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Air temperature variability in a high-elevation Himalayan catchment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2016

Martin Heynen ,
Evan Miles ,
Silvan Ragettli ,
Pascal Buri ,
Walter W. Immerzeel  and
Francesca Pellicciotti
Martin Heynen*
Affiliation:
Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Evan Miles
Affiliation:
Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Silvan Ragettli
Affiliation:
Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Pascal Buri
Affiliation:
Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Walter W. Immerzeel
Affiliation:
Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Francesca Pellicciotti
Affiliation:
Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
*
Correspondence: Martin Heynen <martinheynen@gmx.net>
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Abstract

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Air temperature is a key control of processes affecting snow and glaciers in high-elevation catchments, including melt, snowfall and sublimation. It is therefore a key input variable to models of land–surface–atmosphere interaction. Despite this importance, its spatial variability is poorly understood and simple assumptions are made to extrapolate it from point observations to the catchment scale. We use a dataset of 2.75 years of air temperature measurements (from May 2012 to November 2014) at a network of up to 27 locations in the Langtang River, Nepal, catchment to investigate air temperature seasonality and consistency between years. We use observations from high elevations and from the easternmost section of the basin to corroborate previous findings of shallow lapse rates. Seasonal variability is strong, with shallowest lapse rates during the monsoon season. Diurnal variability is also strong and should be taken into account since processes such as melt have a pronounced diurnal variability. Use of seasonal lapse rates seems crucial for glacio-hydrological modelling, but seasonal lapse rates seem stable over the 2–3 years investigated. Lateral variability at transects across valley is high and dominated by aspect, with south-facing sites being warmer than north-facing sites and deviations from the fitted lapse rates of up to several degrees. Local factors (e.g. topographic shading) can reduce or enhance this effect. The interplay of radiation, aspect and elevation should be further investigated with high-elevation transects.

Keywords

debris-covered glaciersglacier mass balanceglacier meteorologyglaciological instruments and methodsmountain glacierssurface melt
Type
Paper
Information
Annals of Glaciology , Volume 57 , Issue 71 , March 2016 , pp. 212 - 222
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2016

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