Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:36:19.436Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An artificial pool experiment in Antarctic sea ice: effects of sea ice melting on physical and biogeochemical components of pool water

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2012

Daiki Nomura ,
Daisuke Simizu ,
Suchana Chavanich ,
Hideo Shinagawa  and
Mitsuo Fukuchi
Daiki Nomura*
Affiliation:
National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8501, Japan Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 6 Ichiban-cho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8471, Japan
Daisuke Simizu
Affiliation:
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
Suchana Chavanich
Affiliation:
Reef Biology Research Group, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Hideo Shinagawa
Affiliation:
Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
Mitsuo Fukuchi
Affiliation:
National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8501, Japan
*
daiki.nomura@npolar.no
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We performed an artificial pool experiment in the Antarctic multi-year land-fast ice to examine and simulate the effect of sea ice melting on physical and biogeochemical components of the sea ice field. The input of snow and ice meltwater resulted in warmer, low salinity water at the surface of the pool and probably stratification of the less dense water. Current speed measurements also pointed to water stratification within the pool. Rapid phytoplankton growth in the pool resulted in drastic decreases in concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrients (NO3- and Si(OH)4) in the surface waters of the pool, particularly depleted for NO3-. There was high correlation between variations of dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrient concentrations, but the apparent uptake ratios of these components deviated from that generally applied to marine phytoplankton. The sequence of changes in the physical and biogeochemical components of the pool water suggests that the onset of rapid phytoplankton growth was closely related to the water stratification, which provided stable conditions for phytoplankton bloom even though the supply of nutrients from under-ice water would have declined.

Keywords

dissolved inorganic carbonnutrientsphytoplankton bloomSouthern Oceanwater stratification
Type
Physical Sciences
Information
Antarctic Science , Volume 24 , Issue 5 , 13 September 2012 , pp. 536 - 544
Copyright
Copyright © Antarctic Science Ltd 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arrigo, K.R.Sullivan, C.W. 1994. A high-resolution bio-optical model of microalgal growth: tests using sea ice algal community time series data. Limnology and Oceanography, 39, 609–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrigo, K.R., Robinson, D.H., Worthen, D.L., Dunbar, R.B., Ditullio, G.R., Vanwoert, M.Lizotte, M.P. 1999. Phytoplankton community structure and the drawdown of nutrients and CO2 in the Southern Ocean. Science, 283, 365–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arrigo, K.R., van Dijken, G.L.Pabi, S. 2008. The impact of a shrinking Arctic ice cover on marine primary production. Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1029/2008GL035028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, N.R.Mathis, J.T. 2009. The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle: evaluation of air-sea CO2 exchanges, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks. Biogeosciences, 6, 2433–2459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brzezinski, M.A. 1985. The Si:C:N ratio of marine diatoms: interspecific variability and the effect of some environmental variables. Journal of Phycology, 21, 347–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dieckmann, G.S., Nehrke, G., Papadimitriou, S., Göttlicher, J., Steininger, R., Kennedy, H., Wolf-Gladrow, D.Thomas, D.N. 2008. Calcium carbonate as ikaite crystals in Antarctic sea ice. Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1029/2008GL033540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dieckmann, G.S., Nehrke, G., Uhlig, C., Göttlicher, J., Gerland, S., Granskog, M.A.Thomas, D.N. 2010. Brief Communication: Ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) discovered in Arctic sea ice. The Cryosphere, 4, 227–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, A., Goldthwait, S., Passow, U.Alldredge, A.L. 2002. Temporal decoupling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a mesocosm diatom bloom. Limnology and Oceanography, 47, 753–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahl, K.Kattner, G. 1993. Lipid content and fatty acid composition of algal communities in sea ice and water from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biology, 13, 405–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleitz, M., Grossmann, S., Scharek, R.Smetacek, V. 1996. Ecology of diatom and bacterial assemblages in water associated with melting summer sea ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 8, 135–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Günther, S., Gleitz, M.Dieckmann, G.S. 1999. Biogeochemistry of Antarctic sea ice: a case study on platelet ice layers at Drescher Inlet, Weddell Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 177, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, J.C., Gordon, L.I.Nelson, D.M. 1984. Nutrient depletion indicates high productivity in the Weddell Sea. Nature, 309, 51–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, M.B., Deal, C., Wang, J., Alexander, V., Gradinger, R., Saitoh, S., Iida, T., Wan, Z.W.Stabeno, P. 2007. Ice-associated phytoplankton blooms in the southeastern Bering Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1029/2006GL028849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, K.M., King, A.E.Sieburth, G.M. 1985. Coulometric TCO2 analyses for marine studies: an introduction. Marine Chemistry, 16, 61–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kattner, G., Thomas, D.N., Haas, C., Kennedy, H.Dieckmann, G.S. 2004. Surface ice and gap layers in Antarctic sea ice: highly productive habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 277, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, H., Thomas, D.N., Kattner, G., Haas, C.Dieckmann, G.S. 2002. Particulate organic matter in Antarctic summer sea ice: concentration and stable isotopic composition. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 238, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knap, A., Michaels, A., Close, A., Ducklow, H.Dickson, A., eds. 1996. Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) core measurements. JGOFS Report, 19. Paris: UNESCO, 170 pp.Google Scholar
McMinn, A., Bleakley, N., Roberts, D.Trenerry, L. 2000. Effect of permanent sea ice cover and different nutrient regimes on the phytoplankton succession of fjords of Vestfold Hills Oasis, eastern Antarctica. Journal of Plankton Research, 22, 287–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niebauer, H.J., Alexander, V.Henrichs, S. 1990. Physical and biological oceanographic interaction in the spring bloom at the Bering Sea marginal ice-edge zone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 22 229–22 242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papadimitriou, S., Kennedy, H., Kattner, G., Dieckmann, G.S.Thomas, D.N. 2004. Experimental evidence for carbonate precipitation and CO2 degassing during sea ice formation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 1749–1761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papadimitriou, S., Thomas, D.N., Kennedy, H., Kuosa, H.Dieckmann, G.S. 2009. Inorganic carbon removal and isotopic enrichment in Antarctic sea ice gap layers during early austral summer. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 386, 15–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, T.R., Takahashi, M.Hargrave, B. 1984. Biological oceanographic processes, 3rd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 330 pp.Google Scholar
Pérez, F.F., Figueiras, F.G.Ríos, A.F. 1994. Nutrient depletion and particulate matter near the ice-edge in the Weddell Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 112, 143–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schartau, M., Engel, A., Schröter, J., Thoms, S., Völker, C.Wolf-Gladrow, D. 2007. Modelling carbon overconsumption and the formation of extracellular particulate organic carbon. Biogeosciences, 4, 433–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirasawa, K.Leppäranta, M. 2003. Hydrometeorological and sea ice conditions at Saroma-ko lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan. Report Series in Geophysics, 46. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Division of Geophysics, 161–168.Google Scholar
Smith, W.O.Nelson, D.M. 1985. Phytoplankton bloom produced by a receding ice-edge in the Ross Sea: spatial coherence with the density field. Science, 227, 163–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, M., Zhang, J.Ermold, W. 2010. Mechanisms of summertime upper Arctic Ocean warming and the effect on sea ice melt. Journal of Geophysical Research, 10.1029/2009JC005849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroeve, J., Holland, M.M., Meier, W., Scambos, T.Serreze, M. 2007. Arctic sea ice decline: faster than forecast. Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1029/2007GL029703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, R.Ishimaru, T. 1990. An improved method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll using N,N-dimethylformamide. Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan, 46, 190–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, D.N.Papadimitriou, S. 2003. Biogeochemistry of sea ice. In Thomas, D.N. & Dieckmann, G.S., eds. Sea ice: an introduction to its physics, chemistry, biology and geology. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 267–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar