Damophon of Messene.—II

Guy Dickins

doi:10.1017/S0068245400002999

Damophon of Messene.—II

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 October 2013

Guy Dickins

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Our information as to Damophon's work at Lycosura is derived partly from Pausanias, and partly from the actual remains of the group. All the existing fragments have now been collected together in the newly-erected museum at Lycosura, and the gratitude of archaeologists is due to the Greek Archaeological Society, and to Dr. Kavvadias, the Ephor-General of Antiquities, for the opportunity thus afforded of seeing all the fragments together under one roof. During the last summer M. Kaloudes has added to his many services in the cause of Greek archaeology the partial restoration of two of the colossal members of the group, under the direction of Dr. Kourouniotis, Ephor of Antiquities for the Western Peloponnese. I am personally indebted to the Greek authorities for the opportunity of studying the fragments before, during, and since this restoration, and of publishing the results of my observations.

Type: Research Article
Information: Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 13 , 1907 , pp. 357 - 404

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245400002999 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1907

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^{page 357 note 1} viii. 37. 3–6 θεῶν δὲ αὐτὰ τὰ ἀγάλματα Δέσποινα καὶ ἠ Δημήτηρ τε καὶ ὐ θρόνος ἐν ψ καθέζονται καὶ τὸ ὐπόθημα τὸ ὐπὸ τοῖς ποσὶν ἐστιν ὀμοίως λίθου καὶ τῶν ἐπὶ τῇ ἐσθῆτι οἴτε ὀπόσα εἴργασται παρὰ τὸν θρόνον οὐδὲν ἐστιν ἐτερου λιθου προσεχὲς σιδήρῳ καὶ κὸλλῃ ἀλλα τὰ πάντα ἐστὶν εἰς λίθος. οὖτος οὐκ ἐσεκομισθη σφίσιν ὀ λιθος ἀλλὰ κατὰ ὔψιν ὀνείρατος λέγουσιν αὐτὸν ἐξευρῖν ἐντος τοῦ περιβόλου τὴν γῆν ὀρύξαντες τῶν δὲ ἀγαλμάτων ἐστιν ἐκατέρου μέγεθος κατὰ τὸ Αθήνησιν ἄγαλμα μάλιστα τῆς Μητρὸς Δαμοφῶντος δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ἔργα ἠ μὲν οὖν Δημήτηρ δᾷδα ἐν δεξιᾶ φερει τὴν δὲ ἐτε.ραν χεῖρα ἐπιβέληκεν ἐπί τὴν Δέσποιναν ἠ δὲ Δέσποινα σκῆπτορὸν τε καὶ τὴν καλουμένην κιστην ἐπὶ τοῖς γόνασιν ἔχει τῆς δὲ ἔχεται τῇ δεξιᾷ τῆς κίστης τοῦ θρόνου δὲ ἐκατέρωθεν Αρτεμις μὲν παρὰ τὴν Δήμητρα ἔστηκεν ἀμπεχομέην δέρμα ἐλάφου καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων φαρέτραν ἔχουσα ἐν δὲ ταῖς χερσὶ τῇ μὲν λαμπάδα ἔχει τῇ δὲ δρακοντας δύο παρὰ δὲ τὴν Αρτεμιν κατάκειται κύων οἶσι θηρεύειν εἰσὶν ἐπιτήδειοι πρὸς δὲ τῆς Δεσποίνης τῷ ἀγάλματι ἔστηκεν Ανυτος σχῆμα ὠπλισμένου παρεχόμενος φασὶ δὲ οἰ περὶ τὸ ἰερὸν τραφῆναι τὴν Δέσποιναν ὐπὸ τοῦ Ανυτος και εινα των τιτανων καλουμενων και τὸν Ανυτο. Τιτανας δε πρωτος ἐς ποιησιν ἐσήγαγεν Ομήρος θεούς εἶναι σφᾶς υπὸ τῷ καλουμένῳ Ταρτάρῳ καὶ ἔστιν ἐν αηρας ορκῳ τὰ ἔπη παρὰ δὲ Ομηρος Διονύσῳ τῶν παθημάτων ἐποίησεν αὐτουπγούς. τὰ μὲν δὴ ἐς τὸν Ανυτον ὐπὸ Αρκάδων λέγεται Δήμητρος δὲ Αρτεμιν θυγατέρα εἶναι καὶ οὐ Λητους ὄντα Αἰγυπτιων τὸν λόγον Αἰσχύλος ἐδιδαξεν Εύφωρίωνος τοὺς Ελληνας τὰ δὲ ἐς Κούρητας οὖτοι γὰρ ὐπὸ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων πεποίηνται καὶ τὰ ἐς Κορύβαντας ἐπειργασμένους ἐπί τοῦ βάθρου γενος δὲ οἴδε ἀλλοῖυν καὶ Κούρητες τὰ ἐς τούτους παρίημι ἐπιστάμενοσ

^{page 358 note 1} Cf. also Pliny, , Nat. Hist, xxxvi. 37 Google Scholar, for a similar story with regard to the Laocoon. The fable is also related of the Farnese bull.

^{page 359 note 1} The top of the existing basis is set back about · 18 m. from the outside of the base course. The top of the restored plinth would be set back about ·25 m., so that the total width of the top of the back would only be about 7·90 m.

^{page 360 note 1} Figured in B.S.A xii. p. 116, Fig. 5.

^{page 360 note 2} Several examples of thrones and couches may be seen in Furtwängler's Vaseninalerei, eg: Plates 4, 5, 20, 84, 88, and 90. Cf. also Ransom, C. L., Studies in Ancient Furniture, Chicago, 1905.Google Scholar

^{page 362 note 1} Furtwängler, op. cit. Plate 88.

^{page 363 note 1} E.g. a seated Zeus from Solunte, Sicily ( Reinach, , Répertoire, ii. p. 14. 1Google Scholar), or the coin of Elis shewing the Olympian Zeus 〈Gardner and Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Comm. Pans. p. 20〉. Cf. also a r.-f. vase from Anzi in St. Petersburg [ Stephani, , Comptes Rendus, 1862, PI. VI. 3Google Scholar; Blümner, Gewerbe und Künste, iii. p. 224, Fig. 36].

^{page 365 note 1} A close parallel to our throne is to be found in the illustration of a bronze from Naples, in Reinach, , Répertoire, ii. p. 257, 6.Google Scholar It is published in Niccolini, iii. 72, Pl. 2.

^{page 365 note 2} ὐπὸ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων —this might also mean on the cross-bars of the throne, as in the case of the Zeus at Olympia; but the figures would hardly be visible in this position.

^{page 370 note 1} Eighteen of these holes now exist, but when the head was intact there were probably twenty one. They are ·035 m. to ·05 m. apart, and the bronze spikes vary from ·003 m. to ·008 m. in diameter.

^{page 371 note 1} Cf the many scenes on the late Italian vases shewing Demeter and Koré enthroned.

^{page 377 note 1} Hitzig, and Blümner, , Pausanias, vol. iii. p. 252 Google Scholar, in a note on viii. 37. 4, suggest a possibility that the hand holding thesnakes belongs to Despoina, while Artemis held not snakes but darts, ἄκοντας δύο instead of δράκοντας δύο In answer to this we may explain (1) that Despoina's right hand holding the cista is perfect enough to shew that she held nothing more; (2) that the fragment found, and probably holding snakes, is shewn by its scale to belong to Artemis; (3)that tlowel-holes on the arm shew that the object or objects held in Artemis' left hand curled round her lower arm.

^{page 378 note 1} Bover, 23; Hübner, 715. Figured in Reinach, , Répertoire, vol. ii. p. 312 Google Scholar, No. 5. Restorations: the head, both arms from above elbow, both legs from above the knees to the lower part of the shin, and all of the dog save one paw.

^{page 382 note 1} E.g. the cuirass of Alexander on the equestrian bronze in Naples. A good example of a similar cuirass is to be found in a warrior's torso from Pergamon, (Ath. Mitt, xxvii. 1902, pp. 152, 153).Google Scholar For this reference I am indebted to Mr. A. J. B. Wace. A thin slab exists at Lycosura shewing parts of two horses in relief. This may be part of an embossed pattern on the cuirass, and is represented in that position in the restoration, It is too small to restore the subject with certainty.

^{page 383 note 1} It must, however, be admitted that no place has been allotted to two cornice pieces. There is no room for these pieces on the throne, but they might conceivably serve as supports to the footstool. There is a square dowel-hole existing on their upper surface set diagonally to their long axis.

^{page 383 note 2} Hitzig and Blümner, op. cit. p. 253, suggest that we should read ὐπὲρ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων i.e. on the top of the throne, since Pausanias separates the Kouretes from the Korybantes on the basis; but the top of the throne was covered with drapery save the two corners, and they do not consider the possibilities of the footstool.

^{page 384 note 1} Cf. Πρακτικά 1896, p. 101, Pl. 4.

^{page 384 note 2} Cf. my former article, B.S.A. xii. p. 109.

^{page 388 note 1} The Eileithyia of Aigion, vii. 23. 7; Kore and Aphrodite at Megalopolis, viii. 31. 1–3.

^{page 388 note 2} iv. 31. 6.

^{page 390 note 1} J.H.S. xxiv. 1904, p. 41.

^{page 392 note 1} Cf. Lucas, , ‘Reliefs der Neptunbasilica in Rom,’ Jahrb. xv. 1900, p. 4.Google Scholar The earliest known examples are the statues of Mausolos and Artemisia in the British Museum. It is a marked feature of the drapery on the Pergamene frieze and the altar of Artemis Leukophryene at Magnesia. A good instance of a single statue is the so-called Zeno in the Capitol Museum; cf. Helbig, , Führer, i. p. 360.Google Scholar

^{page 392 note 2} B.M. Cat. Pelopounesus, Megalopolis, p. 189, Pl. XXXV. 12, B.C. 234–146; Laconia, p. 121, before B.C. 250; Argos, p. 145, B.C. 228–146. Thessaly to Aetolia, Dyrrachium, pp. 68, 72 75, B.C. 229–100; Leucas, p. 174, after B.C. 168. Macedonia, Thessalomica, p. III, B.C. 168–88. Thrace, Byzantium, p. 110, B.C. 300–271. Pontus, passim, first century B.C.

^{page 393 note 1} By Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus; cf. Pliny, , Nat. Hist, xxxvi. 26.Google Scholar

^{page 393 note 2} Brunn, Beschreibung der Glyptotek, No. 115; Furtwängler, Intermezzi.

^{page 393 note 3} Καββαδίας Γλυπτά τοῦ Εθνικοῦ Μουσείου No. 221.

^{page 393 note 4} Helbig, , Führer durck Rom, i. p. 412 Google Scholar, No. 614.

^{page 393 note 5} Coin of Epidaurus, B.M. Cat. Peloponnesus, PI. XXIX. 18, 322–240 B.C.; coin of Zakynthos, ibid. PI. XIX. 15, about 390 B.C.

^{page 393 note 6} Cf. an article by Cook, A. B. J.H.S. xiv. 1894, p. 81.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 1} Perdrizet, , B.C.H. xxiii. 1899, p. 635.Google Scholar

^{page 395 note 1} Cf. Furtwängler, Vasenmalerei, Pls. 1–3, 11–13.

^{page 395 note 2} E.g. op. cit. Pl. 10; or the Persian Vasein Naples, Pls. 88 and 89.

^{page 395 note 3} Particularly the Eileithyia of Aigion; cf. below, p. 400, note 1.

^{page 395 note 4} It may have been influenced by the Kore at Megalopolis, which we know was acrolithic.

^{page 395 note 5} Reproduced in C. L. Ransom, op. cit. Pl. 4.

^{page 395 note 6} E.g. Furtwängler, op. cit. Pl. 20, a krater from Falerii.

^{page 397 note 1} E.g. Brunn, , Gesch. der gr. Künstler, i. p. 291 Google Scholar; Ernest Gardner, Handbook, p. 403.

^{page 397 note 2} J.M.S. xxiv. 1904, p. 49.

^{page 398 note 1} B.M. Cat. Peloponnesus, Pl. VI. 18.

^{page 399 note 1} E.g. coins of Thrace, Lydia, Lycaonia, Galatia, Lycia, Caria, Troas, Mysia, Alexandria, Ionia, Bithynia, Attica in the B.M. Catalogues.

^{page 399 note 2} B.M. Cat. Peloponnesus, Lacedaemon, 59; Thessaly to Aetolia, Acarnania, 13, 14; Attica, etc. Athens, 508, 509, 573; Troas, etc., Mytilene, 198; Lycia, etc., Selge, 35; Corinth, Corinth, 643.

^{page 399 note 3} B.M. Cat. Central Greece, Tanagra, 61; Attica, etc., Megaris, 47; Ionia, Ephesus, 393 (with long chiton); Mysia, Apollonia, 25 (with long chiton), Parium, 106, 113.

^{page 399 note 4} E.g. Furtwängler, op. cit. Pl. 10.

^{page 400 note 1} Pausanias, vii. 23. 5–7.

^{page 400 note 2} Num. Comm. Paus. R. ix, x, xi, Fig. 28, B, C, C₁, D.

^{page 400 note 3} Cf. also a small relief in the Capitol; Helbig, , Führer durch Rom, i. p. 332 Google Scholar, No. 511.

^{page 400 note 4} Arndt-Amelung, Einzelverkauf, No. 490; Matz-Duhn, Ant. Bildw. in Rom, 859.

^{page 401 note 1} Num. Comm. Paus. R. vi, vii, Fig. 28 E.

^{page 401 note 2} Pausanias, iv. 31. 6, 7, 10.

^{page 401 note 3} Num. Comm. Pans. P. iii, Fig. 28 F.

A much greater resemblance exists to the possible Artemis Agrotera of Megalopolis; cf. Num. Comm. Pans. V. ii.

Num. Comm. Pans.P. i.

^{page 402 note 1} Cf. B.M. Cat. Peloponnesus, Attica, Corinth, Aetolia to Thessaly, passim.

^{page 402 note 2} Cf. Reinach, , Répertoire, ii. pp. 31–33.Google Scholar

^{page 402 note 3} Num. Comm. Paus. P. ii.

^{page 402 note 4} Cf. Pausanias, iv. 31. 11.

^{page 402 note 5} Num. Comm. Paus. Pl. V. 6, Fig 28 I.

^{page 403 note 1} Cf. Preller, Gr. Myth., fourth edition (Robert), p. 653; Lobeck, , Aglaophamus, ii. 1156.Google Scholar

^{page 403 note 2} viii. 31. 5.

^{page 403 note 3} The following are a few examples. Berlin, Mus. Cut. 187; Rome, Capitol, Bottari i. I (reversed); Rome, Vatican, Chiaramonti, 542 B and c, 225; Venice, Gerhard, Ant. Biidw. 113, 2; Troy, Schliemann, Troja, p. 238, Fig. 125.

^{page 403 note 4} Cf. Relief in Berlin Mus. Cat. 784; also Anc. Marbles in Great Britain, p. 386, No. 260.

^{page 403 note 5} Viz. at Elis, Paus. vi. 23. 2; and at Sikyon, Paus. ii. 10. 7.

^{page 403 note 6} Formerly in the possession of A. Kalomiros and figured in Roscher's, Lexicon s.v. Heracles, ii. 2170 Google Scholar; Ath. Milt. ii. 343, 83. There is a second rosso antico herm of the same type in the Sparta Museum now. Cf. Tod and Wace, Catalogue, p. 160, No. 286.

^{page 403 note 7} From Halicarnassus. B.M. Cat. Bronzes, Pl. XXX., No. 1291.

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