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Early Cycladic Pottery from Akrotiri on Thera and its Chronological Implications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2013

Panayiota Sotirakopoulou
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Abstract

Early Cycladic pottery from the lower levels of the site at Akrotiri, especially from the pits dug to bedrock to support the modern roofing, is described and discussed. This demonstrates that Akrotiri was occupied as early as the EC period. Evidence from this for relations with the rest of the Cyclades and the Aegean in general is discussed, together with the possible chronological equations. Most of the pottery belongs to the advanced phases of the Early Cycladic. There is, as yet, no certain evidence for Neolithic.

Type
Research Article
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 81 , November 1986 , pp. 297 - 312
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1986

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References

Acknowledgements. I am grateful to Professor C. Doumas, Director of the Akrotiri excavation, for permission to study the material and use the drawings of the Excavation Archives for the fragments nos. 4182–99a, as well as for his invaluable comments and constructive criticism, which helped me a lot with this presentation. I would also like to thank the restorer Aris Gerontas for taking the photographs and the artist Y. Linardos for drawing the pithos no. 3112. Special thanks should go to Mr J. A. MacGillivray who volunteered comments on this article and corrections to my English text, as well as to the Director of the British School at Athens, Dr H. W. Catling, who very kindly agreed to consider it for publication.

Abbreviations EN = Early Neolithic; MN = Middle Neolithic; LN = Late Neolithic; FN = Final Neolithic; LCh = Late Chalcolithic; EBA = Early Bronze Age; MBA = Middle Bronze Age; EC = Early Cycladic; MC = Middle Cycladic; EH = Early Helladic; MH = Middle Helladic; EM = Early Minoan; MM = Middle Minoan.

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3 Doumas, Thera Congress 779 fig. 1 for pillar pit 6 and ibid. 778 for the changes in the enumeration of pillars 5, 6, 13; Thera III 27 fig. 12: description of pillar pit 7. (According to Doumas, Thera Congress 778, this description corresponds to that of pillar pit 6.

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7 Bernabò Brea, L., Poliochni, Città Preistorica nell'Isola di Lemnos i (1964) 539Google Scholar, tav. ld–g (Periodo Nero), 42, 48 (Periodo Azzurro); Lamb, W., Excavations at Thermi in Lesbos (1936) 78, 82, 85, 88 pls. 9.398, 30.1, 2, 3, 6Google Scholar; Chios 225 (Period X: 275, nos. 244, 245, 248 fig. 130; 290, no. 377 pl. 38; Periods IX and VIII: 292 fig. 39 pl. 32.165; Periods VII–VI: pls. 48, 49a–c;, 50a); Ayio Gala: Furness 197, 202, 203 figs. 14.11–15, 23.25–30, 32–4; Heidenreich, R., ‘Vorgeschichtliches in der Stadt Samos. Die Funde’, AM 60–1 (1935–1936) 154 pls. 39.1–3, 40.1–4, 63Google Scholar; Furness 185, 197, 203 fig. 6.69–70; Dodecanese 240, fig. 1 cf. top middle; 241 figs. 2 cf. top and bottom left and 3 cf. top middle; Kalymnos: Furness 190, 197, 203 fig. 10.13, 15, 16 pls. 19.11–17 20.10.

8 Sperling, J. W., ‘Kum Tepe in the Troad’, Hesperia 45 (1976) 324, 325 fig. 9 pl.CrossRefGoogle Scholar 73.216, 222a (IA2), and 338, 339 pl. 77.622 (IB4); Blegen, C. W.et al., Troy I. General Introduction. The First and Second Settlements (1950) 79Google Scholar pls. 241.1, 243.1–9, 247.16, 249–25. 27–9, 32, 265.1.

9 Mellaart, J., ‘Preclassical Remains in Southern Turkey’, AS 4 (1954) 202–4Google Scholar and map 4. See Chios 226 for detailed bibliography.

10 Furness 203.

11 Evans and Renfrew, op. cit. (see n. 4 above) 36, 88; Emergence 66; Interconnections 334, 335.

12 Dodecanese 240, 243–5, Cf. n. 7 above.

13 Phylakopi 93 pl. 10.18–27; Paros Abb. 49–54, 56; EC Period 153.

14 Keos Pt II 358 fig. 1.P2; Phylakopi 83.4; Emergence 153 fig. 10.1:4, 10–13; Renfrew, , PC 64, 66, 67Google Scholar; Amorgos, : Kykladika I 166–7 pl. 9.17Google Scholar; Emergence 153 fig. 10.1:6; Advanced EC, Kykladika I pl. 9.7, 16, 20, 39; ECI, ibid. 167: a cylindrical pyxis with mat-impression at the bottom and a pyxis lid, pl. 9.3. Other examples of the EC I period are in the storerooms of the National Museum at Athens; Naxos: Doumas, , ‘Ἀνασκφαί ἐν Νάξῳ’ ADelt 17 (1961–1962) 272–4Google Scholar; Emergence 153 fig. 10.1:5; Burial Habits 103 pl. 47b; Karo, G., ‘Archäologische Funde’, AA 1930, 134–5Google Scholar; Kontoleon, N. M., ‘Ἀνασκαφήἐν Νάξῳ’ PAE 1949 112–22Google Scholar; Furness 192 n. 1; LCh Pottery I 111 fig. 15.21–2; Kontoleon, , ‘Ἀνασκαφή Νάξου’ PAE 1965, 176 pl. 218bGoogle Scholar; Emergence 153 fig. 10.1:2–3, 14–16; Delos: Plassart, A., Les Sanctuaires et les cultes. du Mont Cynthe (Exploration archéologique de Délos, xi. 1928 42 fig. 34Google Scholar; Paros 51 Nr. 6 Abb. 55; Åberg, N., Bronzezeitliche und früheisenzeitliche Chronologic iv (1933) 107–8Google Scholar Abb. 204; LCh Pottery I 111 fig. 15.23; Ano Kouphonissi: Ph. Zapheiropoulou PC 21 (Grave 7); LCh Pottery II 135 no. 8 (1) fig. 9.6; Emergence 153.

15 Agora, : LCh Pottery I 111, 140–1 fig. 15.24Google Scholar; Immerwahr, S. A., Agora 13 (1971) 10, 20, 32 pls. 6, 69.81, 82Google Scholar; North slope Hansen, H. D., ‘The Prehistoric Pottery on the North Slope o Acropolis’, Hesperia 6 (1937) 540–1 figs, 1c–d, 2dCrossRefGoogle Scholar; LCh Pottery II 136 fig. 9.1–3; South slope: Levi, D., ‘Abitazioni preistoriche sulle pendici meridionali dell'Acropoli’, ASAtene NS 13–14 (1930–1) 462Google Scholar fig. 58b, d, tav. 27q = fig. 50u, fig. 50q = fig. 58a Kitsos cave: BCH 95 (1971) 711 fig. 22; BCH 96 (1972) 821 fig 7 and 828 fig. 21; Grotte Kitsos I Type 1: 286, 316 figs. 165, 166 288: CP43 pl. 25–Type 2: 286, 288, 304, 306, 315, 316 figs 193: CP1, 198: CP8, 224: CP39, 226: CP41—Type 21: 300 figs 188, 189 (bowls slipped and burnished red, grey, or black sometimes pattern-burnished); Grotte Kitsos II688, 701; Euboia 152–4 figs. 60b–ƒ, 118.157, 166, 119.94; Kunze, Orchomenos III 29f., fig. 27 class D; Lerna: Emergence 163 and 74 fig. 5.3:12–13 (Lerna II); Robinson, H. S. and Weinberg, S. S., ‘Excavation: at Corinth 1959’, Hesperia 29 (1960) 250CrossRefGoogle Scholar; J. C. Lavezzi, ‘Prehistonc Investigations at Corinth’, ibid. 47 (1978) 438 no. 25; Dyros cave: Hauptmann, H., ‘Forschungsbericht zur Ägäischen Frühzeit’, AA 1971, 360 fig. 54c, d Thessaly (LN)Google Scholar: Tsountas, op. cit. (see n. 6 above) 247 figs. 147–9 (Γιδ): crusted ware with white-painted decoration; Wace and Thompson, op. cit. (see n. 6 above) 18; Hanschmann, E. and Milojcić, V., Argissa-Magula III: Die Erühe und beginnende Mittlere Bronzezeit (1976) 197 pl. 70.9Google Scholar; Macedonia: LCh Pottery I 106–8 figs. 9.5–16, 12.1–2, 4–5, 13.13, 15–16, 19–22, 24, 28; Grammenos, D., ‘Ἀπό τούς προϊστορικούς οἰκισμούς τῆς Ἀνατολικῆς Μακεδονίας’, ADelt 30A (1975) Meletai 211, 215 fig. 5.1Google Scholar (some sherds had black-on-red painted decoration); Thrace: LCh Pottery I 105 fig. 7.20–2; Thessaly EBA: ibid. 110 fig. 15.13; LCh Pottery II 135; Eutresis: Caskey, op. cit. (see n. 6 above) 142 fig. 4.III 13–14; and Emergence 163.

16 Topolia: French, , Notes on Prehistoric Pottery Groups from Central Greece (1972) 18 fig. 21.7Google Scholar; Säflund, G., Excavations at Berbati 1936–37 (1965) 147 fig. 112.6Google Scholar; Euboia 152–3; Howell, R., ‘A Survey of Eastern Arcadia in Prehistory’, BSA 65 (1970) 93Google Scholar, 107 fig. 3.29 pls. 27a.2, 30a.1, 35a.1; Phylakopi: Belmont and Renfrew, op. cit. (see n. 5 above) pl. 124 fig. 3.17; Naxos: ibid. pl. 124 fig. 3.18; Emergence 154 fig. 10.1 : 1; Mykonos: Belmont and Renfrew, op. cit. (see n. 5) pl. 124 fig. 3.16 pl. 127 fig. 8; Ano Kouphonissi: Zapheiropoulou, , PC 31, 36 fig. 2a (Grave 7)Google Scholar; Eutresis: Caskey, op. cit. (see n. 6 above) 134 fig. 4 pl. 45.II 29; Kitsos cave: BCH 96 (1972) 828 fig. 21; Kastro Vayi: Simpson, R. Hope and Lazenby, J. F., ‘Notes from the Dodecanese III’, BSA 68 (1973) 165Google Scholar pl. 44b.2.

17 Emporeio: Emergence 72f. fig. 5.2:8, 9, 12; Chios 179–81 fig. 98.11A B; Poliochni: Brea, op. cit. (see n. 7 above) 541, tav. 4s, 5i, 7i; 554, tav. 14d, 16a, 17i; 614, tav. 1 110d–e and 111ƒ, h; Karaağaçtepe: LCh Pottery II 135 no. 8 (2) fig. 9.7–8; Kum Tepe: Emergence 74 fig. 5.3:4 (IA); 75–6 fig. 5.3:6–9; Sperling, op. cit. (see n. 8 above) 327, 330, 332, 333, 337, 338–9, 343 figs. 12–15, 20 pls. 74–6 (IB); Troad: Lamb, , ‘Schliemann's Prehistoric Sites in the Troad’, PZ 23 (1932) 115 fig. 2.1–3Google Scholar; LCh Pottery I 102 fig. 5.10–17, 19, 22–3, 25–49, 59–62; LCh Pottery II 134–7; French, , ‘Prehistoric Sites in NW Anatolia’, AS 19 (1969) 59, 77 fig. 8.3, 5, 8–13Google Scholar; Mellaart, , ‘Anatolia and the Balkans’, Antiquity 34 (1960) 275CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Emergence 162; Chios 181; Thermi: Lamb, op. cit. (see n. 7 above) pl. 33.1; LCh Pottery II 135 no. 8 (3) fig. 9.9–10; Mellaart, , ‘Early Cultures of the South Anatolian Plateau, II: The Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages in the Konya Plain’, AS 13 (1963) 217 fig. 9.13–15, 18–21.Google Scholar

18 Hood, , The Minoans (1971) 37Google Scholar; Warren, P., Myrtos: an Early Bronze Age Settlement in Crete (1972) 100, 155 fig. 39.P24–8Google Scholar; Chios 181; LCh Pottery I 121; Mellaart, op. cit. 1960 (see n. 17 above) 274 fig. 2 class D.

19 Ibid. 273–5; LCh Pottery I 102, 112, 121 fig. 2 distribution map and fig. 5.26–49; Lloyd, S. and Mellaart, J., Beycesultan I. The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Levels (1962) 110Google Scholar; LCh Pottery II 137; Immerwahr, op. cit. (see n. 15 above) 32; Emergence 163; Grotte Kitsos I 279.

20 Chios 181.

21 Euboia 153.

22 A plausible explanation of the rolled rim given by Hood (Chios 179) is that ‘it was probably devised in the first instance to prevent the liquid contents of bowls splashing out of them’. Professor Doumas (pers. comm.) comments on this point that the rolled rims are rather thin to have served such a purpose. He finds it more probable that they were simply a means of reinforcement of the rim.

23 Emergence 163. E.g. the Cycladic bowls with horizontal tubular lug but without rolled rim (see n. 16 above) or the bowls from Periods VIII and VII of Emporeio, which are of similar form and bear the characteristic heavily burnished slip but have different formation of rim and lug (Emergence 73 fig. 5.2 : 5–6, 11; Chios 173 fig. 98.10A, a.)

24 For the Cyclades, see Lloyd and Mellaart, op. cit. (see n. 19 above) 110 and LCh Pottery II 137; for the Balkans, see Mellaart, op. cit. 1960 (see n. 17 above) 275; also Euboia 153.

25 Emergence 153–5, 163, 221: Chronological Table; Renfrew, PC 66; Dodecanese 242, 249.

26 Interconnections 342; Art and Culture 21, 143, 593: Chronological Table; Doumas, op. cit. 1983 (see n. 1 above) 159: Chronological Table; Dodecanese 249; Hood, PC 28.

27 Emergence 163; Dodecanese 242.

28 Euboia 153.

29 See n. 14 above.

30 Ibid.

31 According to the final report of the early excavations at Phylakopi, the rolled-rim bowl was found ‘almost immediately above bedrock’ and in association with pottery forms similar to the ones from the Pelos cemetery (Phylakopi 83 no. 4). During the recent excavations at the site (1974–7) the type is reported (Renfrew, PC 64) to have been found in layers of the earliest EBA phase (Phylakopi A1) among other pottery consistent with that described by the early excavators but in association with traces of a ‘Pre-City’ wall. The presence of this wall opposes the placing of Phylakopi A1, and consequently of the rolled-rim bowl, to the very beginning of the Cycladic sequence (ibid. 66) and implies a dating to a rather late phase of the ECI period (Kampos group), an implication accepted by Professor Renfrew himself, who recognizes that it would be possible to argue for a chronological distinction between the Pelos group and Phylakopi phase A1 (ibid. 67). In the second phase of this EBA sequence (A2), assigned to the Keros-Syros/EC II period (ibid.), the rolled-rim bowls are still present. (For the architecture in the early and late phases of the ECI period, see Edgar, C. C., ‘The Prehistoric Tombs at Pelos’, BSA 3 (1896–1897) 37Google Scholar; Phylakopi 239–41; Doumas, , ‘Notes on Early Cycladic Architecture’, AA 87 (1972) 153, 154, 156 7, 169–170a, bGoogle Scholar; Burial Habits 13, 14; EC Period 145.)

32 For different views on the dating of Grotta, see Emergence 153; Doumas, op. cit. (see n. 31 above) 152, 165; Interconnections 341; EC Period 145, 147 — table II; Renfrew, , PC 66, 67Google Scholar; Zapheiropoulou, PC 38. For the dating of Ayioi Anargyroi, see Emergence 158; Burial Habits 26, 106; EC Period 145, 147 —table II; Renfrew, PC 50. For Kynthos on Delos: Plassart, op. cit. (see n. 14 above) 46–7; Doumas, op. cit. (see n. 31 above) 162–3; Emergence 178; Burial Habits 25, 26; Mt. Kynthos 44; EC Period 147–table II, 149. For Phrourion of Paroikia: Paros 89–90; Doumas, op. cit. (see n. 31 above) 168; Emergence 190; Burial Habits 25–6; EC Period 147, 152.

33 Papathanassopoulos, G. A., ‘Κυκλαδικά Νάξου’, ADelt 17 (1961–1962) pl. 53b–c D-G 70–3: nos. 213–16 (bowls), 56–7: nos. 59–60 (kylikes)Google Scholar; Emergence 155, 531 fig. 10.2:6, 12; Interconnections 342; Art and Culture pls. 297–301.

34 Parallelism drawn by Professor Doumas (pers. comm.).

35 Art and Culture 110.

36 Bossert, E.-M., ‘Kastri auf Syros’, ADelt 22 (1967) Meletai 70, Abb. 5.5Google Scholar; Emergence 173, fig. 11.2 : 2; Plassart, op. cit. (see n. 14 above) 44 fig. 41 top left; Alt. Kynthos 18 fig. 5.104.

37 Mt. Kynthos 25–8, Type Ib, fig. 10.74.

38 Keos Pt II 370 fig. 6.C3–C6, C34; Mt. Kynthos 24, Type I, fig. 7.171, 430; Popham, M. R. and Sackett, L. H., Excavations at Lefkandi, Euboia 1964–66 (1968) 8Google Scholar fig. 7: cf. 1; Manika: Cemetery: Papavasileiou, G., Περί τῶν ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ ἀρχαίων τάφων (1910) 6–7 fig. 6, 9, 10 pl. B′Google Scholar Settlement: French, , ‘Anatolian Pottery in the Aegean Area’, AS 16 (1966) 49f. fig. 7.3–5Google Scholar; Theochares, D., ‘Ἀνασκαφή ἐν Ἀραφῆνι’, PAE 1952, 144Google Scholar fig. 10.

39 Emergence 533–4; Burial Habits 22–3, 25, 26; Barber, Thera Congress 368; Rutter, J. B., Ceramic Change in the Aegean Early Bronze Age (Occasional Paper 5. Institute of Archaeology, UCLA 1979) 1, 4, 6, 8, 16–17Google Scholar; EC Period 150, 151, 155; Mt. Kynthos 12, 25, 45; MacGillivray, , PC 70, 71.Google Scholar

40 H. Goldman, Excavations at Eutresis in Boeotia (1931) figs. 138, 165.2.

41 This does not necessarily mean that the type is rare. Our knowledge of the EC settlements, where as a rule such common household ware as pithoid jars occurs, is still very limited. Moreover, what is usually found is sherds, so that it may not always be easy to restore the original forms. One should note, however, that the big belly and the tapering lower body which ends in a small flat base are features commonly seen on pithoi around the end of the EC period, e.g. pithoi of Group A/B of Mt. Kynthos (Mt. Kynthos figs. 15.268, 16.269), Phylakopi I (Phylakopi pls. vii.1, xiii.19, xxxiv.1; Dawkins, R. M. and Droop, J. P., ‘The Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos’, BSA 17 (1910–1911) pl. iv.183, v.168)Google Scholar, and MC Kea (Keos Pt II pls. 86.E1, E4, E5–6, 87.Eg, 88.E18).

42 Thera VII 12, pl. 8b; Dawkins and Droop, op. cit. (see n. 41 above) 6–9 pl. iv.207 = Phylakopi 1911 19, 23 fig. 1.207.

43 Paros 12; Keos Pt II 383–5; EC Period 152, 153.

44 Ibid. Note also a pithos burial of a child found during the recent excavations at Phylakopi ‘somewhat above the two First City floors, certainly an event later in the sequence’ (Evans and Renfrew, PC 63–4). For the overlap in date between Ayia Irini IV and Late Phylakopi I, see Phylakopi 1911 49; Barber, , Thera Congress 368, 377, 378Google Scholar; Ayios Loukas 175–6; EC Period 153.

45 Irini, Ayia Period I: BCH 94 (1970) fig. 466Google Scholar; Keos Pt II pl. 76.A35–6; Period III: Keos Pt II 375 pl. 81.C51b. Ayioi Anargyroi on Naxos: Burial Habits 102 pls. 45a, 46b. Pyrgos, on Paros, : Kykladika I 174 pl. 9.29.Google Scholar Kastri on Syros: Kykladika II 122. Mt. Kynthos on Delos: Plassart, op. cit. (see n. 14 above) 37–8 figs. 35, 36; Mt. Kynthos 43 figs. 15.268, 16.269 (Group A/B).

46 For examples see n. 41 above.

47 Keos Pt II 366 fig. 3.B42; Mt. Kynthos 31 fig. 11.43, 225, 226, 371; Frödin, O. and Persson, A., Asine: Results of the Swedish Excavations 1922–1930 (1938) 216 fig. 159.1, 3.Google Scholar

48 Doumas, , ‘Πρωτοκυκλαδική κεραμεική ἀπό τά Χριστιανά θήρας’ AE (1976) 5 fig. 6 pl. 3γGoogle Scholar; Paros 67 Abb. 74.

49 Papathanassopoulos, op. cit. (see n. 33 above) 119.20 pl. 50b–c; Zapheiropoulou, Ph., ‘Ἀρχαιότητες καί μνημεῖα Κυκλάδων: Κάτω Κουφονήσι’, ADelt 25 (1970) Χρονικά B2, 429 pl. 373a.Google Scholar (These jars are said to have been found in an EC tomb in association with a few other clay and marble vases shown ibid. pl. 373.)

50 Brouscari, M., ‘Collection P. Canellopoulos (XVI): Antiquités Cycladiques’, BCH 105 (1981) 1Google Scholar, Études 531 fig. 25b.

51 Emergence 531.

52 D-G no. 235 is an example of undecorated footed jar.

53 Emergence 534 and Burial Habits 23: ‘rough-surfaced slightly coarse and buff-coloured ware’.

54 Renfrew, , ‘Cycladic Metallurgy and the Aegean Early Bronze Age’, AJA 71 (1967) 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Emergence 534–5; Burial Habits 23; EC Period 143, table I; it seems that they are a variety or development of the similar jars from Syros, which stand out with their black-brown lustrous surface and decoration of impressed motifs (fretwork triangles, spirals), sometimes in combination with incised patterns (herringbone, bands of zigzag lines). E.g. Kykladika II pl. 8.1; Zervos figs. 201, 203, 212–17; Emergence pl. 8.10–11; Art and Culture pls. 384, 386–7.

55 Papathanassopoulos, op. cit. (see n. 33 above) 116–17 pl. 49 and inserted pls. A, B, C; Zapheiropoulou, , ‘Ὄστρακα ἐκ Κέρου’ AAA 8 (1975) 84Google Scholar n. 14 with references to EH III examples.

56 Kykladika I 166 7 pl. 9.19, 20, 30; Zervos figs. 68, 69; Buria Habits 23 fig. 12a–b; Bent, J. T., ‘Researches Among the Cyclades’, JHS 5 (1884) 55CrossRefGoogle Scholar fig. 12; Forsdyke, E. J., Prehistoric Aegean Pottery (BM catalogue, Vases, vol. 1/i, 1925) 60, 61 pl. 4.A336Google Scholar; Emergence 534 pl. 9.6; D-G 41 no. 229.

57 See n. 53 above.

58 For the technique and decoration (incised and impressed) of the EC II pottery and for this type of pyxis, see Kykladika II 86–90; Frankfort, H., Studies in Early Pottery of the Near East. II Asia, Europe and the Aegean, and their Earliest Interrelations (1927) 49, 106, 107Google Scholar; Furumark, A., The Mycenaean Pottery: Analysis and Classification (2nd ed. 1972) 217Google Scholar; Zervos 37; Matz, F., Crete and Early Greece (1962) 49Google Scholar; D-G 22 n. 50; Emergence 172, 527–8 fig 11.1:3; Burial Habits 19, 20 fig. 8j; Art and Culture 105, 109–10. 112; EC Period 150, ill. 2.11.

59 Note the distinction between this and the EC I pyxis in the form of a reversed truncated cone (e.g. Burial Habits 76, 78 pl. 25e) as well as the conical pyxides from Ano Kouphonissi (Zapheiropoulou, PC 32 fig. 1a, b) classed by the excavator to the ‘Kampos group’. For the technique and decoration of EC III dark-faced pottery and conical pyxides of this type, see Phylakopi 87–8, 90; Paros 41e Abb. 39 41a, b; Furumark, op. cit. (see n. 58 above) 217 n. 1, 218; Zervos 33; Lacy, A. D., Greek Pottery in the Bronze Age (1967) 244Google Scholar; D-G 18; Emergence 139, 189; Phylakopi 1911 4; Burial Habits 23; Art and Culture 28; EC Period 152, ills. 2.26, 3.25b–c; Barber, , PC 89, 90.Google Scholar

60 Phylakopi pls. iv. 1–3, v. 1–6; Zervos fig. 85; Phylakopi 1911 6, 17.107; Paros 42, 43 Abb. 42, 43; Åberg, op. cit. (see n. 14 above) Abb. 201–2; Brock, J. K. and Mackworth Young, G., ‘Excavations in Siphnos’, BSA 44 (1949) 31 pl. 12.6Google Scholar; Seriphos: Blinkenberg, C. and Johansen, K. F., Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum (Denmark 1, Copenhagen National Museum 1, 1931) pl. 37.5Google Scholar; Naxos: Emergence 191 fig. 12.2:2; Syros, : Kykladika II 94 pl. 9.24Google Scholar; Åberg, op. cit. (see n. 14 above) Abb. 154; Zervos figs. 197–8; Ayios Loukas 168 pls. 3–4.

61 Agora: Immerwahr, op. cit. (see n. 15 above) 72–3 pls. 16, 70.253–4, 255 (lid); North slope: Broneer, O., ‘Excavations on the North Slope of the Acropolis’, Hesperia 2 (1933) 357 fig. 27cGoogle Scholar; Eutresis: Goldman, op. cit. (see n. 40 above) 182–3 figs. 253.2, 254.2 (lid); Ayios Loukas 174; Knossos: Evans, A. J., The Palace of Minos at Knossos i (1921) 166 fig. 118b. 2 (lid)Google Scholar; Ayios Loukas 174; Pyrgos: Pendlebury, J. D. S., The Archaeology of Crete (1939) 85, 122Google Scholar; Weinberg, S. S., ‘Aegean Chronology: Neolithic Period and Early Bronze Age’, AJA 51 (1947) 177CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Milojcić, V., Samos I. Die prähistorische Siedlung unter dem Heraion. Grabung 1953 und 1955 (1961) 48–9 pl. 49Google Scholar; Isler, H. P., ‘An EBA Settlement in Samos’, Archaeology 26 (1973) 175Google Scholar.

62 Burial Habits 84 pl. 27d (T2).

63 Evans, op. cit. (see n. 61 above) figs. 23, 24.

64 Lamb, op. cit. (see n. 7 above) 110: no. 196, 115: no. 291 pls. 8, 35.196, 40.xiva, b; Blegen, op. cit. (see n. 8 above) 73–4: D9-D11 figs. 223b and 231:33.162, 35.642, 35.647; Demangel, R., Le Tumulus dit de Protésilas (1926) no. 70.Google Scholar

65 Pendlebury, op. cit. (see n. 61 above) 49 pl. 9a, b, ƒ Burial Habits 84. For the dating of the ‘Kampos group’, see Zapheiropoulou, PC 38–40.

66 Phylakopi 88; Emergence 189. For the EC III conical pyxides, see fragment 4194 above.

67 For the technique of the EC III pottery, see n. 59 above.

68 Phylakopi 88 fig. 72; Paros 34 Abb. 30.

69 Emergence 188–9 fig. 12.2:4 pl. 10.5 (from Phylakopi) Paros 43 Abb. 44 (from Phrourion of Paroikia). See also B Otto in Art and Culture 135–6 for the dating of the Phylakopi example.

70 Forsdyke, op. cit. (see n. 56 above) 57.A315 fig. 62; Art and Culture 132, 135 figs. 115.7, 123.1, 123.2.

71 See nn. 59 and 61 above.

72 Phylakopi 88. For examples see Edgar, op. cit. (see n. 31 above) 45 fig. 16; Phylakopi 84 fig. 70; Papathanassopoulos op. cit. (see n. 33 above) pls. 44, 65; Burial Habits 76 pl. 25e Zapheiropoulou, , ‘Πρωτοκυκλαδικά εὑρήματα ἐξ Ἄνω Κουφονησίου’ AAA 3 (1970) 49 fig. 4Google Scholar; id.PC 33 fig. 1e; Dümmler, F. ‘Mitteilungen von den griechischen Inseln’, AM 2 (1886) 18Google Scholar Åberg, op. cit. (see n. 14 above) 73, 83 Abb. 132, 153, 156 Art and Culture pls. 361–2; note also a marble example in the Apeiranthos Museum on Naxos, whose body, however, is missing (ibid. 108 n. 8).

73 Coleman, op. cit. (see n. 4 above) 9, 10, 12 pls. 81: cf. T, U, AA, AC; 88: A–AZ; 89: A–AE, C–D, H–K, M–N.

74 e.g. Zervos fig. 82

75 e.g. ibid. figs. 60, 76, 85; see n. 58 above and fragment 4198.

76 Brea, op. cit. (see n. 7 above) 551–2, tav. 21, 36, 38, 41, 48, 55–8, 61, 64, 66.

77 Ibid. 551, tav. 36n.

78 Chios 295–6; Lamb, op. cit. (see n. 7 above) pls. 8.10, 138, 486, 14.2; Heurtley, op. cit. (see n. 6 above) nos. 19, 31, 32, 34, 36, 63, 64, 104, 105, 132 fig. 11; Euboia 137 fig. 96 pl. 9a and 191 pl. 12b.

79 See n. 1 above.

80 Thera II 11 12: ‘stone implements’ Thera V 9: ‘black-burnished sherds’; Doumas, Thera Congress 777–8.

81 Emergence 533–5; Burial Habits 25–6; see also Phylakopi 1911 48; Barber, Thera Congress 368; EC Period 151, for contemporaneity to some degree between EC IIIA and EC IIIB. See also n. 83 below.

82 Rutter, J. B., ‘Some Observations on the Cyclades in the Later Third and Early Second Millennia’, AJA 87 (1983) 69, 70, 71CrossRefGoogle Scholar; id., PC 95, 96, 101, 103–5, 106 n. 3. For indications of continuity and some overlap between EC IIIA and EC IIIB, see Ayios Loukas 176; Barber, , ‘The Definition of the Middle Cycladic Period’ and ‘Addendum’, AJA 87 (1983) 80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; MacGillivray, , PC 73, 75Google Scholar; Barber, PC 91 (duck vase). For further objections to the theory of a temporal ‘gap’ between the two phases, see MacGillivray, PC 76 n. 2 and Barber, , PC 88, 92.Google Scholar

83 Id., PC 106 n. 3. Fragments of one-handled tankards found in levels of Phase B of Phylakopi (i.e. Phylakopi I) (Evans and Renfrew, PC 67) furnish scraps of evidence that material of the two assemblages may coexist in time and space. For a similar piece of evidence from Paroikia on Paros, see EC Period 151 n. 86.

84 Rutter, op. cit. 1983 (see n. 82 above) 70 n. 10.

85 Emergence 535.

86 Emergence 535; Burial Habits 25; Rutter, op. cit. 1983 (see n. 82 above) 70 n. 10: ‘a minor regional assemblage’.

87 Emergence 535; Burial Habits 25; Barber, Thera Congress 368.

88 Doumas, op. cit. (see n. 48 above) 8; EC Period 150.

89 See also Doumas, op. cit. 1983 (see n. 1 above) 42.

90 LCh Pottery I 49f.; Emergence 534; Burial Habits 22; Rutter, op. cit. (see n. 39 above) 1, 6, 8; EC Period 155; Mt. Kynthos 25, 45; MacGillivray, PC 70.

91 EC Period 150. See also fragments 4183, 4185, 4186, 4199, and 5795b above.

92 Barber (op. cit. 1983 (see n. 82 above) 80 and PC 91–2) points out the similarity of the Christiana beaked jugs to those from Ayia Irini III and Kastri in order to emphasize the undeniable EC IIIA character of the Christiana pottery. See also Barber, PC 94 n. 5 for connections of the Christiana group with both EC IIIA and EC IIIB.

93 Rutter, op. cit. 1983 (see n. 82 above) 69 n. 6, 70 n. 10, 71 n. 17.