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L'urbanisation américaine avant 1800

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2017

G. B. Warden
G. B. Warden*
Affiliation:
Yale University
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Extract

L'étude de l'urbanisation est une discipline très neuve, où les définitions, le contenu et les méthodes ne sont pas bien délimités. Le concept d'urbanisation s'applique surtout aux villes modernes industrialisées, et l'on n'a pas encore déterminé s'il peut être utilisé pour les communautés pré-industrielles. Les travaux relatifs à l'urbanisation en Amérique ne consacrent qu'un seul chapitre à l'époque antérieure à 1800, bien que la structure et les caractéristiques des communautés de cette période aient beaucoup influencé le développement urbain du XIXe siècle.

Les données documentaires sur les XVIIe et XVIII e siècles sont très insuffisantes si bien que nous ne connaîtrons peut-être jamais certains des aspects significatifs des villes avant 1800. Il existe plusieurs études générales sur les débuts de l'urbanisation et des histoires de villes et de bourgs de l'Amérique.

Type
Modèles
Information
Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales , Volume 25 , Issue 4 , August 1970 , pp. 862 - 879
Copyright
Copyright © Les Éditions de l’EHESS 1970

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References

page 862 note 1. Pour quelques analyses des problèmes de l'urbanisation en général, voyez Dyos, H. J., éd., The Study of Urban History, New York, St.- Martin's Press, 1968, pp. 5 Google Scholar,12, 44-45, 58-60,190-195, 347-358; Sjoberg, G., The Preindustrial City, New York, Free Press, 1960 Google Scholar; Jones, Emrys, Towns and Cities, London, Oxford University Press, 1966 Google Scholar; Mumford, L., The City in History, New York, Harcourt Brace et World, 1961 Google Scholar ; Weber, Max, The City, eds. Martindale, D. et Neuwirth, G., New York, Free Press, 1958 Google Scholar; George, Pierre, La Ville, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1952 pp. 29 Google Scholar,215,219. On peut étudier l'urbanisation américaine dans Glaab, C. N. et Brown, A. T., A History of Urban America, New York, Macmillan Co., 1967;Google Scholar Lampard, Éric, « American Historians and the Study of Urbanization », American Historical Review, LXVII (1961), pp. 49–61 Google Scholar ; Schlesinger, A. M., Paths to the Présent, New York, Macmillan Co., 1957, pp. 210–215 Google Scholar; Handlin, O. et Burchard, J., The Historian and the City, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1963, pp. 270–290 Google Scholar; Hauser, P. M. et Schnore, L F., eds., The Study of Urbanization, NewYork J Wiley & Sons, 1967, pp. 53–80 Google Scholar ; Wohl, R. R., « Urbanism, Urbanity and the Historian », University of Kansas City Review, XXII (Oct., 1955), pp. 53–57 Google Scholar ; Green, C. M., The Rise of Urban America, New York, Harper & Row 1965 ; pp. 1,55Google Scholar ; Smith, Wilson, Cities of OurPast and Présent, New York, J. Willey & Sons, 1964 Google Scholar; Glaab, C. N., The American City: A Documentary History, Homewood, Illinois, Dorsey Press, 1963 Google Scholar; McKelvey, B., The City in American History, London, G. Allen a Unwin Ltd., 1969 Google Scholar.

page 863 note 2. Voyez ci-dessous p. 868, n. 3 et p. 869 n. 1.

page 863 note 3. D. V. Glass et D. E. C. Eversley, Population in History, London, Edward Arnold Ltd., 1965 ; pp. 269-284, 434-456, 631 -663 ; Dyos, Urban History, 47-65 ; George, La Ville, p. 218 ; C. Rosier, L'Urbanisme, Paris, Dunod Cie, 1953, pp. 68-93; P. J. Greven, « Historical Demography and Colonial America », William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Séries (WMQ ci-dessous), XXIV (July, 1967), 438-454; Benjamin Franklin, « Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind », The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, L. W. Labaree, éd., New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, IV (1959), p. 227.

page 863 note 1. Les meilleures études sur les cités coloniales sont : Cari Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness : Urban Life in America, 1625-1742, New York, Ronald Press, 1938, et Cities in Revolt : Urban Life in America, 1742-1776, New York, Capricorn Books,1955; Bridenbaugh donne beaucoup de renseignements, mais ses études manquent souvent de perspective. Comparez Justin Winsor, The Mémorial History of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, J. R. Osgood et Co., 1880- 1881, vols. I et II, avec Darret B. Rutman, Winthrop's Boston : Portrait of a Puritan Town, 1630- 1649, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press, 1965, et G. B. Warden, Boston, 1689-1776, Boston, Little Brown & Co., 1970. Comparez aussi Watson, J. F., Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1844 Google Scholar, avec Bridenbaugh, Cari, Rebels and Gentlemen : Philadelphia in the Age of Franklin, New York, Reynal & Hitchcock, 1942 Google Scholar, et Warner, S. B., The Private City : Philadelphia in Three Periods of its Growth, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968 Google Scholar. Voyez aussi Cahoone, S. S., Sketches of Newport, New York, J. S. Taylor & Co., 1842 Google Scholar; Peterson, E., History of Rhode Island and Newport, New York, 1853 Google Scholar; Valentine, D. T., History of the City of New York, New York, G. P. Putnam & Co., 1853 Google Scholar ; Stokes, I. N. Phelps, The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909. New York, Arno Press, 1967 Google Scholar ; Peterson, A. E. et Edwards, G. W., New York as an Eighteenth Century Municipality, New York, Longmans Green & Co., 1917 Google Scholar; Leiding, H. K., Charleston, Historié and Romantic, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1931 Google Scholar ; Molloy, R., Charleston, A Gracious Héritage, New York, Appleton- Century Co., 1947 Google Scholar; Bridenbaugh, Cari, Myths and Realities: Societies of the Colonial South, Bâton Rouge, Louisiana, Louisiana State University Press, 1952. pp. 54–118 Google Scholar.

page 863 note 4. Mais voyez au contraire Glaab et Brown, History, p. ii ; Bridenbaugh, Cities in Wilderness, p. 136.

page 863 note 5. 1 mile = 1609 mètres.

page 864 note 1. Franklin, Observations, 228; Sutherland, S. H., Population Distribution in Colonial America, New York, Columbia University Press, 1936, pp. 9 Google Scholar, 70, 72, 135, 177, 211, 240; Greene, E. B. et Harrington, V. D., American Population before the Fédéral Census of 1790, New York, Columbia University Press, 1932, pp. 4, 6.Google Scholar

page 864 note 2. Comparez Reps, J. W., The Making of Urban America, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1965, pp. 26–55 Google Scholar, 56-87, avec Marcel Trudel, « Les Débuts d'une Société : Montréal, 1642-1663 », Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française, XXIII (sept., 1969), p. 185 et Biraben, J. N., « Le Peuplement du Canada français », Annales de Démographie Historique, 1966, Paris, 1967, pp. 105–112 Google Scholar.

page 864 note 3. George, La Ville, p. 43 ; Jones, Towns andCities, pp. 24-25; Weber, The City, pp. 75- 77; Mumford, City in History, pp. 39, 663-66; Sjoberg, Preindustrial City, p. 99; Hauser et Schnore, Urbanization. p. 14; F. C. Morris, « Some Aspects of the Rural Settlement of New England in Colonial Times », London Essays in Geography, L. D. Stamp et S. W. Woolridge, eds., Cambridge, Mass., Harvard U. P., 1951, pp. 219-227.

page 864 note 4. Reps, Making of Urban America, pp. 115,151,176 ; McKelvey, City in American History, p. 15.

page 864 note 5. George, La Ville, pp. 5,12; M. Dorothy George, London Life in theEighteenthCentury New York, Capricorn Books, 1965, pp. 111-112; Joan Thirsk, éd., The Agrarian History of England and Wales : IV, 1500-1640, Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, 1967, pp. 247-248; Glaab et Brown,History, p. 15.

page 864 note 6. Boston Registry Department Reports ofthe Records Commissioners, Boston (1880), XII, pp. 119-123. et XV, pp. 368-370; Franklin, « Observations », pp. 227-228.

page 865 note 1. George, La Ville, pp. 19, 25, 26, 40, 218.

page 865 note 2. Sjoberg, PreindustrialCity, p. 137; S. C. Powell, Puritan Village, Middletown, Conn., Wesleyan U. P., 1963, pp. 25-50; Ernst Freund, éd., Select Essays in Anglo-American Légal History, Boston, Little Brown & Co., 1905, I, pp. 367-463; George, La Ville, pp. 43, 44; Julian Cornwall, « Evidence of Population Mobility in the Seventeenth Century », Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XL (1967), pp. 143-152.

page 865 note 3. Rosier, L'Urbanisme, pp. 56-62; George, London, pp. 329-330; George, La Ville, pp. 39- 49, 147-163, 215-232; Dyos, Urban History, p. 155; Glaab, American City, p. 7.

page 865 note 4. P. J. Greven, Four Générations : Population. Land and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts, Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell U. P., 1970, pp. 40, 68-83,131-141 ; Bailyn, Bernard, Education in the Forming of American Society. Chapel Hill, N. C, U. of N. C. Press, 1960, pp. 15–29 Google Scholar ; Laslett, Peter, The World We Hâve Lost. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965, pp. 4–16 Google Scholar, 27- 28,43-45,64-69, 151-169.

page 865 note 5. S. Diamond, «An Experimentin Feudalism», Essays in American ColonialHistory, P. Goodman, éd., New York, Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1967, pp. 68-94 ; Tru Del, « Montréal, 1642-1663», pp. 187-188, 193-197, 202; W. B. Munro The Seignorial System in Canada, New York, Longmans Green & Co., 1907; G.Trewartha,«Typesof Rural Settlement in Colonial America,» Geographical Review, XXXVI (1946), p. 568-569 ; voyez aussi note 2 ci-dessus.

page 865 note 6. Franklin, Observations, pp. 227-229; Laslett, World We Hâve Lost, pp. 15-31, 64-79; George, London, 271-272; R. B. Morris, Government and Labour in Early America, New York Columbia U. P., 1946, pp. 22-54.

page 866 note 1. Sutherland, Population Distribution, pp. 64,80,81 ; Greven, Andover. pp. 49- 51,59 ; Powell, Puritan Village, pp. 92-116; Jackson T. Main, The SocialStructure of Revolutionary America. Princeton, Princeton U. P., 1965, pp. 24, 27, 221-223.

page 866 note 2. Franklin, Observations p. 228; Glass et Eversley, Population in History. 631- 663.

page 866 note 3. Main, Social Structure, pp. 69-78, 87-102; Laslett, World We Hâve Lost. pp. 32-33; Franklin ; Observations, p. 227; David Potter, People of Plenty, Chicago, III., U. of Chicago Press, 1954, pp. 91-110.

page 866 note 4. Hauser et Schnore, Urbanization, p. 7; Sjoberg, PreindustrialCity, p. 83; Rosier, L'Urbanisme, pp. 67-68, 70, 90; Glaab, American City, p. 1.

page 866 note 5. Bridenbaugh, Cities in Wilderness, pp. 26-54, 175-205, et Cities in Revolt, pp. 43-97, 250-291 ; Sutherland, Population Distribution, pp. 49-56, 162-167, 251-252; D. B. Rutman, « Governor Winthrop's Garden Crop », WMQ, XX (July, 1963), pp. 396-415. 6. Franklin, Observations, p. 231 ; Laslett, World We Hâve Lost, pp. 15-21.

page 867 note 1. Sutherland, Population Distribution, pp. 56,61 -63 ; Smith, Cities of OurPast, pp. 8-15.

page 867 note 2. J. C. Rainbolt, « The Absence of Towns in Seventeenth-Century Virginia », Journal of Southern History, XXXV (Aug., 1969), pp. 343-360; W. H. Seiler, « The Anglican Parish in Virginia», Seventeenth Century America, James M. Smith éd., Chapel Hill, N. C, U.of N.C. Press, 1959, pp. 119-142; Trewartha, « Types of Rural Settlement », pp. 585-595; Reps, Making of Urban America, pp. 88-114, 175-203; Bridenbaugh, Myths and Realities pp. 1-53; Sutherland, Population Distribution, pp. 211, 240; S. Diamond, « From Origin to Society », Essays, Goodman, éd., pp. 108-136; Franklin, Observations, pp. 229-230. 3. Sutherland, Population Distribution, pp. 64, 72-74, 80-84, 122, 140-157, 162-167; Reps, Making of Urban America, pp. 147-174; Trewartha, «Types of Rural Settlement», pp. 580- 585;J.T. Lemon, « Urbanization and the Development of Eighteenth Century Southeastern Pennsylvania and Adjacent Delaware, » WMQ, XXIV (Oct, 1967), pp. 501 -542.

page 868 note 1. Glaab, American City, pp. 5-6; Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, New York, Harper & Row, 1964, pp. 156-158.

page 868 note 2. Powell, Puritan Village, passim ; E. Scofield, «The Origin of Seulement Patterns in Rural New England », Geog. Rev., XXVIII (1938), pp. 652-663; Morris, Rural Settlement. pp. 219- 227 ; Greven, Andover, pp. 49-59 ; P. J. Greven, « Old Patterns in the New World : The Distribution of Land in Seventeenth Century Andover », Essex Institute Historical Collections, Cl (Apr., 1965), pp. 133-148; G. D. Langdon, « The Franchise and Political Democracy in the Plymouth Colony », WMQ, XX (Oct., 1966), pp. 521 -526 ; A. N. B. Gar Van, Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial Connecticut, New Haven, Coon., Yale U. P., 1951 ; R. Bush Man, From Puritan to Yankee. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard U. P., 1967; K. A. Lockridge et A. Kreider, «The Evolution of Massachusetts Town Government, 1640-1740 », WMQ, XXIII (Oct., 1966), pp. 549-574; Trewartha, Rural Settlement, pp. 568-596; Reps, Making of Urban America, pp. 115-146; Page Smith, As a City upon a Hill, New York, A. A.Kno pf, 1966 ; Michael Zuckerman, «The Social Context of Democracy in Massachusetts », WMQ, XXV (oct., 1968), pp. 523-544; Joël Parker, «The Origin, Organization and Influence oftheTownsof New England», Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, IX (1866), p. 46; Timothy L. Smith, « Congrégation, State and Dénomination: The Forming of the American Religious Structure », WMQ, XXV (Apr., 1968), pp. 155-176.

page 868 note 3. John Demos, «Notes on Life in Plymouth Colony», WMQ XXII (Apr., 1965), pp. 264-286, « Families in Colonial Bristol, Rhode Island : An Exercise in Historical Demography », WMQ, XXV (Jan., 1968), pp. 40-57, et A Utile Commonwealth : Family Life in the Plymouth Colony, New York, Oxford U. P., 1970; Greven, Andover, «Old Patterns in the New World», et «Family Structure in Seventeenth Century Andover, Massachusetts», WMQ, XXIII (Apr., 1966), pp. 234-256; Kenneth A. Lockridge, « The Population of Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636-1736 », Economie History Review, 2nd Ser., XIX (Aug., 1966), pp. 329-339 ; « Land, Population and the Evolution of New England Society, 1630-1790 », Past and Présent (Apr., 1968), pp. 62-80, et A New England Town : The First Hundred Years of Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636-1736, New York, 1970; C. S. Grant, « Land Spéculation and the Settlement of Kent 1738-1760 », New England Quarterly, XXVIII (Mar., 1955), pp. 51-71, et Democracy in the Connecticut Frontier Town of Kent, New York, 1961 ; J. J. Waters, « Hingham, Massachusetts, 1631-1661 : An East Anglian Oligarchy in the New World », Journal of Social History, I (1968), pp. 351 -370 ; A. J. Lotka, « The Size of American Families in the Eighteenth Century », Journal ofthe American StatisticalAssociation, XXII (June, 1927), pp. 154-170; E. S. Purzel, « Landholding in Ipswich », £ssex Inst. Hist. Colis., CIV (1968), pp. 303-328.

page 869 note 1. Comparez les données démographiques que fournissent les études de Greven, Demos et Lockridge citées à la note précédente avec E. A. Wrigley, Population and History, New York, McGraw Hill Co., 1969, pp. 44-143; T. H. Hollingsworth,/y/sfo«'ca/De/?70fly, London, Hodder & Stoughton Ltd., 1969, pp. 65-108,139-196 ; Laslett, World WeHave Lost. pp. 53-106, 120-126; Sjoberg, Preindustrial City, pp. 149, 157; Dyos, Urban History, pp. 19, 38; Biraben, «Peuplement du Canada français», p. 121 ; J. Henripin, La Population Canadienne au début du XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1954, p. 119. Voyez aussi D. J. Rothman, «A Note on the Study ofthe Colonial Family», W7WQ, XXIII (Oct., 1966), pp. 627-634; Franklin, Observations, pp. 227-228; Lockridge, « Population of Dedham» pp. 328-334; Trudei_” Montréal 1642-1663 », pp. 188-190; Greven, Andover, pp. 24, 3 1 , 34-36,105, 262- 286; Greven, « Historical Demography», pp. 447-453; R. S. Dunn, « Barbados Census of 1680 », WMQ, XXVI (Jan., 1969), pp. 3-30; W. G. Hoskins, Provincial England, New York, Macmillan 8- Co., 1963, pp. 186-204. Les 150 volumes de Vital Records ofthe Towns of Massachusetts renvoient à plusieurs études démographiques. 869

page 870 note 1. Reps, Making of Urban America, pp. 90,126,138,147,160,161 ; S. Hazard, Annals of Pennsylvania from the Discovery of the Delaware, 1609-1692, Philadelphia, 1850, pp. 527-531. Le choix du site fut naturellement important dans la création de la capitale nationale, Washington, D. C, après 1790 ; Glaab, American City, p. 38.

page 870 note 2. Mildred Campbell, « Social Origins of Some Early Americans », Seventeenth Century America, Smith, éd., pp. 63-89, et«English Emigration on the Eve of the American Révolution,» Am. Hist.Rev., LXI (oct., 1955), pp. 1-20; E. Vielrose, « Mouvements migratoires aux États-Unis au XVIIIe siècle », Annales de Démographie Historique, 1966, pp. 99-103 ; Nellis Crouse, « Causes of the Great Migration, 1630-1640 », New Eng. Qtly, V (Jan., 1932), pp. 3-36; Sutherland, Population Distribution, pp. 84-89, 140-157, 243; G. C. Green, Early Virginia Immigrants, 1623-1666, Richmond, Va.,W. C. Hill Printing Co., 1912; J. C. Hotten, OriginalLists of Persons ofQuality, Emigrants… to the American Plantations, 1600-1700, New York, G. A. Baker & Co.. 1931 ; C. E., Banks, Topographical Description of 2885 English Emigrants to New England, 1620-1650, Philadelphia, E. E. Brownell Pub.,1937; M. Ghirelli,>4 List of Emigrants to America, 1682-1692, Baltimore, Maryland, Magna Carta Book Co., 1968; J. et M. Kaminkow, Original Lists of Emigrants in Bondage from London to the American Colonies, 1719-1744, Baltimore, Magna Carta Book Co., 1967, et>4 List of Emigrants from England to America, 1718-1759, Baltimore, Magna Carta Book Co., 1964; Norman C. P. Tyack, Emigrants from East Anglia to New England, 1630-1650, Ph. D. thèse, Univ. of London, 1951.

page 870 note 3. Thirsk, Agrarian History, pp. 396-400; W. F. Craven, The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1607-1689, Bâton Rouge, La., S. U. P., 1949, pp. 66-70.

page 870 note 4. Powell, Puritan Village, pp. 117-149; Banks, Topographical Description.

page 871 note 1. Battis, Emery J., Saints and Sectaries, Chapel Hill, N. C. U. of N. C. Press, 1962, p. 293 Google Scholar; Thirsk, Agrarian History, pp. 466-592; George London pp. 142-146.

page 871 note 2. Bridenbaugh, Cities in Wilderness, pp. 6, 143, 303; et Cities in Revolt, pp. 5, 216; Greene et Harrington, American Population; George, London, pp. 24-27.

page 871 note 3. Greene et Harrington, American Population, pp. 14, 22, 66, 67, 94, 102,117, 113, 175, 178; Rosier, L'Urbanisme, pp. 58, 67, 70, 89-80; Glaab, American City. p. 2 ; Bridenbaugh, Cities in Wilderness, p. 303.

page 872 note 1. Reps, Making of Urban America, pp. 140, 143,151,155,156, 169, 170,176-178; F. de Dainville, « Grandeur et population des villes au XVIIIe siècle », Population, XIII (juillet-sept. 1958), pp. 458-480; George, La Ville, p. 20.

page 872 note 2. Reps, Making of Urban America, pp. 108,128; Bridenbaugh,C/f/es//7 Revolt, p. 217; Lemon, « Southeastern Pennsylvania », p. 508 ; Glaab, American City, p. 3 ; Warden, Boston, p. 352; Jones, Towns andCities, pp. 85-88.

page 872 note 3. Sutherland, Population Distribution, pp. 9, 72, 135, 177; Jones, Towns and Citiespp. 3-5, 66-67, 72-73, 91-92,104-109;George,£o/?ato/j,pp.412-414; Dainville,«Grandeur et population », p. 471 ; Reps, Making of Urban America, pp. 18, 38; Mumford, City in History, p. 444.

page 872 note 4. Boston Registry Dept, Reports, XXIV, XXVIII (naissance, mariages et morts) ; Pennsylvania Archives, 2nd Ser.,VIII-IX (mariages seulement).

page 872 note 5. Warden,Boston, p. 347 ; George, London, pp. 24-27 ; Jones, Towns andCities.p. 116.

page 873 note 1. Franklin, Observations, p. 227; J. B. Blake, Public Health in the Town of Boston. 1630-1822. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard U. P.,1961, pp. 247-249 ; G Reven„4/7t/ove/-, pp. 184-188 ; Rosier, L'Urbanisme, p. 101 ; Hauser et Schnore, Urbanization, p. 32; J. Duffy, Epidémies in Colonial America, Bâton Rouge, La., La. S.U.P., 1953, et A History of Public Health in New York City, 1625-1866, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1968.

page 873 note 2. Greene et Harrington, American Population, pp. 22, 27, 93, 94,118,178; George, London, pp. 412-414.

page 873 note 3. Greene et Harrington, American Population, p. 46; Warden, Boston, pp. 127-128.

page 874 note 1. Greene et Harrington, American Population, pp. 67, 70, 102,120, 176; Franklin, Observations, p. 227; Jones, TownsandCities, pp. 116-121 ; Henripin, Population Canadienne, p. 120; Laslett, World WeHâve Lost, pp. 103; Wrigley, Population and History, pp. 23-28; Ironside, C. E. The Family in Colonial New York: A Sociological Study, New York, 1942 Google Scholar.

page 874 note 2. Massachussetts Archives, State House Boston, CXXXII, pp. 92-147; Jones, Towns and Cities, pp. 134-152 ; Dyos, Urban History, pp. 43, 200-202 ; George, La Ville, pp. 13-14, 30,44; Hauser et Schnore, Urbanization, p. 15. Les données relatives à Philadelphie sont dans Pa. Arch.,3rd Ser.,XXIV-XXVI ; celles relatives à Boston jusqu'à 1700 dans Suffolk Deeds, l-IX; il y a plus de 140 volumes de documents relatifs à Boston avant 1800 dans le Suffolk County Courthouse, Boston.

page 874 note 3. Voyez les études de Bridenbaugh et Glaab et Brown, History, pp. 16-17.

page 875 note 1. U. S. Bureau of Census, Historical Statistics ofthe United States, Washington, D. C, 1960, pp. 757-760 ; Glaab et Brown, History, pp. 11 -14 ; McKelvey, City in American History, pp. 15- 17; Handlin et Burchard, Historian and the City, p. 28; Green «Rise of Urban America», pp. 20-21 ;Weber, The City, pp.77-80; Franklin, Observations, p. 229; Lemon,«Southeastern Pennsylvania », p. 508 ; Leila Sellers, Charleston Business on the Eve of the American Révolution, Chapel Hill, N. C.,U. of N. C. Press, 1934; B.et L. Bailyn, Massachusetts Shipping, 1697- 1714, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard U. P., 1959; J. F. Shepherd et G. M- Walton, « Estimâtes of Invisible Earnings inthe Balance ofPayments ofthe British North American Colonies», Journal of Economie History, XXIX (June, 1969), pp. 230-263. Voyez aussi plus haut p. 866 note 3 et Hoskins, ProvincialEngland, pp. 108-110, et George, La Ville, pp. 31 -34. Il y a une étude incomplète des enregistrements des bâtiments coloniaux à University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana.

page 875 note 2. Main, Social Structure, pp. 73-98,101-112; George, London, pp. 163-166; Morris, Government and Labour, pp. 127,134,135, 55-91.

page 875 note 3. Warden, Boston, p. 347; Main, Social Structure, pp. 115-117, 279; Morris, Government and Labour, p. 134; A. Bezanson, R.Gray et M. Hussey, Priées in ColonialPennsylvania, Philadelphia, U. of Pa. Press, 1935; W. I. Davisson, « Essex County Price Trends », Essex Inst. Hist. Colis.. Clll (1967), p.. 144-185; Cari Bridenbaugh, « The High Cost of Living in Boston, 1728», New Eng.Qtly.V (1932), pp. 800-811 ;Th\rsk, Agrarian History, pp. 593-696; George, London. pp. 166-168; Laslett, World We Hâve Lost. pp. 118-119; T. S. Ashton, Economie Fluctuations in England, 1700-1800. Oxford, Oxford U. P., 1959.

page 876 note 1. Franklin, « Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency », Papers of Benjamin Franklin, I, pp. 139-157; C. P. Nettels, Money Supply of the American Colonies before 1720, Madison, Wisconsin, U. of Wis. Press, 1934; E. J. Ferguson, «Currency Finance», WMQ.X (Apr. 1953) pp. 153-180; Smith, Cities of Our Past. pp. 10, 23; Green, Rise of Urban America, p. 39.

page 876 note 2. Joseph Bennet, « History of New England », Mass. Hist. Soc. Procs., V (1861), pp. 108- 117,123-126; A. B. Benson, éd., The America of 1750, Peter Kalm's Travels in North America, New York, Wilson-Erickson Inc., 1937, I, pp. 26-33; Green, Rise of Urban America, pp. 14,19; Bridenbaugh, Cities in Revolt, p. 351 ; George, London, pp. 14-16, 148.

page 876 note 3. Main, Social Structure, pp. 38-39, 59-60, 75-76, 195; McKelvey, City in American History, p. 18; Hauser et Schnore, Urbanization, p. 17; R. Walsh, Charleston's Sons of Liberty, Columbia, S. C, U. of S. C. Press, 1959; Sjoberg, PreindustrialCity, p. 190; George, London, pp. 155-213; Hoskins, Provincial England, pp. 79-80; New York Historical Society Collections, XVIII (1885) ; Bayard Still, « Local History Contributions in the Study of Two Colonial Cities », Bulletin, American Association for State and Local History, Il (Feb., 1959), p. 226.

page 877 note 1. Main, Social Structure, pp. 34-38, 41, 69-73,131-132,185-196, 276; J. A. Henretta, « Economie Development and Social Structure in Colonial Boston », WMQ, XXII (Jan., 1965) pp. 75-92 ; Donald W. Koch, « Income Distribution and Political Structure in Seventeenth-century Salem, Massachusetts », Essex Inst. Hist. Colis., CV (Janv., 1969), pp. 50-69; W. Davisson, « Essex County Wealth Trends », Essex Inst. Hist. Colis., Oui (oct., 1967), pp. 291 -342 ; Pa. Archives, 3rd Ser., XXIV-XXVI ; (la terre) New York Hist. Soc. colis., XXV-XLII (1892-1911,) (comptes de taxes, 1695-1699. Extraits de testaments, 1675-1800). A. H. Jones, «La Fortune privée en Pennsylvanie, New Jersey et Delaware, 1774 », Annales E. S. C, XXIV (mars-avril, 1969), pp. 235-249 ; Hoskins, Provincial England, pp. 83-84, 90-91, 151; George, La Ville, p. 30. Plus de 100 volumes de testaments et d'inventaires pour Boston, 1630-1800, sont à Suffolk County Probate Court, Suffolk County Courthouse, Boston.

page 877 note 2. Main, Social Structure, 275-277; G. B. Warden, « Proprietary Group in Pennsylvania, 1754-1764», WMQ, XXI (July, 1964), pp. 367-389, et «The Caucusand Democracy in Colonial Boston » New Eng. Qt/y. XLIII (March, 1970) ; Jules D. Prown, John Singleton Cop/ey, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard U. P., 1966, I, pp. 102-202; P. M. G. Harris, « The Originsof American Leadership : The Démographie Foundations », Perspectives in American History, NI (1969); Iron Side, Family in Colonial New York, p. 84 ; B Rid En Baugh, Cities in Wilderness, pp. 96-100, 251 -253, et Cities in Revolt, pp. 137-146,334-350; Reps, Making of Urban America, pp. 108-114.

page 877 note 3. Bridenbaugh, cities in Wilderness, pp.135-139, 298-299, 467-481, et Cities in Revolt pp. 11-12,149-150, 219-221.

page 877 note 4. Green, Rise of Urban America, p. 47 ; Richard M. Brown, The South Carolina Regulators, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard U. P., 1965; L P. Dunbar, éd., The Paxton Papers, The Hague, 1956, pp. 257-262 ; Irving Mark, Agrarian Conflicts in Colonial New York 1711-1775. New York, 1940.

page 878 note 1. Main, Social Structure, pp. 242-269; Glaab et Brown, Urban America, pp. 19-21 ; McKelvey, City in American History, pp. 19-20; Green, Rise of Urban America, pp. 10-13; T. J. Wertenbaker, The Golden Age of Colonial Culture, New York, N. Y. U. Press, 1949; Prown, Copley; voyez aussi les nombreuses études de Bridenbaugh.

page 878 note 2. Boston Registry Dept, Reports, l-XXX; Minutes of the Common Council of the City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 1847; H. L. Osgood, éd.. Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York, New York, 1905, l-VIII; Bridenbaugh, Cities in Wilderness, pp. 6-11,217- 224, ef Cities in Revoit, pp. 144-146, 304-305; Warden, « Proprietary Group” et « Caucus and Democracy».

page 878 note 3. Jesse Lemisch, « Jack Tar in the Streets », WMQ, XXV (July, 1968), pp. 371 -407; Bridenbaugh, Cities in Wilderness, pp. 223-224, 382-384, 388-389, et Cities in Revolt, pp. 113- 118,305-314.

page 878 note 4. Gordon Wood, « A Note on Mobs in the American Révolution », WMQ, XXIII (oct., 1966), pp. 635-642; Pauline Maier, « Popular Uprisings and civil Authority in Eighteenth-century America », WMQ. XXVII (Jan., 1970), pp. 3-35.

page 878 note 5. Voyez George, London, pp. 35, 332, 181 ; George Rude, The Crowd in History, New York, 1964.

page 879 note 1. Warden, Boston, pp. 201-341 ; Main, Social Structure, p. 287; McKelvey, City in American History. pp. 24-25; Green, Rise of Urban America, p. 55; Bridenbaugh, Cities in Revolt. pp. 352, 392, 418-420; R. D. Brown, « The Confiscation and Disposition of Loyalists’ Estâtes in Suffolk County, Massachusetts », WMQ. XXI, (oct., 1964), pp. 534-541.

page 879 note 2. O. Han Dlin, Commonwealth, New York, N. Y. U. Press, 1947 ; McKelvey, City in American History. p. 26 ; Schlesinger, Paths to the Présent, p. 215 ; Warden,Boston, pp. 336-337.

page 879 note 3. Morris, « Rural Seulement», pp. 219-220, 223, 227.

page 879 note 4. O. Handlin, Boston's Immigrants. 1790-1865, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard U. P., 1959; Warner, Private City; comparez aussi B. W. Labaree, Patriots and Partisans : The Merchants of Newburyport. 1764-1815, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard U. P. 1962, avec Thernstrom, S., Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth-century City. Cambridge, Mass Harvard., U. P., 1964 Google Scholar.

Nous tenons à remercier Mie Audrey Gaguin pour le précieux concours qu'elle nous a apporté dans la préparation de cet article.