Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:18:10.732Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of protein or energy restriction during late gestation on hormonal and metabolic status in pregnant goats and postnatal male offspring

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 August 2015

Z. X. He ,
Z. H. Sun ,
K. A. Beauchemin ,
W. Z. Yang ,
S. X. Tang ,
C. S. Zhou ,
X. F. Han ,
M. Wang ,
J. H. Kang  and
Z. L. Tan
Z. X. He
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
Z. H. Sun
Affiliation:
College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
K. A. Beauchemin
Affiliation:
Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
W. Z. Yang
Affiliation:
Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
S. X. Tang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
C. S. Zhou
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
X. F. Han
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
M. Wang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
J. H. Kang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
Z. L. Tan*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
*
†E-mail: zltan@isa.ac.cn
Get access

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal protein or energy restriction on hormonal and metabolic status of pregnant goats during late gestation and their postnatal male kids. Forty-five pregnant goats were fed a control (CON), 40% protein-restricted (PR) or 40% energy-restricted (ER) diet from 90 days of gestation until parturition. Plasma of mothers (90, 125 and 145 days of gestation) and kids (6 weeks of age) were sampled to determine metabolites and hormones. Glucose concentration for pregnant goats subjected to PR or ER was less (P<0.001) than that of CON goats at 125 and 145 days of gestation. However, plasma nonesterified fatty acids concentration was greater (P<0.01) at 125 and 145 days for PR and ER than CON. Protein restriction increased (P<0.01) maternal cortisol concentration by 145 days of gestation, and ER decreased (P<0.01) maternal insulin concentration at 125 days of gestation. Moreover, maternal amino acid (AA) concentrations were affected by nutritional restriction, with greater (P<0.05) total AA (TAA) and nonessential AA (NEAA) for PR goats but less (P<0.05) TAA and NEAA for ER goats at 125 days of gestation. After 6 weeks of nutritional recovery, plasma concentrations of most metabolic and hormonal parameters in restricted kids were similar to CON kids, except for reduced (P<0.05) insulin concentration in ER, and reduced (P<0.05) Asp concentration in PR and ER kids. These results provide information on potential metabolic mechanisms responsible for fetal programming.

Keywords

goatpregnancyprotein restrictionenergy restrictionmetabolic status
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 9 , Issue 11 , November 2015 , pp. 1843 - 1851
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angiolini, E, Fowden, A, Coan, P, Sandovici, I, Smith, P, Dean, W, Burton, G, Tycko, B, Reik, W and Sibley, C 2006. Regulation of placental efficiency for nutrient transport by imprinted genes. Placenta 27, 98–102.Google Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists 1995. Official methods of analyses, 16th edition. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.Google Scholar
Bajoria, R, Sooranna, SR, Ward, S, D’Souza, S and Hancock, M 2001. Placental transport rather than maternal concentration of amino acids regulates fetal growth in monochorionic twins: implications for fetal origin hypothesis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 185, 1239–1246.Google Scholar
Barker, DJP 1999. The long-term outcome of retarded fetal growth. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 129, 189–196.Google ScholarPubMed
Bell, AW, Forbes, JM and France, J 1993. Pregnancy and fetal metabolism. In Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism (ed. JM Forbes and J France), pp. 405–451. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Bhasin, KKS, van Nas, A, Martin, LJ, Davis, RC, Devaskar, SU and Lusis, AJ 2009. Maternal low-protein diet or hypercholesterolemia reduces circulating essential amino acids and leads to intrauterine growth restriction. Diabetes 58, 559–566.Google Scholar
Celi, P, Di Trana, A and Claps, S 2008. Effects of perinatal nutrition on lactational performance, metabolic and hormonal profiles of dairy goats and respective kids. Small Ruminant Research 79, 129–136.Google Scholar
Chandler, KD, Leury, BJ, Bird, AR and Bell, AW 1985. Effects of undernutrition and exercise during late pregnancy on uterine, fetal and uteroplacental metabolism in the ewe. British Journal of Nutrition 53, 625–635.Google Scholar
Chilliard, Y 1993. Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs, and rodents: a review. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 3897–3931.Google Scholar
Fenderson, CL and Bergen, WG 1975. An assessment of essential amino acid requirements of growing steers. Journal of Animal Science 41, 1759–1766.Google Scholar
Flynn, NE, Meininger, CJ, Haynes, TE and Wu, G 2002. The metabolic basis of arginine nutrition and pharmacotherapy. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 56, 427–438.Google Scholar
Fowden, AL and Forhead, AJ 2009. Endocrine regulation of feto-placental growth. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 72, 257–265.Google Scholar
Fowden, AL, Li, J and Forhead, AJ 1998. Glucocorticoids and the preparation for life after birth: are there long-term consequences of the life insurance? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 113–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
He, ZX, Tan, ZL, Sun, ZH, Beauchemin, KA, Tang, SX, Zhou, CS, Han, XF, Wang, M and Wu, DQ 2012. Unchanged interleukin 6 level of protein and energy restricted goats during late gestation: the role of elevated blood nitric oxide. Journal of Endocrinology 213, 59–65.Google Scholar
He, ZX, Wu, DQ, Sun, ZH, Tan, ZL, Qiao, JY, Ran, T, Tang, SX, Zhou, CS, Han, XF and Wang, M 2013. Protein or energy restriction during late gestation alters fetal growth and visceral organ mass: an evidence of intrauterine programming in goats. Animal Reproduction Science 137, 177–182.Google Scholar
Husted, SM, Nielsen, MO, Blache, D and Ingvartsen, KL 2008. Glucose homeostasis and metabolic adaptation in the pregnant and lactating sheep are affected by the level of nutrition previously provided during her late fetal life. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 34, 419–431.Google Scholar
Jobgen, WS, Ford, SP, Jobgen, SC, Feng, CP, Hess, BW, Nathanielsz, PW, Li, P and Wu, G 2008. Baggs ewes adapt to maternal undernutrition and maintain conceptus growth by maintaining fetal plasma concentrations of amino acids. Journal of Animal Science 86, 820–826.Google Scholar
Kwon, H, Ford, SP, Bazer, FW, Spencer, TE, Nathanielsz, PW, Nijland, MJ, Hess, BW and Wu, G 2004. Maternal nutrient restriction reduces concentrations of amino acids and polyamines in ovine maternal and fetal plasma and fetal fluids. Biology of Reproduction 71, 901–908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemley, CO, Meyer, AM, Neville, TL, Hallford, DM, Camacho, LE, Maddock-Carlin, KR, Wilmoth, TA, Wilson, ME, Perry, GA, Redmer, DA, Reynolds, LP, Caton, JS and Vonnahme, KA 2014. Dietary selenium and nutritional plane alter specific aspects of maternal endocrine status during pregnancy and lactation. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 46, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J, Piao, C, Jin, H, Wongpanit, K and Manabe, N 2009. Delayed deproteinization causes methodological errors in amino acid levels in plasma stored at room temperature or −20°C. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 22, 1703–1708.Google Scholar
Mcmillen, IC and Robinson, JS 2005. Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and programming. Physiological Reviews 85, 571–633.Google Scholar
Metzler-Zebeli, BU, Lang, IS, Görs, S, Brüssow, KP, Hennig, U, Nürnberg, G, Rehfeldt, C, Otten, W and Metges, CC 2012. High-protein–low-carbohydrate diet during pregnancy alters maternal plasma amino acid concentration and placental amino acid extraction but not fetal plasma amino acids in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 1, 1–14.Google Scholar
National Research Council (NRC) 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Nishina, H, Green, LR, McGarrigle, HHG, Noakes, DE, Poston, L and Hanson, MA 2003. Effect of nutritional restriction in early pregnancy on isolated femoral artery function in mid-gestation fetal sheep. The Journal of Physiology 553, 637–647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, L, Borowicz, P, Caton, J, Vonnahme, K, Luther, J, Hammer, C, Carlin, KRM, Grazul-Bilska, A and Redmer, D 2010. Developmental programming: the concept, large animal models, and the key role of uteroplacental vascular development. Journal of Animal Science 88, E61–E72.Google Scholar
Ross, MG and Desai, M 2005. Gestational programming: population survival effects of drought and famine during pregnancy. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, R25–R33.Google Scholar
Sosa, C, Abecia, JA, Carriquiry, M, Forcada, F, Martin, GB, Palacín, I and Meikle, A 2009. Early pregnancy alters the metabolic responses to restricted nutrition in sheep. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 36, 13–23.Google Scholar
Sullivan, T, Micke, G, Perkins, N, Martin, G, Wallace, C, Gatford, K, Owens, J and Perry, V 2009. Dietary protein during gestation affects maternal insulin-like growth factor, insulin-like growth factor binding protein, leptin concentrations, and fetal growth in heifers. Journal of Animal Science 87, 3304–3316.Google Scholar
Vonnahme, KA, Neville, TL, Perry, GA, Redmer, DA, Reynolds, LP and Caton, JS 2013. Maternal dietary intake alters organ mass and endocrine and metabolic profiles in pregnant ewe lambs. Animal Reproduction Science 141, 131–141.Google Scholar
Wang, HR, Feng, ZC, Lu, DX, Ren, JK, Li, HR, Peter, DW, Lindsay, J and Purser, DB 1997. Effects of seasonal nutritive changes with forage on dietary intake and growth performance of grazing goats (in Chinese). Inner Mongolian Journal of Animal Sciences and Production S1, 143–150.Google Scholar
Yambayamba, ES, Price, MA and Foxcroft, GR 1996. Hormonal status, metabolic changes, and resting metabolic rate in beef heifers undergoing compensatory growth. Journal of Animal Science 74, 57–69.Google Scholar
Yates, DT, Löest, CA, Ross, TT, Hallford, DM, Carter, BH and Limesand, SW 2011. Effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide injection on white blood cell counts, hematological variables, and serum glucose, insulin, and cortisol concentrations in ewes fed low-or high-protein diets. Journal of Animal Science 89, 4286–4293.Google Scholar
Yuen, BSJ, Owens, PC, McFarlane, JR, Symonds, ME, Edwards, LJ, Kauter, KG and McMillen, IC 2002. Circulating leptin concentrations are positively related to leptin messenger RNA expression in the adipose tissue of fetal sheep in the pregnant ewe fed at or below maintenance energy requirements during late gestation. Biology of Reproduction 67, 911–916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, HF and Zhang, ZY 1998. Animal nutrition parameters and feeding standard (in Chinese). China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China.Google Scholar
Zhu, MJ, Ford, SP, Means, WJ, Hess, BW, Nathanielsz, PW and Du, M 2006. Maternal nutrient restriction affects properties of skeletal muscle in offspring. The Journal of Physiology 575, 241–250.Google Scholar