Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:30:26.119Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Production and composition of Iberian sow's milk and use of milk nutrients by the suckling Iberian piglet

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2011

M. A. Aguinaga ,
F. Gómez-Carballar ,
R. Nieto  and
J. F. Aguilera
M. A. Aguinaga
Affiliation:
Instituto de Nutrición Animal, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Cno. del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
F. Gómez-Carballar
Affiliation:
Sánchez Romero Carvajal Jabugo S.A., Avda de Jerez s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
R. Nieto
Affiliation:
Instituto de Nutrición Animal, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Cno. del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
J. F. Aguilera*
Affiliation:
Instituto de Nutrición Animal, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Cno. del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
*
†E-mail: jose.aguilera@eez.csic.es
Get access

Abstract

Sixteen purebred Iberian (IB) sows were used in two consecutive trials to determine the efficiency of conversion of sow's milk into piglet body weight (BW) gain and the relationship between milk protein and body protein retention and between milk energy yield and body energy retention in the nursing IB piglet. In each trial, four sows were selected in order to evaluate their milk production, litter growth and nutrient balance measurements, together with four additional sows for milk sampling. Litter size was equalized to six piglets. Daily milk yield (MY) was determined weekly by the weigh-suckle-weigh technique over a 34-day lactation period. Piglets were weighed individually at birth and then weekly from day 5 of lactation. Milk samples were collected on days 5, 12, 19, 26 and 34 post partum. The comparative slaughter procedure was used to determine piglet nutrient and energy retention. One piglet from each litter was slaughtered at birth and four on the morning of day 35. Total MY was on average 5.175 ± 0.157 kg/day. The average chemical composition (g/kg) of the milk was 179 ± 4 dry matter, 53.4 ± 1.0 CP, 58.5 ± 3.8 fat, 10.4 ± 0.3 ash and 56.9 ± 2.3 lactose. Milk gross energy (GE) was 4.626 ± 0.145 MJ/kg. Milk intake per piglet tended to increase in trial 2 (832 v. 893 g/day; P = 0.066). Piglet BW gain contained (g/kg) 172.1 ± 1.3 protein, 151.5 ± 3.5 fat, 41.4 ± 0.6 ash and 635 ± 3 water and 10.127 ± 0.126 MJ GE/kg. Throughout the 34-day nursing period, the piglets grew at an average rate of 168 ± 3 g/day. The ratio of daily piglet BW gain to daily MY was 0.195 ± 0.002 g/g and the gain per MJ milk GE intake was 41.9 ± 0.5 g/MJ. The overall efficiency of protein accretion (g CP gain/g CP milk intake) was low and declined in trial 2 (0.619 v. 0.571; P = 0.016). Nutrient and energy deposition between birth and weaning were 27.4 ± 0.5 g/day protein, 24.2 ± 0.8 g/day fat and 1615 ± 40 kJ/day energy. Piglet energy requirements for maintenance were 404 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW0.75. ME was used for growth with a net efficiency of 0.584. These results suggest that poor efficiency in the use of sow's milk nutrients rather than a shortage in milk nutrient supply might explain the low growth rate of the suckling IB piglet.

Keywords

milk productionmilk compositionIberian pigletsprotein and energy depositionnutrient balance
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 5 , Issue 9 , 05 August 2011 , pp. 1390 - 1397
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural Research Council (ARC) 1981. The nutrient requirements of pigs. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK.Google Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1990. Official methods of analysis, 15th edition. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.Google Scholar
Alston-Mills, B, Iverson, SJ, Thompson, MP 2000. A comparison of the composition of milks from Meishan and crossbred pigs. Livestock Production Science 63, 85–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barea, R, Nieto, R, Aguilera, JF 2007. Effects of the dietary protein content and the feeding level on protein and energy metabolism in IB pigs growing from 50 to 100 kg body weight. Animal 1, 357–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braude, R, Coates, ME, Henry, KM, Kon, SK, Rowland, SJ, Thompson, SY, Wolker, DM 1947. A study of the composition of sow's milk. The British Journal of Nutrition 1, 64–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, RG, Dunkin, AC 1983. The effects of energy intake and dietary protein on nitrogen retention, growth performance, body composition and some aspects of energy metabolism of baby pigs. The British Journal of Nutrition 49, 221–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Close, WH, Stanier, MW 1980. The energy requirement for growth in the early-weaned pig. In Energy metabolism (ed. LE Mount), EAAP publication no. 26, pp. 399–402. Butterworths, London, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clowes, EJ, Williams, IH, Baracos, VE, Pluske, JR, Cegielski, AC, Zak, LJ, Aherne, FX 1998. Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: II. Effect on nitrogen partitioning and skeletal muscle composition. Journal of Animal Science 76, 1154–1164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darragh, AJ, Moughan, PJ 1998. The composition of colostrum and milk. In The lactating sow (ed. MWA Verstegen, PJ Moughan and JW Schrama), pp. 3–21. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Daza, A 2001. Sistemas de explotación. In Porcino Ibérico: aspectos claves (ed. C Buxadé-Carbó and A Daza-Andrada), pp. 151–175. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa, Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Elliot, JI, Lodge, GA 1977. Body composition and glycogen reserves in the neonatal pig during the first 96 hours postpartum. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 57, 141–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsley, FWH 1971. Nutrition and lactation in the sow. In Lactation (ed. IR Falconer), pp. 393–411. Butterworths, London, UK.Google Scholar
Etienne, M, Dourmad, JY, Noblet, J 1998. The influence of some sow and piglet characteristics and of environmental conditions on milk production. In The lactating sow (ed. MWA Verstegen, PJ Moughan and JW Scharama), pp. 285–299. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Fahmy, MH 1972. Comparative study of colostrum and milk composition of seven breeds of swine. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 52, 621–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gädeken, D, Oslage, HJ, Böhme, H 1985. Untersuchungen zum energetischen Erhaltungsbedarf und zur Verwertung der umsetzbaren Energie für den Protein- und Fettansatz bei Ferkeln. Archiv für Tierernährung 35, 481–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez-Carballar, F, Aguinaga, MA, Nieto, R, Aguilera, JF 2009. Effects of intermittent suckling on the performance and digestive efficiency of Iberian piglets weaned at 35 days of age. Livestock Science 124, 41–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jentsch, W, Beyer, M, Schiemann, R, Hoffmann, L 1995. Untersuchungen zum energie- und stickstoffumsatz van graviden und laktierenden sauen sowie von saugferkeln. 7. Mitteilung – Energie- und Stickstoffumsatz von Saugferkeln. Archiv für Tierernährung 47, 319–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaver, J, van Kempen, GJM, de Lange, PGB, Verstegen, MWA, Boer, H 1981. Milk composition and daily yield of different milk components as affected by sow condition and lactation/feeding regimen. Journal of Animal Science 52, 1091–1097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klobasa, F, Werhahn, E, Butler, JE 1987. Composition of sow milk during lactation. Journal of Animal Science 64, 1458–1466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laguna Sanz, E 1998. El cerdo Ibérico en el próximo milenio. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa, Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Le Dividich, J, Noblet, J 1981. Colostrum intake and thermoregulation in the neonatal pig in relation to environmental temperature. Biology of the Neonate 40, 167–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liotta, L, Madonia, G, Chiofalo, B, Margiotta, S, Riolo, EB, Chiofalo, V 2007. Milk composition of “Nero Siciliano” sow. Preliminary results. Italian Journal of Animal Science 6 (suppl. 1), 692 (abstract).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackenzie, DDS, Revell, DK 1998. Genetic influences on milk quantity. In The lactating sow (ed. MWA. Verstegen, PJ Moughan and JW Schrama), pp. 97–112. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Milon, A, Aumaitre, A, Le Dividich, J, Franz, J, Metzger, J 1983. Influence of birth prematurity on colostrum composition and subsequent immunity of piglets. Annals of Veterinary Research 14, 533–540.Google ScholarPubMed
Nieto, R, Miranda, A, García, MA, Aguilera, JF 2002. The effect of dietary protein content and feeding level on the rate of protein deposition and energy utilization in growing IB pigs from 15 to 50 kg body weight. The British Journal of Nutrition 88, 39–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noblet, J, Etienne, M 1986. Effect of energy level in lactating sows on yield and composition of milk and nutrient balance of piglets. Journal of Animal Science 63, 1888–1896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noblet, J, Etienne, M 1987. Body composition, metabolic rate and utilization of milk nutrients in suckling piglets. Reproduction, Nutrition and Development 27, 829–839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noblet, J, Etienne, M 1989. Estimation of sow milk nutrient output. Journal of Animal Science 67, 3352–3359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council 1998. Nutrient requirement of swine, 10th revised edition. National Academic Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Pluske, JR, Dong, GZ 1998. Factors influencing the utilisation of colostrum and milk. In The lactating sow (ed. MWA. Verstegen, PJ Moughan and JW Schrama), pp. 45–70. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Pluske, JR, Williams, IH, Zak, LJ, Clowes, EJ, Cegielski, AC, Aherne, FX 1998. Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: III. Milk production and pig growth. Journal of Animal Science 76, 1165–1171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renaudeau, D, Noblet, J, Dourmad, JY 2003. Effect of ambient temperature on mammary gland metabolism in lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science 81, 217–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivera-Ferre, MG, Aguilera, JF, Nieto, R 2005. Muscle fractional protein synthesis is higher in IB than in Landrace growing pigs fed adequate or lysine-deficient diets. Journal of Nutrition 135, 469–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute (SAS) 2003. SAS/STAT for personal computers. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.Google Scholar
Speer, VC, Cox, DF 1984. Estimating milk yield of sows. Journal of Animal Science 59, 1281–1285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spinka, M, Illman, G, Algers, B, Stetková, Z 1997. The role of nursing frequency in milk production in domestic pigs. Journal of Animal Science 75, 1223–1228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wenk, C, Colombani, PC, van Milgen, J, Lemme, A 2001. Glossary: terminology in animal and human energy metabolism. In Energy metabolism in animals (ed. A Chwalibog and K Jakobsen), EAAP publication no. 103, pp. 409–421. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Williams, IH 1995. Sow's milk as a major nutrient source before weaning. In Manipulating pig production (ed. VDP Hennessy and PD Cranwell), pp. 107–113. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.Google Scholar
Zou, S, McLaren, DG, Hurley, WL 1992. Pig colostrum and milk composition: comparisons between Chinese Meishan and US breeds. Livestock Production Science 30, 115–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar