Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T22:06:20.949Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Future consequences and challenges for dairy cow production systems arising from climate change in Central Europe – a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2012

M. Gauly ,
H. Bollwein ,
G. Breves ,
K. Brügemann ,
S. Dänicke ,
G. Daş ,
J. Demeler ,
H. Hansen ,
J. Isselstein  and
S. König
...Show all authors
M. Gauly*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Livestock Production, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
H. Bollwein
Affiliation:
Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
G. Breves
Affiliation:
Institute for Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
K. Brügemann
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Breeding, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
S. Dänicke
Affiliation:
Institute for Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Instute, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
G. Daş
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Livestock Production, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
J. Demeler
Affiliation:
Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Free University Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
H. Hansen
Affiliation:
Institute of Farm Economics, Johann von Thünen-Institute, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
J. Isselstein
Affiliation:
Department of Crop Science, Division of Grassland Science, University of Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 8, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
S. König
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Breeding, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
M. Lohölter
Affiliation:
Institute for Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Instute, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
M. Martinsohn
Affiliation:
Institute of Farm Economics, Johann von Thünen-Institute, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
U. Meyer
Affiliation:
Institute for Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Instute, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
M. Potthoff
Affiliation:
Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Section Agriculture and the Environment, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
C. Sanker
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Livestock Production, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
B. Schröder
Affiliation:
Institute for Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
N. Wrage
Affiliation:
Department of Crop Science, Division of Grassland Science, University of Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 8, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
B. Meibaum
Affiliation:
Institute for Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
G. von Samson-Himmelstjerna
Affiliation:
Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Free University Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
H. Stinshoff
Affiliation:
Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
C. Wrenzycki
Affiliation:
Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
*
†E-mail: Mgauly@gwdg.de
Get access

Abstract

It is well documented that global warming is unequivocal. Dairy production systems are considered as important sources of greenhouse gas emissions; however, little is known about the sensitivity and vulnerability of these production systems themselves to climate warming. This review brings different aspects of dairy cow production in Central Europe into focus, with a holistic approach to emphasize potential future consequences and challenges arising from climate change. With the current understanding of the effects of climate change, it is expected that yield of forage per hectare will be influenced positively, whereas quality will mainly depend on water availability and soil characteristics. Thus, the botanical composition of future grassland should include species that are able to withstand the changing conditions (e.g. lucerne and bird's foot trefoil). Changes in nutrient concentration of forage plants, elevated heat loads and altered feeding patterns of animals may influence rumen physiology. Several promising nutritional strategies are available to lower potential negative impacts of climate change on dairy cow nutrition and performance. Adjustment of feeding and drinking regimes, diet composition and additive supplementation can contribute to the maintenance of adequate dairy cow nutrition and performance. Provision of adequate shade and cooling will reduce the direct effects of heat stress. As estimated genetic parameters are promising, heat stress tolerance as a functional trait may be included into breeding programmes. Indirect effects of global warming on the health and welfare of animals seem to be more complicated and thus are less predictable. As the epidemiology of certain gastrointestinal nematodes and liver fluke is favourably influenced by increased temperature and humidity, relations between climate change and disease dynamics should be followed closely. Under current conditions, climate change associated economic impacts are estimated to be neutral if some form of adaptation is integrated. Therefore, it is essential to establish and adopt mitigation strategies covering available tools from management, nutrition, health and plant and animal breeding to cope with the future consequences of climate change on dairy farming.

Keywords

global warmingcow comfortheat stressheat tolerancefunctional traits
Type
Farming systems and environment
Information
animal , Volume 7 , Issue 5 , May 2013 , pp. 843 - 859
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguilar, I, Misztal, I, Tsuruta, S 2009. Genetic components of heat stress for dairy cattle with multiple lactations. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 5702–5711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aguilar, I, Tsuruta, S, Misztal, I 2010. Computing options for multiple-trait test-day random regression models while accounting for heat tolerance. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 127, 235–241.Google Scholar
Aharoni, Y, Brosh, A, Harari, Y 2005. Night feeding for high-yielding dairy cows in hot weather: effects on intake, milk yield and energy expenditure. Livestock Production Science 92, 207–219.Google Scholar
Altizer, S, Dobson, A, Hosseini, P, Hudson, P, Pascual, M, Rohani, P 2006. Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases. Ecology Letters 9, 467–484.Google Scholar
Armstrong, DV 1994. Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 2044–2050.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atadie-Dias, R, Mahon, G, Dore, G 2008. EU Cattle Population in December 2007 and Production Forecasts for 2008. Eurostat, Statistics in Focus: 49/2008. Retrieved March 11, 2011, from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-049/EN/KS-SF-08-049-EN.PDF.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attebery, JT, Johnson, HD 1969. Effects of environmental temperature, controlled feeding and fasting on rumen motility. Journal of Animal Science 29, 734–737.Google Scholar
Avendano-Reyes, L, Alvarez-Valenzuela, FD, Correa-Calderon, A, Saucedo-Quintero, JS, Robinson, PH, Fadel, JG 2006. Effect of cooling Holstein cows during the dry period on postpartum performance under heat stress conditions. Livestock Science 105, 198–206.Google Scholar
Barash, H, Silanikove, N, Shamay, A, Ezra, E 2001. Interrelationships among ambient temperature, day length, and milk yield in dairy cows under a Mediterranean climate. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 2314–2320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bäurle, H, Windhorst, HW 2010. Structural changes in German dairy farming from 1992 to 2007 [in German: Strukturwandlungen in der deutschen Milchkuhhaltung zwischen den Jahren 1992 und 2007]. The Lower Saxony Competence Centre for the Food Industry. Weiße Reihe ISPA, 33.Google Scholar
Beatty, DT, Barnes, A, Taylor, E, Maloney, SK 2008. Do changes in feed intake or ambient temperature cause changes in cattle rumen temperature relative to core temperature? Journal of Thermal Biology 33, 12–19.Google Scholar
Beatty, DT, Barnes, A, Taylor, E, Pethick, D, McCarthy, M, Maloney, SK 2006. Physiological responses of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle to prolonged, continuous heat and humidity. Journal of Animal Science 84, 972–985.Google Scholar
Beede, DK, Collier, RJ 1986. Potential nutritional strategies for intensively managed cattle during thermal stress. Journal of Animal Science 62, 543–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benyo, Z, Andreas, G, Clare, LB, Clausen, BE, Offermanns, S 2006. Nicotinic acid-induced flushing is mediated by activation of epidermal Langerhans cells. Molecular Pharmacology 70, 1844–1849.Google Scholar
Bergman, EN, Reid, RS, Murray, MG, Brockway, JM, Whitelaw, FG 1965. Interconversions and production of volatile fatty acids in the sheep rumen. Biochemical Journal 97, 53–58.Google Scholar
Berman, A 2005. Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1377–1384.Google Scholar
Berman, A 2006. Extending the potential of evaporative cooling for heat-stress relief. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 3817–3825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berman, A, Folman, Y, Kaim, M, Mamen, M, Herz, Z, Wolfenson, D, Arieli, A, Graber, Y 1985. Upper critical temperatures and forced ventilation effects for high-yielding dairy cows in a subtropical climate. Journal of Dairy Science 68, 1488–1495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernabucci, U, Bani, P, Ronchi, B, Lacetera, N, Nardone, A 1999. Influence of short- and long-term exposure to a hot environment on rumen passage rate and diet digestibility by Friesian heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 967–973.Google Scholar
Bernabucci, U, Lacetera, N, Danieli, PP, Bani, P, Nardone, A, Ronchi, B 2009. Influence of different periods of exposure to hot environment on rumen function and diet digestibility in sheep. International Journal of Biometeorology 53, 387–395.Google Scholar
Bloor, JMG, Pichon, P, Falcimagne, R, Leadley, P, Soussana, J-F 2010. Effects of warming, summer drought, and CO2 enrichment on aboveground biomass production, flowering phenology, and community structure in an upland grassland ecosystem. Ecosystems 13, 888–900.Google Scholar
Bohmanova, J, Misztal, I, Cole, JB 2007. Temperature-humidity indices as indicators of milk production losses due to heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 1947–1956.Google Scholar
Bohmanova, J, Misztal, I, Tsuruta, S, Norman, HD, Lawlor, TJ 2005. National genetic evaluation of milk yield for heat tolerance of United States Holsteins. Interbull Bulletin 33, 160–162.Google Scholar
Bohmanova, J, Misztal, I, Tsuruta, S, Norman, HD, Lawlor, TJ 2008. Short Communication: genotype by environment interaction due to heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 840–846.Google Scholar
Boonkum, W, Misztal, I, Duangjinda, M, Pattarajinda, V, Tumwasorn, S, Sanpote, J 2011. Genetic effects of heat stress on milk yield of Thai Holstein crossbreds. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 487–492.Google Scholar
Bouraoui, R, Lahmar, M, Majdoub, A, Djemali, M, and Belyea, R 2002. The relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate. Animal Research 51, 479–491.Google Scholar
Brody, S, Dale, HE, Steward, RE 1955. Interrelations between temperatures of rumen (at various depths), rectum, blood, and environmental air, and the effects of an antipyretic, feed and water consumption. Research Bulletin (University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station) 593.Google Scholar
Brouček, J, Mihina, Š, Ryba, Š, Tongel, P, Kišac, P, Uhrinčať, M, Hanus, A 2006. Effects of high air temperatures on milk efficiency in dairy cows. Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, 93–101.Google Scholar
Broucek, J, Ryba, S, Mihina, S, Uhrincat, M, Kisac, P 2007. Impact of thermal-humidity index on milk yield under conditions of different dairy management. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 16, 329–344.Google Scholar
Brown-Brandl, LM, Eigenberg, RA, Nienaber, JA, Hahn, GL 2005. Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle – Part 1: Analyses of indicators. Biosystems Engineering 90, 451–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brügemann, K, Gernand, E, König v. Borstel, U, König, S 2012. Defining and evaluating heat stress thresholds in different dairy cow production systems. Archives Animal Breeding 55, 13–24.Google Scholar
Caldeira, MC, Ryel, RJ, Lawton, JH, Pereira, JS 2001. Mechanisms of positive biodiversity–production relationships: insights provided by d13C analysis in experimental Mediterranean grassland plots. Ecology Letters 4, 439–443.Google Scholar
Cammack, KM, Mesa, H, Lamberson, WR 2006. Genetic variation in fertility of heat-stressed male mice. Theriogenology 66, 2195–2201.Google Scholar
Cammack, KM, Antoniou, E, Hearne, L, Lamberson, WR 2009. Testicular gene expression in male mice divergent for fertility after heat stress. Theriogenology 71, 651–661.Google Scholar
Cassady, RB, Myers, RM, Legates, JE 1953. The effect of exposure to high ambient temperature on spermatogenesis in the dairy bull. Journal of Dairy Science 36, 14–19.Google Scholar
Charlier, J, Demeler, J, Höglund, J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G, Dorny, P, Vercruysse, J 2009. Ostertagia ostertagi in first-season grazing cattle in Belgium, Germany and Sweden: general levels of infection and related management practices. Veterinary Parasitology 171, 91–98.Google Scholar
Charlier, J, Höglund, J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G, Dorny, P, Vercruysse, J 2010. Gastrointestinal nematode infections in adult dairy cattle: impact on production, diagnosis and control. Veterinary Parasitology 164, 70–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chebel, RC, Santos, JE, Reynolds, JP, Cerri, RL, Juchem, SO, Overton, M 2004. Factors affecting conception rate after artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science 84, 239–255.Google Scholar
Chen, S, Bai, Y, Lin, G, Huang, J, Han, X 2007. Isotopic carbon composition and related characters of dominant species along an environmental gradient in Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Arid Environments 71, 12–28.Google Scholar
Christopherson, RJ, Kennedy, PM 1983. Effect of the thermal environment on digestion in ruminants. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 63, 477–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciais, P, Reichstein, M, Viovy, N, Granier, A, Ogee, J, Allard, V, Aubinet, M, Buchmann, N, Bernhofer, C, Carrara, A, Chevallier, F, De Noblet, N, Friend, AD, Friedlingstein, P, Grunwald, T, Heinesch, B, Keronen, P, Knohl, A, Krinner, G, Loustau, D, Manca, G, Matteucci, G, Miglietta, F, Ourcival, JM, Papale, D, Pilegaard, K, Rambal, S, Seufert, G, Soussana, JF, Sanz, MJ, Schulze, ED, Vesala, T, Valentini, R 2005. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437, 529–533.Google Scholar
Cleland, EE, Chiariello, NR, Loarie, SR, Mooney, HA, Field, CB 2006. Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, 13740–13744.Google Scholar
Collier, RJ, Dahl, GE, Van Baale, MJ 2006. Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1244–1253.Google Scholar
Coop, RL, Kyriazakis, I 1999. Nutrition–parasite interaction. Veterinary Parasitology 84, 187–204.Google Scholar
Coppock, CE 1985. Energy nutrition and metabolism of the lactating dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science 68, 3403–3410.Google Scholar
De Boeck, HJ, Lemmens, CMHM, Zavalloni, C, Gielen, B, Malchair, S, Carnol, M, Merckx, R, Van den Berge, J, Ceulemans, R, Nijs, I 2008. Biomass production in experimental grasslands of different species richness during three years of climate warming. Biogeosciences 5, 585–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De la Sota, RL, Burke, JM, Risco, CA, Moreira, F, DeLorenzo, MA, Thatcher, WW 1998. Evaluation of timed insemination during summer heat stress in lactating dairy cattle. Theriogenology 49, 761–770.Google Scholar
Di Costanzo, A, Spain, JN, Spiers, DE 1997. Supplementation of nicotinic acid for lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 1200–1206.Google Scholar
Dikmen, S, Hansen, PJ 2009. Is the temperature-humidity index the best indicator of heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment? Journal of Dairy Science 92, 109–116.Google Scholar
Dikmen, S, Martins, L, Pontes, E, Hansen, PJ 2009. Genotype effects on body temperature in dairy cows under grazing conditions in a hot climate including evidence for heterosis. International Journal of Biometeorology 53, 327–331.Google Scholar
Dillon, P 2006. Achieving high dry-matter intake from pasture with grazing dairy cows. In Fresh herbage for dairy cattle (ed. A Elgersma, J Dijkstra and S Tamminga), pp. 1–26. Springer, Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Diskin, MG, Morris, DG 2008. Embryonic and early foetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 43 (suppl. 2), 260–267.Google Scholar
Dutra, LH, Molento, MB, Naumann, CRC, Biondo, AW, Fortes, FS, Savio, D, Malone, JB 2009. Mapping risk of bovine fasciolosis in the south of Brazil using Geographic Information Systems. Veterinary Parasitology 169, 76–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DWD 2011. Regional Climate Change – Climate Models in Comparison [in German: Regionaler Klimawandel – Klimamodelle im Vergleich]. Germany's National Meteorological Service. Retrieved October 10, 2011, from www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw.Google Scholar
Ehlers, W, Goss, M 2003. Water dynamics in plant production. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.Google Scholar
Erb, R, Wilbur, JW, Hilton, JH 1940. Some factors affecting breeding efficiency in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 23, 549.Google Scholar
Fernandes, CE, Dode, MA, Pereira, D, Silva, AE 2008. Effects of scrotal insulation in Nellore bulls (Bos taurus indicus) on seminal quality and its relationship with in vitro fertilizing ability. Theriogenology 70, 1560–1568.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, JB, Brereton, AJ, Holden, NM 2009. Assessment of the adaptation potential of grass-based dairy systems to climate change in Ireland – the maximised production scenario. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 149, 244–255.Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2006. Livestock's long shadow – environmental issues and options, p. 416. FAO, Rome.Google Scholar
Fox, NJ, White, PCL, McClean, CJ, Marion, G, Evans, A, Hutchings, MR 2011. Predicting impacts of climate change on Fasciola hepatica risk. PLoS ONE 6, e16126. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016126.Google Scholar
Frame, J, Charlton, JFL, Laidlaw, AS 1998. Temperate forage legumes, 327pp. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon.Google Scholar
Gale, P, Drew, T, Phipps, LP, David, G, Wooldridge, M 2009. The effect of climate change on the occurrence and prevalence of livestock diseases in Great Britain: a review. Journal of Applied Microbiology 106, 1409–1423.Google Scholar
Gaughan, JB, Mader, TL, Holt, SM 2008. Cooling and feeding strategies to reduce heat load of gain-feed beef cattle in intensive housing. Livestock Science 113, 226–233.Google Scholar
Gengler, WR, Martz, FA, Johnson, HD, Krause, GF, Hahn, L 1970. Effect of temperature on food and water intake and rumen fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science 53, 434–437.Google Scholar
Grubb, JA, Dehority, BA 1975. Effects of an abrupt change in ration from all roughage to high concentrate upon rumen microbial numbers in sheep. Applied Microbiology 30, 404–412.Google Scholar
Hammami, H, Rekik, B, Bastin, C, Soyeurt, H, Bastin, J, Stoll, J, Gengler, N 2008. Genotype × environment interaction for milk yield in Holsteins using Luxembourg and Tunisian populations. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 3661–3671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, PJ 2007. Exploitation of genetic and physiological determinants of embryonic resistance to elevated temperature to improve embryonic survival in dairy cattle during heat stress. Theriogenology 68 (suppl. 1), 242–249.Google Scholar
Hayes, RC, Dear, BS, Li, GD, Virgona, JM, Conyers, MK, Hackney, BF, Tidd, J 2010. Perennial pastures for recharge control in temperate drought-prone environments. Part 1: productivity, persistence and herbage quality of key species. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 283–302.Google Scholar
Her, E, Wolfenson, D, Flamenbaum, I, Folman, Y, Kaim, M, Berman, A 1988. Thermal, productive and reproductive response of high yielding cows exposed to short-term cooling in summer. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 1085–1092.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, I 2010. Climate change and the characterization, breeding and conservation of animal genetic resources. Animal Genetics 41 (suppl. 1), 32–46.Google Scholar
Holden, NM, Brereton, AJ, Fitzgerald, JB 2008. Impact of climate change on Irish agricultural production systems. In Climate change – refining the impacts for Ireland (ed. Environmental Protection Agency), pp. 82–131. Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford.Google Scholar
Holter, JB, Young, AJ 1992. Methane prediction in dry and lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75, 2165–2175.Google Scholar
Hossel, J 2002. Identifying and costing agricultural responses under climate change scenarios (ICARUS). Final Project Report of MAFF Project CC0357, ADAS Ltd, Wolverhampton.Google Scholar
Hudson, PJ, Cattadori, IM, Boag, B, Dobson, AP 2006. Climate disruption and parasite-host dynamic: patterns and processes associated with warming and the frequency of extreme climatic events. Journal of Helminthology 80, 175–182.Google Scholar
Hungate, RE 1966. The rumen and its microbes. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Ineson, P, Benham, DG, Poskitt, J, Harrison, AF, Taylor, K, Woods, C 1998a. Effects of climate change on nitrogen dynamics in upland soils. 2. A soil warming study. Global Change Biology 4, 153–161.Google Scholar
Ineson, P, Taylor, K, Harrison, AF, Poskitt, J, Benham, DG, Tipping, E, Woof, C 1998b. Effects of climate change on nitrogen dynamics in upland soils. 1. A transplant approach. Global Change Biology 4, 143–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Jannes, PC, Spiessens, C, Van der Auwera, I, D'Hooghe, T, Verhoeven, G, Vanderschueren, D 1998. Male subfertility induced by acute scrotal heating affects embryo quality in normal female mice. Human Reproduction 13, 372–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadzere, CT, Murphy, MR, Silanikove, N, Maltz, E 2002. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review. Livestock Production Science 77, 59–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, HM, Riha, SJ, Wilks, DS 1993. A farm-level analysis of economic and agronomic impacts of gradual climate warming. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75, 387–398.Google Scholar
Kao, RR, Leathwick, DM, Roberts, MG, Sutherland, IA 2000. Nematode parasites of sheep: a survey of epidemiological parameters and their application in a simple model. Parasitology 121, 85–103.Google Scholar
Karabinus, DS, Vogler, CJ, Saacke, RG, Evenson, DP 1997. Chromatin structural changes in sperm after scrotal insulation of Holstein bulls. Journal of Andrology 18, 549–555.Google Scholar
Kelley, RO, Martz, FA, Johnson, HD 1967. Effects of environmental temperature on ruminal volatile fatty acid levels with controlled feed intake. Journal of Dairy Science 50, 531–533.Google Scholar
Kendall, PE, Verkerk, GA, Webster, JR, Tucker, CB 2007. Sprinklers and shade cool cows and reduce insect-avoidance behavior in pasture-based dairy systems. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3671–3680.Google Scholar
Kendall, PE, Nielsen, PP, Webster, JR, Verkerk, GA, Littlejohn, RP, Matthews, RW 2006. The effects of providing shade to lactating dairy cows in a temperate climate. Livestock Science 103, 148–157.Google Scholar
Kenyon, F, Sargison, ND, Skuce, PJ, Jackson, F 2009. Sheep helminth parasitic disease in south eastern Scotland arising as a possible consequence of climate change. Veterinary Parasitology 163, 293–297.Google Scholar
Khongdee, S, Chaiyabutr, N, Hinch, G, Markvichitr, K, Vajrabukka, C 2006. Effects of evaporative cooling on reproductive performance and milk production of dairy cows in hot wet conditions. International Journal of Biometeorology 50, 253–257.Google Scholar
Köhler, IH, Poulton, PR, Auerswald, K, Schnyder, H 2010. Intrinsic water-use efficiency of temperate seminatural grassland has increased since 1857: an analysis of carbon isotope discrimination of herbage from the Park Grass Experiment. Global Change Biology 16, 1531–1541.Google Scholar
Kyriazakis, I, Houdijk, J 2006. Immunonutrition: nutritional control of parasites. Small Ruminant Research 62, 79–82.Google Scholar
Larson, KL, DeJonge, CJ, Barnes, AM, Jost, LK, Evenson, DP 2000. Sperm chromatin structure assay parameters as predictors of failed pregnancy following assisted reproductive techniques. Human Reproduction 15, 1717–1722.Google Scholar
Lassen, B, Busch, G 2009. Development perspectives for milk production in different regions of Lower Saxony: an agribenchmark dairy-project. Report from vTI-Agrarökonomie, Braunschweig [in German: Entwicklungsperspektiven der Milchproduktion in verschiedenen Regionen Niedersachsens: ein agribenchmark dairy-Projekt. Arbeitsberichte aus der vTI-Agrarökonomie, Braunschweig].Google Scholar
Legrand, AL, von Keyserlingk, MAG, Weary, DM 2009. Preference and usage of pasture versus free-stall housing by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 3651–3658.Google Scholar
Leser, TD, Amenuvor, JZ, Jensen, TK, Lindecrona, RH, Boye, M, Møller, K 2002. Culture-independent analysis of gut bacteria: the pig gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 673–690.Google Scholar
Lesschen, JP, van den Berg, M, Westhoek, HJ, Witzke, HP, Oenema, O 2011. Greenhouse gas emission profiles of European livestock sectors. Animal Feed Science and Technology 166–167, 16–28.Google Scholar
Leva, PE, Valtorta, SE, Fornasero, LV 1996. Milk production decline during summer in Argentina: present situation and expected effects of global warming. Proceedings of 14th International Congress of Biometeorology, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Part 2, vol. 2, pp. 395–401.Google Scholar
Lippke, H 1975. Digestibility and volatile fatty acids in steers and wethers at 21 and 32 C ambient temperature. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 1860–1864.Google Scholar
Liu, YX, Zhou, X, Li, DQ, Cui, QW, Wang, GL 2010. Association of ATP1A1 gene polymorphism with heat tolerance traits in dairy cattle. Genetics and Molecular Research 9, 891–896.Google Scholar
Liu, ZL, Chen, P, Li, JM, Lin, SB, Wang, DM, Zhu, LP, Yang, DP 2008. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) moderate negative responses of heat-stressed cows. Livestock Science 118, 255–261.Google Scholar
Lu, CD 1989. Effects of heat stress on goat production. Small Ruminant Research 2, 151–162.Google Scholar
Lüscher, A, Fuhrer, J, Newton, PCD 2005. Global atmospheric change and its effect on managed grassland systems. In Grassland – a global resource (ed. DA McGilloway), pp. 251–264. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mader, TL, Frank, KL, Harrington, JA, Hahn, GL 2009. Potential climate change effects on warm-season livestock production in the Great Plains. Climate Change 97, 529–541.Google Scholar
Malone, JB, Gommes, R, Hansen, J, Yilma, JM, Slingenberg, J, Snijders, F, Nachtergaele, F, Ataman, E 1998. A geographic information system on the potential distribution and abundance of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in east Africa based on Food and Agriculture Organization databases. Veterinary Parasitology 78, 87–101.Google Scholar
Martinsohn, M, Hansen, H 2012. The impact of climate change on the economics of dairy farming – a review and evaluation. German Journal of Agricultural Economics 61, 80–95.Google Scholar
Martz, FA, Payna, CP, Matches, AG, Belyea, RL, Warren, WP 1990. Forage intake, ruminal dry matter disappearance and ruminal blood volatile fatty acids for steers in 18 and 32°C temperatures. Journal of Dairy Science 73, 1280–1287.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S, Bargues, MD, Valero, MA 2005. Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses. International Journal for Parasitology 35, 1255–1278.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S, Bargues, MD, Valero, MA 2007. Plant-borne trematode zoonoses: fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis. In Food-borne parasitic zoonoses (ed. KD Murell and B Fried), pp. 293–334. Springer, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Mayer, DG, Davison, TM, McGowan, MR, Young, BA, Matschoss, AL, Hall, AB, Goodwin, PJ, Jonsson, NN, Gaughan, JB 1999. Extent and economic effect of heat loads on dairy cattle production in Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 77, 804–808.Google Scholar
McDowell, RE, Moody, EG, Van Soest, PJ, Lehmann, RP, Ford, GL 1969. Effect of heat stress on energy and water utilization of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 52, 188–194.Google Scholar
Meyer, MJ, Smith, JF, Harner, JP, Shirley, JE, Titgemeyer, EC, Brouk, MJ 2002. Performance of lactating dairy cattle in three different cooling systems. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 18, 341–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, U, Stahl, W, Flachowsky, G 2006. Investigations on the water intake of growing bulls. Livestock Science 103, 186–191.Google Scholar
Meyer, U, Everinghoff, M, Gadeken, D, Flachowsky, G 2004. Investigations on the water intake of lactating dairy cows. Livestock Production Science 90, 117–121.Google Scholar
Miaron, JOO, Christopherson, RJ 1992. Effect of prolonged thermal exposure on heat production, reticular motility, rumen-fluid and -particulate passage-rate constants, and apparent digestibility in steers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, 809–819.Google Scholar
Michel, JF 1955. Parasitological significance of bovine grazing behaviour. Nature 175, 1088–1089.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milam, KZ, Coppock, CE, West, JW, Lanham, JK, Nave, DH, Labore, JM, Stermer, RA, Brasington, CF 1986. Effects of drinking-water temperature on production responses in lactating Holstein cows in summer. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 1013–1019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Misztal, A, Zarzycki, J 2010. Evapotranspiration from grassland with contact to groundwater. Grassland Science in Europe 15, 69–71.Google Scholar
Molee, A, Bundasak, B, Kuadsantiat, P, Mernkrathoke, P 2011. Suitable percentage of Holstein in crossbred dairy cattle in climate change situation. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10, 828–831.Google Scholar
Moore, KJ, Jung, HJG 2001. Lignin and fiber digestion. Journal of Range Management 54, 420–430.Google Scholar
Moran, D, Topp, K, Wall, E, Wreford, A 2009. Climate change impacts on the livestock sector. Draft Final Report AC 0307, SAC Commercial Ltd, SAC Research.Google Scholar
Morgan, ER, Wall, R 2009. Climate change and parasitic disease: farmer mitigation? Trends in Parasitology 25, 308–313.Google Scholar
Morison, JIL, Lawlor, DW 1999. Interactions between increasing CO2 concentration and temperature on plant growth. Plant, Cell and Environment 22, 659–682.Google Scholar
Morris, CA 2007. A review of genetic resistance to disease in Bos taurus cattle. The Veterinary Journal 174, 481–491.Google Scholar
Myneni, RB, Keeling, CD, Tucker, CJ, Asrar, G, Nemani, RR 1997. Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature 386, 698–702.Google Scholar
Nardone, A, Ronchi, B, Lacetera, N, Bernabucci, U 2006. Climatic effects on productive traits in livestock. Veterinary Research Communications 30 (suppl. 1), 75–81.Google Scholar
Nardone, A, Ronchi, B, Lacetera, N, Ranieri, MS, Bernabucci, U 2010. Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livestock Science 130, 57–69.Google Scholar
National Research Council (NRC) 1971. National Research Council: a guide to environmental research on animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington.Google Scholar
Nikkhah, A, Furedi, CJ, Kennedy, AD, Scott, SL, Wittenberg, KM, Crow, GH, Plaizier, JC 2011. Morning vs. evening feed delivery for lactating dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, 113–122.Google Scholar
Niklaus, P, Wardle, D, Tate, K 2006. Effects of plant species diversity and composition on nitrogen cycling and the trace gas balance of soils. Plant and Soil 282, 83–98.Google Scholar
Novak, P, Vokralova, J, Broucek, J 2009. Effects of the stage and number of lactation on milk yield of dairy cows kept in open barn during high temperatures in summer months. Archiv für Tierzucht 52, 574–586.Google Scholar
O'Brien, MD, Rhoads, RP, Sanders, SR, Duff, GC, Baumgard, LH 2010. Metabolic adaptations to heat stress in growing cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 38, 86–94.Google Scholar
O'Connor, LJ, Walkden-Brown, SW, Kahn, LP 2006. Ecology of the free-living stages of major trichostrongylid parasites of sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 142, 1–15.Google Scholar
Olesen, JE, Bindi, M 2002. Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy. European Journal of Agronomy 16, 239–262.Google Scholar
Olson, TA, Lucena, C, Chase, CC Jr, Hammond, C 2003. Evidence of a major gene influencing hair length and heat tolerance in Bos taurus cattle. Journal of Animal Science 81, 80–90.Google Scholar
Ominski, KH, Kennedy, AD, Wittenberg, KM, Nia, SAM 2002. Physiological and production responses to feeding schedule in lactating dairy cows exposed to short-term, moderate heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 730–737.Google Scholar
Osterburg, B, Isermeyer, F, Lassen, B, Röder, N 2010. Impact of economic and political drivers on grassland use in the EU. Grassland Science in Europe 15, 14–28.Google Scholar
Owensby, CE, Coyne, PI, Ham, JM, Auen, LM, Knapp, AK 1993. Biomass production in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated CO2. Ecological Applications 3, 644–653.Google Scholar
Parsons, DJ, Armstrong, AC, Turnpenny, JR, Matthews, AM, Cooper, K, Clark, JA 2001. Integrated models of livestock systems for climate change studies. 1. Grazing systems. Global Change Biology 7, 93–112.Google Scholar
Pascual, M, Dobson, A 2005. Seasonal patterns of infectious disease. PLoS Medicine 2, e5. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020005.Google Scholar
Paul, C, Murray, AA, Spears, N, Saunders, PT 2008. A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes DNA damage, subfertility and impairs formation of blastocysts in mice. Reproduction 136, 73–84.Google Scholar
Perring, MP, Cullen, BR, Johnson, IR, Hovenden, MJ 2010. Modelled effects of rising CO2 concentration and climate change on native perennial grass and sown grass-legume pastures. Climate Research 42, 65–78.Google Scholar
Polley, L, Thompson, RCA 2009. Parasite zoonoses and climate change: molecular tools for tracking shifting boundaries. Trends in Parasitology 25, 285–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purwanto, BP, Harada, M, Yamamoto, S 1996. Effect of drinking-water temperature on heat balance and thermoregulatory responses in dairy heifers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, 505–512.Google Scholar
Rausch, RL, George, JC, Brower, HK 2007. Effect of climatic warming on the Pacific walrus, and potential modification of the helminth fauna. The Journal of Parasitology 93, 1247–1251.Google Scholar
Ravagnolo, O, Misztal, I 2000. Genetic component of heat stress in dairy cattle, parameter estimation. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 2126–2130.Google Scholar
Ravagnolo, O, Misztal, I 2002. Effect of heat stress on nonreturn rate in Holsteins: fixed-model analyses. Journal of Dairy Science 8, 3101–3106.Google Scholar
Ravagnolo, O, Misztal, I, Hoogenboom, G 2000. Genetic component of heat stress in dairy cattle, development of heat index function. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 2120–2125.Google Scholar
Reiczigel, J, Solymosi, N, Könyves, L, Maróti-Agóts, A, Kern, A, Bartyik, J 2009. Examination of heat stress caused milk production loss by the use of temperature-humidity indices. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja 131, 137–144.Google Scholar
Royal, M, Darwash, AO, Flint, APE, Webb, R, Woolliams, JA, Lamming, GE 2000. Declining fertility in dairy cattle: changes in traditional and endocrine parameters of fertility. Animal Science 70, 487–501.Google Scholar
Sakkas, D, Urner, F, Bizzaro, D, Manicardi, G, Bianchi, PG, Shoukir, Y, Campana, A 1998. Sperm nuclear DNA damage and altered chromatin structure: effect on fertilization and embryo development. Human Reproduction 13 (Suppl. 4), 11–19.Google Scholar
Sardans, J, Peñuelas, J, Estiarte, M 2006. Warming and drought alter soil phosphatase activity and soil P availability in a Mediterranean shrubland. Plant and Soil 289, 227–238.Google Scholar
Schierenbeck, S, Reinhardt, F, Reents, R, Simianer, H, König, S 2010. Identification of informative cooperator herds for progeny testing based on yield deviations. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 2071–2082.Google Scholar
Schindler, U, Steidl, J, Müller, L, Eulenstein, F, Thiere, J 2007. Drought risk to agricultural land in Northeast and Central Germany. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170, 357–362.Google Scholar
Schneider, PL, Beede, DK, Wilcox, CJ 1988. Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. Journal of Animal Science 66, 112–125.Google Scholar
Schütz, KE, Rogers, AR, Cox, NR, Webster, JR, Tucker, CB 2011. Dairy cattle prefer shade over sprinklers: effects on behaviour and physiology. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 273–283.Google Scholar
Segerson, K, Dixon, BL 1999. Climate change and agriculture: the role of farmer adaptation. In The impact of climate change on the United States economy (ed. R Mendelsohn and JE Neumann), pp. 75–93. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Seo, SN, Mendelsohn, R 2008. Measuring impacts and adaptations to climate change: a structural Ricardian model of African livestock management. Agricultural Economics 38, 151–165.Google Scholar
Setchell, BP 1998. The Parkes Lecture: heat and the testis. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 114, 179–194.Google Scholar
Silanikove, N 1992. Effects of water scarcity and hot environment on appetite and digestion in ruminants: a review. Livestock Production Science 30, 175–194.Google Scholar
Skinner, J, Louw, G 1966. Heat stress and spermatogenesis in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. Journal of Applied Physiology 21, 1784–1790.Google Scholar
Smith, TR, Chapa, A, Willard, S, Herndon, C Jr, Williams, RJ, Crouch, J, Riley, T, Pogue, D 2006a. Evaporative tunnel cooling of dairy cows in the southeast. I: effects on body temperature and respiration rate. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 3904–3914.Google Scholar
Smith, TR, Chapa, A, Willard, S, Herndon, C Jr, Williams, RJ, Crouch, J, Riley, T, Pogue, D 2006b. Evaporative tunnel cooling of dairy cows in the southeast: II: impact on lactation performance. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 3915–3923.Google Scholar
Solymosi, N, Torma, C, Kern, A, Maróti-Agóts, Á, Barcza, Z, Könyves, L, Berke, O, Reiczigel, J 2010. Changing climate in Hungary and trends in the annual number of heat stress days. International Journal of Biometeorology 54, 423–431.Google Scholar
Soussana, J-F, Lüscher, A 2007. Temperate grasslands and global atmospheric change: a review. Grass and Forage Science 62, 127–134.Google Scholar
St-Pierre, NR, Cobanov, B, Schnitkey, G 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 52–77.Google Scholar
Sutter, F, Beever, DE 2000. Energy and nitrogen metabolism in Holstein–Friesian cows during early lactation. Animal Science 70, 503–514.Google Scholar
Tajima, K, Nonaka, I, Higuchi, K, Takusari, N, Kurihara, M, Takenaka, A, Mitsumori, M, Kajikawa, H, Aminov, RI 2007. Influence of high temperature and humidity on rumen bacterial diversity in Holstein heifers. Anaerobe 13, 57–64.Google Scholar
Topp, CFE, Wreford, A, Tolkamp, BJ, Wu, L, Moran, D 2010. Impacts of climate change on the grazing period, and the conserved feeding costs of grazing systems in the UK. Grassland Science in Europe 15, 36–38.Google Scholar
Tsialtas, JT, Handley, LL, Kassioumi, MT, Veresoglou, DS, Gagianas, AA 2001. Interspecific variation in potential water-use efficiency and its relation to plant species abundance in a water-limited grassland. Functional Ecology 15, 605–614.Google Scholar
Tucker, CBA, Rogers, AR, Schütz, KE 2008. Effect of solar radiation on dairy cattle behaviour, use of shade and body temperature in a pasture-based system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109, 141–154.Google Scholar
Uyeno, Y, Sekiguchi, Y, Tajima, K, Takenaka, A, Kurihara, M, Kamagata, Y 2010. An rRNA-based analysis for evaluating the effect of heat stress on the rumen microbial composition of Holstein heifers. Anaerobe 16, 27–33.Google Scholar
Van Arendonk, JAM, Liinamo, AE 2003. Dairy cattle production in Europe. Theriogenology 59, 563–569.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, J, Sargison, ND, Kenyon, F 2010. Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions. Animal 4, 377–392.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, J, David, GP, Baird, G, Morgan, ER 2008. Back to the future: developing hypotheses on the effects of climate change on ovine parasitic gastroenteritis from historical data. Veterinary Parasitology 158, 73–84.Google Scholar
Van Soest, PJ 1965. Symposium on factors influencing the voluntary intake of herbage by ruminants: voluntary intake in relation to chemical composition and digestibility. Journal of Animal Science 24, 834–843.Google Scholar
Vogler, CJ, Saacke, RG, Bame, JH, Dejarnette, JM, McGilliard, ML 1991. Effects of scrotal insulation on viability characteristics of cryopreserved bovine semen. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3827–3835.Google Scholar
Von Keyserlingk, MAG, Rushen, J, de Passille, AM, Weary, DM 2009. The welfare of dairy cattle – key concepts and the role of science. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4101–4111.Google Scholar
Waller, PJ, Rudby-Martin, L, Ljungström, BL, Rydzik, A 2004. The epidemiology of abomasal nematodes of sheep in Sweden, with particular reference to over-winter survival strategies. Veterinary Parasitology 122, 207–220.Google Scholar
Walter, K, Löpmeier, F-J 2010. The feeding and husbandry of high performance cows, Part 5. High performance cows and climate changes [in German: Fütterung und Haltung von Hochleistungskühen, 5. Hochleistungskühe und Klimawandel]. Agriculture and Forestry Research 1, 17–34.Google Scholar
Walters, AH, Saacke, RG, Pearson, RE, Gwazdauskas, FC 2006. Assessment of pronuclear formation following in vitro fertilization with bovine spermatozoa obtained after thermal insulation of the testis. Theriogenology 65, 1016–1028.Google Scholar
Walters, AH, Eyestone, WE, Saacke, RG, Pearson, RE, Gwazdauskas, FC 2004. Sperm morphology and preparation method affect bovine embryonic development. Journal of Andrology 25, 554–563.Google Scholar
Walters, AH, Eyestone, WE, Saacke, RG, Pearson, RE, Gwazdauskas, FC 2005a. Bovine embryo development after IVF with spermatozoa having abnormal morphology. Theriogenology 63, 1925–1937.Google Scholar
Walters, AH, Saacke, RG, Pearson, RE, Gwazdauskas, FC 2005b. The incidence of apoptosis after IVF with morphologically abnormal bovine spermatozoa. Theriogenology 64, 1404–1421.Google Scholar
Warren, WP, Martz, FA, Asay, KH, Hilderbrand, ES, Payne, CG, Vogt, JR 1974. Digestibility and rate of passage by steers fed tall fescue, alfalfa and orchardgrass hay in 18 and 32°C ambient temperatures. Journal of Animal Science 39, 93–96.Google Scholar
Weaver, HJ, Hawdon, JM, Hoberg, EP 2010. Soil-transmitted helminthiases: implications of climate change and human behaviour. Trends in Parasitology 26, 574–581.Google Scholar
Weldy, JR, Mcdowell, RE, Van Soest, PJ, Bond, J 1964. Influence of heat stress on rumen acid levels and some blood constituents in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 23, 147–153.Google Scholar
West, JW 1999. Nutritional strategies for managing the heat-stressed dairy cow. Journal of Animal Science 77, 21–35.Google Scholar
West, JW 2003. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 2131–2144.Google Scholar
West, JW, Mullinix, BG, Bernard, JK 2003. Effects of hot, humid weather on milk temperature, dry matter intake, and milk yield of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 232–242.Google Scholar
Wildeus, S, Entwistle, KW 1983. Spermiogram and sperm reserves in hybrid Bos indicus × Bos taurus bulls after scrotal insulation. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 69, 711–716.Google Scholar
Wilson, JR, Ng, TT 1975. Influence of water stress on parameters associated with herbage quality of Panicum maximum var. trichoglume. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 26, 127–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, JR, Deinum, B, Engels, FM 1991. Temperature effects on anatomy and digestibility of leaf and stem of tropical and temperate forage species. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 39, 31–48.Google Scholar
Wolfenson, D, Flamenbaum, I, Berman, A 1988. Hyperthermia and body energy store effects on estrous behavior, conception rate, and corpus luteum function in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 3497–3504.Google Scholar
Wu, XH, Zhang, SQ, Xu, XJ, Huang, YX, Steinmann, P, Utzinger, J, Wang, TP, Xu, J, Zheng, J, Zhou, XN 2008. Effect of floods on the transmission of schistosomiasis in the Yangtze River valley, People's Republic of China. Parasitology International 57, 271–276.Google Scholar
Yaeram, J, Setchell, BP, Maddocks, S 2006. Effect of heat stress on the fertility of male mice in vivo and in vitro. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, 647–653.Google Scholar
Yang, GJ, Utzinger, J, Sun, LP, Hong, QB, Vounatsou, P, Tanner, M, Zhou, XN 2007. Effect of temperature on the development of Schistosoma japonicum within Oncomelania hupensis, and hibernation of O. hupenensis. Parasitology Research 100, 695–700.Google Scholar
Zähner, M, Schrader, L, Hauser, R, Langhans, W, Wechsler, B 2004. The influence of climatic conditions on physiological and behavioural parameters in dairy cows kept in open stables. Animal Science 78, 139–147.Google Scholar
Zhou, XN, Lv, S, Yang, GJ, Kristensen, TK, Bergquist, NR, Utzinger, J, Malone, JB 2009. Spatial epidemiology in zoonotic parasitic diseases: insights gained at the 1st International Symposium on Geospatial Health in Lijiang, China, 2007. Parasites and Vectors 2, 10pp.Google Scholar
Zhou, XN, Yang, GJ, Yang, K, Wang, XH, Hong, QB, Sun, LP, Malone, JB, Kristensen, TK, Bergquist, NR, Utzinger, J 2008. Potential impact of climate change on schistosomiasis transmission in China. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78, 188–194.Google Scholar
Zimbelman, RB, Baumgard, LH, Collier, RJ 2010. Effects of encapsulated niacin on evaporative heat loss and body temperature in moderately heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 2387–2394.Google Scholar
Zwald, NR, Weigel, KA, Fikse, WF, Rekaya, R 2003. Identification of factors that cause genotype by environment interaction between herds of Holstein cattle in seventeen countries. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 376–382.Google Scholar