Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:07:47.197Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

« Nous vivons dans l’oubli de nos métamorphoses… »: La mort et la sculpture du vivant

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

Jean Claude Ameisen
Jean Claude Ameisen*
Affiliation:
Université Paris 7, faculté de médecine Xavier Bichat
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Résumé

Les nouvelles avancées de la biologie invitent à penser le vivant comme un ensemble permanent de métamorphoses. Cette conférence montre que des mécanismes comme celui de la mort cellulaire programmée, ou « suicide cellulaire », par lesquels sont sculptées les formes du vivant, conduisent à reconsidérer notre conception de la vie et de la mort, à distance à la fois de la tentation anthropomorphique et de la sociobiologie. C’est alors toute la complexité du vivant, de l’organisation cellulaire aux formes du social, qui est à repenser, à la lumière des nouveaux savoirs biologiques et médicaux.

Abstract

Abstract

The latest discoveries in biology invite us to consider life as a series of on-going metamorphoses. This paper shows that processes such as programmed cell-death or the cell-suicide mechanism, which shape life, should prompt us to reconsider our own conceptions of life and death, away from the temptations of both anthropomorphism and sociobology. Thus the way we think about life as a whole, be it related to cellular or social organisation, should be reconsidered in the light of the latest findings in medicine and biology.

Type
Les leçons de la biologie
Information
Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales , Volume 62 , Issue 6 , December 2007 , pp. 1251 - 1283
Copyright
Copyright © Les Éditions de l’EHESS 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Texte de la 29e conférence Marc Bloch (Paris, EHESS, 12 juin 2007).

References

1 - Darwin, Charles, L’origine des espèces, Paris, Flammarion, [1859] 1992 Google Scholar.

2 - Bichat, Xavier, Recherches physiologiques sur la vie et la mort, Paris, Flammarion, [1799] 1994 Google Scholar.

3 - Jankelevitch, Vladimir, La mort, Paris, Flammarion, 1977 Google Scholar.

4 - Darwin, Charles, The variation of animals and plants under domestication, Londres, John Murray, 1868 Google Scholar.

5 - Ameisen, Jean Claude, La sculpture du vivant. Le suicide cellulaire ou la mort créatrice, Paris, Le Seuil [1999] 2007 Google Scholar.

6 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

7 - Clarke, Peter G. H. et Clarke, S., «19th century research on naturally occurring cell death and related phenomena», Anat. Embryol., 193, 1996, p. 81-99 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

8 - Kuhn, Thomas, La structure des révolutions scientifiques, Paris, Flammarion, [1962] 1983 Google Scholar.

9 - Lightman, Alan et Gingerich, Owen, «When do anomalies begin?», Science, 255, 1991, p. 690-695 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

10 - Ibid.

11 - Glucksman, A., «Cell death in normal vertebrate ontogeny», Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 26, 1951, p. 59-86 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

13 - Eliot, Thomas S., Four quartets, New York, Harcourt, Brace and C., 1943 Google Scholar.

14 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

15 - Flanagan, John G., «Neurobiology: life on the road», Nature, 401, 1999, p. 747-748 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 - Verhage, Matthijs et al., « Synaptic assembly of the brain in the absence of neurotransmitter secretion », Science, 287, 2000, p. 864-869 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

17 - Ameisen, Jean Claude, «Entre gènes et environnements», Pour la science, 350, 2006, p. 88-94 Google Scholar.

18 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

19 - Raff, Martin C., «Social controls on cell survival and cell death», Nature, 356, 1992, p. 397-400 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

20 - Lockshin, Richard A. et Zakeri, Zahra, «Timeline. Programmed cell death and apoptosis: origins of the theory», Nature Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2, 2001, p. 545-550 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 - Ameisen, Jean Claude, «Looking for death at the core of life in the light of evolution», Cell Death Differ., 11, 2004, p. 4-10 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 - Horvitz, H. Robert, «Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans », Canc. Res., 59-7, 1999, p. 1701-1706 Google ScholarPubMed; R. Lockshin et Z. Zakeri, «Timeline…», art. cit.

23 - J. C.Ameisen, «Looking for death…», art. cit.

24 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

25 - Ameisen, Jean Claude et Capron, Andre, «Cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS: the programmed cell death hypothesis», Immunol. Today, 12, 1991, p. 102-105 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Ameisen, Jean Claude, «Programmed cell death and AIDS: from hypothesis to experiment», Immunol. Today, 13, 1992, p. 388-391 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

26 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

27 - Ibid.

28 - Mehlen, Patrick et Puisieux, Alain, «Metastasis: a question of life or death», Nature Rev. Cancer, 6, 2006, p. 449-458 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

29 - Ameisen, Jean Claude, Estaquier, Jérôme et Idziorek, Thierry, «From AIDS to parasite infection: pathogen-mediated subversion of programmed cell death as a mechanism for immune dysregulation», Immunological Reviews, 142, 1994, p. 9-51 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Ameisen, Jean Claude, «Apoptosis subversion: HIV-Nef provides both armor and sword», Nature Medicine, 7, 2001, p. 1181-1182 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

30 - Ameisen, Jean Claude, «On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell death: a timeline of four billion years», Cell Death Differ., 9, 2002, p. 367-393 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

31 - Valen, Leigh Van, «A new evolutionary law», Evol. Theory, I, 1973, p. 1-30 Google Scholar.

32 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

33 - Blanchot, Maurice, Le livre à venir, Paris, Gallimard, 1959 Google Scholar.

34 - Lewontin, Richard, La triple hélice: les gènes, l’organisme, l’environnement, Paris Le Seuil, [2000] 2003 Google Scholar.

35 - Atlan, Henri, Entre le cristal et la fumée. Essai sur l’organisation du vivant, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1979 Google Scholar.

36 - Ameisen, Jean Claude, «Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and cell survival regulation: relevance to AIDS and cancer», AIDS, 8, 1994, p. 1197-1213 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

38 - Ibid.

39 - Kerr, John F. R. et al., « Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wideranging implications in tissue kinetics », Br. J. Cancer, 26, 1972, p. 239-257 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

40 - Dobzhansky, Theodosius, «Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution», The American Biology Teacher, 35, 1973, p. 125-129 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

41 - Morin, Edgar, L’Homme et la mort, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1970 Google Scholar.

42 - J. C. Ameisen, «On the origin, evolution and nature of programmed cell death…» art. cit.

43 - Umansky, Samuil R., «The genetic program of cell death: hypothesis and some applications», J. Theoret. Biol., 97, 1982, p. 591-602 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vaux, David L., Haeker, Georg et Strasser, Andreas, «An evolutionary perspective on apoptosis», Cell, 76, 1994, p. 777-779 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Evan, G. A., «Old cells never die, they just apoptose», Trends in Cell Biol., 4, 1994, p. 191-192 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

44 - Greenberg, Jean T., «Programmed cell death: a way of life for plants», Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 1996, p. 12094-12097 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

45 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

46 - Ibid.

47 - Ameisen, Jean Claude et al., « Apoptosis in a unicellular eukaryote (Trypanosoma cruzi): implications for the evolutionary origin and role of programmed cell death in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival », Cell Death Differ., 2, 1995, p. 285-300 Google Scholar.

48 - Ameisen, Jean Claude, «The origin of programmed cell death», Science, 272, 1996, p. 1278-1279 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Golstein, Pierre, «Cell death in us and others», Science, 281, 1998, p. 1283 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

49 - J. C. Ameisen, «The origin of programmed cell death», art. cit.; J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

50 - Yarmolinsky, Michael B., «Programmed cell death in bacterial populations», Science, 267, 1995, p. 836-837 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

51 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

52 - Aizenman, Einat et al., « An Escherichia coli chromosomal ‘addiction module’ regulated by 3’,5’-bispyrophosphate: a model for programmed bacterial cell death », Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 1996, p. 6059-6063 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hayes, Finbarr, «Toxins-Antitoxins: plas-mid maintenance, programmed cell death, and cell cycle arrest», Science, 301, 2003, p. 1496-1499 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

53 - J. C. Ameisen, «The origin of programmed cell death», art. cit.

54 - Ibid.

55 - Ibid.; Ameisen, Jean Claude, «The evolutionary origin of programmed cell death in single celled organisms: a new view of executioners, mitochondria, host-pathogen interactions, and the role of cell death in the process of natural selection», in Lockshin, R., Zakeri, Z. et Tilly, J. (dir.), When cells die, New York, Wiley/Liss, Inc., 1998, p. 3-56 Google Scholar.

56 - J. C. Ameisen, «Looking for death at the core of life…», art. cit.; Ameisen, Jean Claude, « Programme de mort ou programme de vie? A la recherche des origines de la mort cellulaire programmée au cours de l’évolution du vivant », J. Soc. Biol., 199-3, 2005, p. 175-89 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

57 - Klionsky, Daniel J., «Autophagy: from phenomenology to molecular understan ding in less than a decade», Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 8, 2007, p. 931-937 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

58 - T. S. Eliot, Four quartets, op. cit.

59 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

60 - Ameisen, Jean Claude, «La longévité a-t-elle une limite ?», Pour la science, 355, 2007, p. 20-23 Google Scholar.

61 - Borges, Jorge Luis, Otras inquisiciones, 1937-1952, Buenos Aires, Éditorial Sur, 1952 Google Scholar.

62 - Jazwinski, S. Michal, «Longevity, genes, and ageing», Science, 273, 1996, p. 54-59 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

63 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

64 - Sheldrake, Rupert, «The ageing, growth and death of cells», Nature, 250, 1974, p. 381-385 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

65 - Atlan, Henri, L’organisation biologique et la théorie de l’information, Paris, Hermann, 1972 Google Scholar.

66 - Dickinson, Emily, Complete poems of Emily Dickinson, éd. par Johnson, T. H., Boston, Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Co., 1997 Google Scholar.

67 - Dawkins, Richard, Le gène égoïste, Paris, Armand Colin, [1976] 1990 Google Scholar.

68 - C. Darwin, L’origine des espèces, op. cit.

69 - M. Blanchot, Le livre à venir, op. cit.

70 - J. C. Ameisen, La sculpture du vivant…, op. cit.

71 - Gould, Stephen Jay, La structure de la théorie de l’évolution, Paris, Gallimard, [2002] 2006 Google Scholar.

72 - Gould, Stephen Jay, La Mal-mesure de l’homme?, Paris, Ramsay, [1981] 1983 Google Scholar; S. J. Gould, La structure…, op. cit.

73 - Huxley, Thomas Henry, «Evolution and Ethics», The Romanes lectures, collected essays IX, 1893: http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/index.html Google Scholar

74 - Levinas, Emmanuel, La mort et le temps, Paris, Éditions de l’Herne, 1991 Google Scholar.