Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T15:10:15.524Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Acute physiological responses to castration-related pain in piglets: the effect of two local anesthetics with or without meloxicam

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2016

C. Bonastre ,
O. Mitjana ,
M. T. Tejedor ,
M. Calavia ,
A. G. Yuste ,
J. L. Úbeda  and
M. V. Falceto
C. Bonastre
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
O. Mitjana
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
M. T. Tejedor*
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
M. Calavia
Affiliation:
Granja Valporgen, Valpalmas, 50615 Zaragoza, Spain
A. G. Yuste
Affiliation:
Granja Valporgen, Valpalmas, 50615 Zaragoza, Spain
J. L. Úbeda
Affiliation:
Granja Valporgen, Valpalmas, 50615 Zaragoza, Spain
M. V. Falceto
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
*
† E-mail: ttejedor@unizar.es
Get access

Abstract

Methods to reduce castration-related pain in piglets are still issues of concern and interest for authorities and producers. Our objectives were to estimate the effectiveness of two protocols of local anesthesia (lidocaine and the combination of lidocaine+bupivacaine) as well as the use of meloxicam as a postoperative analgesic in alleviating castration-related pain, measured by acute physiological responses. Eight groups (15 piglets/group) were included in the study: (1) castration without anesthesia or analgesia, without meloxicam (TRAD WITHOUT), (2) castration without anesthesia or analgesia, but with meloxicam (TRAD WITH), (3) handling without meloxicam (SHAM WITHOUT), (4) handling with meloxicam (SHAM WITH), (5) castration after local anesthesia with lidocaine but without meloxicam (LIDO WITHOUT), (6) castration after local anesthesia with lidocaine and meloxicam (LIDO WITH), (7) castration after local anesthesia with lidocaine+bupivacaine without meloxicam (LIDO+BUPI WITHOUT), (8) castration after local anesthesia with lidocaine+bupivacaine and meloxicam (LIDO+BUPI WITH). Acute physiological responses measured included skin surface temperature and serum glucose and cortisol concentrations. On days 4 and 11 post-castration BW was recorded and average daily gain was calculated over this period. Furthermore, piglet mortality was recorded over the 11-day post-castration period. Administration of local anesthetic or meloxicam did not prevent the decrease in skin surface temperature associated with castration. Lidocaine reduced the increase in glucose concentration associated with castration. For castrated pigs, the joint use of lidocaine and meloxicam caused a significant decrease in cortisol concentration; the combination of intratesticular lidocaine and bupivacaine did not seem to be more effective than lidocaine alone. No effect of treatments on mortality and growth were detected.

Keywords

castrationpigletpainlocal anesthesiameloxicam
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 10 , Issue 9 , September 2016 , pp. 1474 - 1481
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bates, JL, Karriker, LA, Stock, ML, Pertzborn, KM, Baldwin, LG, Wulf, LW, Lee, CJ, Wang, C and Coetzee, JF 2014. Impact of transmammary-delivered meloxicam on biomarkers of pain and distress in piglets after castration and tail docking. PLoS ONE 9, e113678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, JA, Berg, EL, Strauch, TA, Roberts, MP and Kattesh, HG 2006. Hormonal profiles, behavioral responses and short-term growth performance after castration of pigs at three, six, nine or twelve days of age. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1271–1278.Google Scholar
Coetzee, JF 2013a. A review of analgesic compounds used in food animals in the United States. Veterinary Clinics of North America – Food Animal Practice 29, 11–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coetzee, JF 2013b. Assessment and management of pain associated with castration in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America – Food Animal Practice 29, 75–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Commission Directive 2001/93/EC 2001. Commission Directive 2001/93/EC of 9 November 2001 amending Directive 91/630/EEC lying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs. Official Journal of the European Union L316, 36–38.Google Scholar
Cuvillon, P, Nouvellon, E, Ripart, J, Boyer, JC, Dehour, L, Mahamat, A, L’hermite, J, Boisson, C, Vialles, N, Lefrant, JY and de La Coussaye, JE 2009. A comparison of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine, ropivacaine (with epinephrine) and their equal volume mixtures with lidocaine used for femoral and sciatic nerve blocks: a double-blind randomized study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 108, 641–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelhardt, G, Homma, D, Schlegel, K, Utzmann, R and Schnitzler, C 1995. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and related properties of meloxicam, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with favorable gastrointestinal tolerance. Inflammation Research 44, 423–433.Google Scholar
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2004. Welfare aspects of the castration of piglets. Scientific report of the scientific panel for animal health and welfare on a request from the commission related to welfare aspects of the castration of piglets. European Food Safety Authority Journal 91, 1–18.Google Scholar
Fosse, TK, Haga, HA, Hormazabal, V, Haugejorden, G, Horsberg, TE and Ranheim, B 2008. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meloxicam in piglets. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 31, 246–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haga, HA and Ranheim, B 2005. Castration of piglets: the analgesic effects of intratesticular and intrafunicular lidocaine injection. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 32, 1–9.Google Scholar
Hansson, M, Lundeheim, N, Nyman, G and Johansson, G 2011. Effect of local anaesthesia and/or analgesia on pain responses induced by piglet castration. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 53, 34.Google Scholar
Ingvast-Larsson, C, Högberg, M, Mengistu, U, Olsén, L, Bondesson, U and Olsson, K 2011. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in adult goats and its analgesic effect in disbudded kids. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 34, 64–69.Google Scholar
Keita, A, Pagot, E, Prunier, A and Guidarini, C 2010. Pre-emptive meloxicam for postoperative analgesia in piglets undergoing surgical castration. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 37, 367–374.Google Scholar
Kielly, J, Dewey, CE and Cochran, M 1999. Castration at 3 days of age temporarily slows growth of pigs. Swine Health Production 7, 151–153.Google Scholar
Kluivers-Poodt, M, Houx, BB, Robben, SRM, Koop, G, Lambooij, E and Hellebrekers, LJ 2012. Effects of a local anaesthetic and NSAID in castration of piglets, on the acute pain responses, growth and mortality. Animal 6, 1469–1475.Google Scholar
Kluivers-Poodt, M, Zonderland, JJ, Verbraak, J, Lambooij, E and Hellebrekers, LJ 2013. Pain behaviour after castration of piglets; effect of pain relief with lidocaine and/or meloxicam. Animal 7, 1158–1162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langhoff, R, Zoels, S, Barz, A, Palzer, A, Ritzmann, M and Heinritzi, K 2009. Investigation about the use of analgesics for the reduction of castration-induced pain in suckling piglets. Berliner Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 122, 325–332.Google Scholar
Martin-Flores, M 2013. Clinical pharmacology and toxicology of local anesthetics and adjuncts. In Small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia, 1st edition (ed. L Campoy and MR Read), pp. 25–40. ISUP, a division of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Molony, V and Kent, JE 1997. Assessment of acute pain in farm animals using behavioral and physiological measurements. Journal of Animal Science 75, 266–272.Google Scholar
Nyborg, PY, Sørig, A, Lykkegaard, K and Svendsen, O 2000. Nociception after castration of juvenile pigs determined by quantitative estimation of c-Fos expressing neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 83, 16–17.Google Scholar
Ochroch, EA, Mardini, IA and Gottschalk, A 2003. What is the role of NSAIDs in pre-emptive analgesia? Drugs 63, 2709–2723.Google Scholar
O’Connor, A, Anthony, R, Bergamasco, L, Coetzee, J, Gould, S, Johnson, AK, Karriker, LA, Marchant-Forde, JN, Martineau, GS, McKean, J, Millman, ST, Niekamp, S, Pajor, EA, Rutherford, K, Sprague, M, Sutherland, M, von Borell, E and Dzikamunhenga, RS 2014. Pain management in the neonatal piglet during routine management procedures. Part 2: grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. Animal Health Research Reviews 15, 39–62.Google Scholar
Petrie, A and Watson, P 2013. Statistics for veterinary and animal science, 3rd edition. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Prunier, A, Bonneau, M, Von Borell, EH, Cinotti, S, Gunn, M, Fredriksen, B, Giersing, M, Morton, DB, Tuyttens, FAM and Velarde, A 2006. A review of the welfare consequences of surgical castration in piglets and the evaluation of non-surgical methods. Animal Welfare 15, 277–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranheim, B, Haga, HA and Ingebrigtsen, K 2005. Distribution of radioactive lidocaine injected into the testes in piglets. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 28, 481–483.Google Scholar
Real Decreto 1135/2002 (RD 1135/2002) 2002. Real Decreto 1135/2002 (RD 1135/2002) de 31 de Octubre, relativo a las normas mínimas para la protección de los cerdos. Boletín Oficial del Estado 278, 40830–40833.Google Scholar
Real Decreto 53/2013 (RD 53/2013) 2013. Real Decreto 53/2013 (RD 53/2013) de 8 de Febrero, relativo a las normas básicas aplicables para la protección de los animales utilizados en experimentación y otros fines científicos, incluyendo la docencia. Boletín Oficial del Estado 34, 11370–11395.Google Scholar
Reiner, G, Schollasch, F, Hillen, S, Willems, H, Piechotta, M and Failing, K 2012. Effects of meloxicam and flunixin on pain, stress and discomfort in male piglets during and after surgical castration. Berliner Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 125, 305–314.Google Scholar
Stevens, BJ, Posner, LP, Jones, CA and Lascelles, BD 2013. Comparison of the effect of intratesticular lidocaine/bupivacaine vs. saline placebo on pain scores and incision site reactions in dogs undergoing routine castration. The Veterinary Journal 196, 499–503.Google Scholar
Stewart, M, Webster, JR, Schaefer, AL, Cook, NJ and Scott, SL 2005. Infrared thermography as a noninvasive tool to study animal welfare. Animal Welfare 14, 319–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, MA, Davis, BL, Brooks, TA and McGlone, JJ 2010. Physiology and behavior of pigs before and after castration: effects of two topical anesthetics. Animal 4, 2071–2079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, A, Weary, DM, Lessard, M and Braithwaite, L 2001. Behavioural responses of piglets to castration: the effect of piglet age. Applied Animal Behaviour 73, 35–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsai, TY, Chang, SK, Chou, PY and Yeh, LS 2013. Comparison of postoperative effects between lidocaine infusion, meloxicam, and their combination in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 40, 615–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Borell, E, Baumgartner, J, Giersing, M, Jäggin, N, Prunier, A, Tuyttens, FA and Edwards, SA 2009. Animal welfare implications of surgical castration and its alternatives in pigs. Animal 3, 1488–1496.Google Scholar
Zankl, A, Ritzmann, M, Zöls, S and Heinritzi, K 2007. The efficacy of local anaesthetics administered prior to castration of male suckling piglets. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 114, 418–422.Google Scholar