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akter, M, Graham, H and Iji, P 2018. Influence of different levels of calcium, non-phytate phosphorus and phytase on apparent metabolizable energy, nutrient utilization, plasma mineral concentration and digestive enzyme activities of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Research 46, 278–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, MJ and Whitcomb, PJ 2016. RSM simplified: optimizing processes using response surface methods for design of experiments, 2nd edition. Productivity Press, New York, NY, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anwar, M, Ravindran, V, Morel, P, Ravindran, G and Cowieson, A 2016. Apparent ileal digestibility of calcium in limestone for broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 213, 142–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Applegate, T, Angel, R and Classen, H 2003. Effect of dietary calcium, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or bird strain on small intestinal phytase activity in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 82, 1140–1148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1990. Official methods of analysis, 15th edition. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.Google Scholar
Aviagen 2019. Ross 308: Broiler nutrition specifications. Aviagen, Huntsville, Alabama, USA. Retrieved on 2 January 2019 from http://en.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/RossBroilerNutritionSpecs2019-EN.pdfGoogle Scholar
Baradaran, N, Shahir, M and Asadi Kermani, Z 2017. Subsequent bone and metabolic responses of broilers to high-non-phytate phosphorus diets in the starter period. British Poultry Science 58, 435–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baş, D and Boyaci, IH 2007. Modeling and optimization I: usability of response surface methodology. Journal of Food Engineering 78, 836–845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedford, M and Rousseau, X 2017. Recent findings regarding calcium and phytase in poultry nutrition. Animal Production Science 57, 2311–2316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezerra, MA, Santelli, RE, Oliveira, EP, Villar, LS and Escaleira, LA 2008. Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta 76, 965–977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradbury, E, Wilkinson, S, Cronin, G, Thomson, P, Bedford, M and Cowieson, A 2014. Nutritional geometry of calcium and phosphorus nutrition in broiler chicks. Growth performance, skeletal health and intake arrays. Animal 8, 1071–1079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Driver, J, Pesti, G, Bakalli, R and Edwards, H 2005. Effects of calcium and nonphytate phosphorus concentrations on phytase efficacy in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 84, 1406–1417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Driver, J, Pesti, G, Bakalli, R and Edwards, Jr, H 2006. The effect of feeding calcium-and phosphorus-deficient diets to broiler chickens during the starting and growing-finishing phases on carcass quality. Poultry Science 85, 1939–1946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fallah, H, Karimi, A, Sadeghi, G and Behroozi-Khazaei, N 2019. The effects of calcium source and concentration on performance, bone mineralisation and serum traits in male broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. Animal Production Science 59, 1090–1097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faridi, A, Gitoee, A and France, J 2015. A meta-analysis of the effects of nonphytate phosphorus on broiler performance and tibia ash concentration. Poultry Science 94, 2753–2762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenton, T and Fenton, M 1979. An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and feces. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 59, 631–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gautier, A, Walk, C and Dilger, R 2017. Influence of dietary calcium concentrations and the calcium-to-non-phytate phosphorus ratio on growth performance, bone characteristics, and digestibility in broilers. Poultry Science 96, 2795–2803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghazaghi, M, Mehri, M, Yousef-Elahi, M and Rokouei, M 2012. Response surface of dietary energy and protein in Japanese quail from 7 to 14 days of age. Poultry Science 91, 2958–2962.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamdi, M, López-Vergé, S, Manzanilla, E, Barroeta, A and Pérez, J 2015. Effect of different levels of calcium and phosphorus and their interaction on the performance of young broilers. Poultry Science 94, 2144–2151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, J, Zhang, J, Zhang, N, Yang, X, Qu, H, Guo, Y, Shi, C and Yan, Y 2018. Age, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol regulate mRNA expression of vitamin D receptor and sodium-phosphate cotransporter in the small intestine of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 97, 1199–1208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, S, Jiang, Z, Zhou, G, Chen, Z and Li, D 2011. Non-phytate phosphorus requirements and efficacy of a genetically engineered yeast phytase in male Lingnan yellow broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 95, 47–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S, Dunne, J, Mottram, T and Bedford, M 2017. Effect of diet phase change, dietary Ca and P level and phytase on bird performance and real-time gizzard pH measurements. British Poultry Science 58, 290–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letourneau-Montminy, M, Narcy, A, Lescoat, P, Bernier, J, Magnin, M, Pomar, C, Nys, Y, Sauvant, D and Jondreville, C 2010. Meta-analysis of phosphorus utilisation by broilers receiving corn-soyabean meal diets: influence of dietary calcium and microbial phytase. Animal 4, 1844–1853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, X, Zhang, D and Bryden, W 2017. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and nutrition of poultry: are current diets formulated in excess? Animal Production Science 57, 2304–2310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, SB, Liao, XD, Lu, L, Li, SF, Wang, L, Zhang, LY, Jiang, Y and Luo, XG 2017. Dietary non-phytate phosphorus requirement of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 d of age. Poultry Science 96, 151–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehri, M, Davarpanah, A and Mirzaei, H 2012. Estimation of ideal ratios of methionine and threonine to lysine in starting broiler chicks using response surface methodology. Poultry Science 91, 771–777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Momeneh, T, Karimi, A, Sadeghi, G, Vaziry, A and Bedford, M 2018. Evaluation of dietary calcium level and source and phytase on growth performance, serum metabolites, and ileum mineral contents in broiler chicks fed adequate phosphorus diets from one to 28 days of age. Poultry Science 97, 1177–1188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (NRC) 1994. Nutrient requirements for poultry, 9th revised edition. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Plumstead, P, Leytem, A, Maguire, R, Spears, J, Kwanyuen, P and Brake, J 2008. Interaction of calcium and phytate in broiler diets. 1. Effects on apparent prececal digestibility and retention of phosphorus. Poultry Science 87, 449–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, S, Bidner, T and Southern, L 2011. The effects of feeding various levels of nonphytate phosphorus in the starter phase on broiler growth performance and bone characteristics in subsequent phases. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 20, 181–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proszkowiec-Weglarz, M and Angel, R 2013. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in broilers: effect of homeostatic mechanism on calcium and phosphorus digestibility. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22, 609–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, H, Kornegay, E and Denbow, D 1997. Utilization of phytate phosphorus and calcium as influenced by microbial phytase, cholecalciferol, and the calcium: total phosphorus ratio in broiler diets. Poultry Science 76, 37–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rama Rao, SR, Raju, MV, Panda, AK and Murthi, OK 2014. Effect of supplementing microbial phytase in diets containing graded concentrations of calcium on performance, shell quality and bone mineral parameters in WL layers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 193, 102–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rama Rao, SR, Raju, MV, Reddy, M and Pavani, P 2006. Interaction between dietary calcium and non-phytate phosphorus levels on growth, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in commercial broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 131, 135–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodehutscord, M 2013. Determination of phosphorus availability in poultry. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 69, 687–698.Google Scholar
Rousseau, X, Valable, AS, Létourneau-Montminy, MP, Même, N, Godet, E, Magnin, M, Nys, Y, Duclos, MJ and Narcy, A 2016. Adaptive response of broilers to dietary phosphorus and calcium restrictions. Poultry Science 95, 2849–2860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SAS 2002. SAS/STAT 9.1 user’s guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.Google Scholar
Selle, PH, Cowieson, AJ and Ravindran, V 2009. Consequences of calcium interactions with phytate and phytase for poultry and pigs. Livestock Science 124, 126–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stat-Ease 2016. Design-Expert® Software. Version 10.0.0.3 User’s Guide, Technical Manual. Stat-Ease, Minneapolis, MN, USA.Google Scholar
Suttle, NF 2010. Mineral nutrition of livestock, 4th edition. CABI International, Wallingford, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamim, N, Angel, R and Christman, M 2004. Influence of dietary calcium and phytase on phytate phosphorus hydrolysis in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 83, 1358–1367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, S, Bradbury, E, Bedford, M and Cowieson, A 2014. Effect of dietary nonphytate phosphorus and calcium concentration on calcium appetite of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 93, 1695–1703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, B, Waddington, D, Solomon, S and Farquharson, C 2000. Dietary effects on bone quality and turnover, and Ca and P metabolism in chickens. Research in Veterinary Science 69, 81–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Fallah et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S2

Download Fallah et al. supplementary material(File)
File 27 KB