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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 January 2012
At the present time, when the thoughts and sympathy of many are with our Norwegian friends and allies, it may be of interest to recall certain other occasions on which they have had to face invasion from the sea. Moreover, the fortifications erected in Norway during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are of particular interest for comparison with those of this country during the same period, since, doubtless owing to their geographical position, both countries seem to have been influenced only gradually and spasmodically by the developing military science of the middle European peoples, the Germans and Italians.
Most of the artillery fortifications existing in Norway, as described in Festninger og andre militœrbygninger, date from the late seventeenth century or later, but even very brief research at the time of the International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences at Oslo in 1936 showed that some portions of earlier work still exist at various places, largely incorporated in later defences. No extensive survey of these remains can be attempted here, since the material is not readily available, but the two illustrations of Oslo (Christiania) here reproduced form an excellent introduction to the study of such defences.
page 56 note 1 Aarsberetning for Foreningen til Norske Fortids Mindesmaerkers Bevaring, 90 Aargang, 1934, 75 ff.Google Scholar
page 56 note 2 Kindly supplied by Herr Otto Andrup, Museumsdirektør, Frederiksborg.
page 57 note 1 Montgomeryshire Collections, xliii, 58–63. A wood-carving showing the timber palisade of the castle of New Buckenham, Norfolk, may also be compared with this picture of Oslo (v. Braun, The English Castle, fig. 13).
page 57 note 2 Report forthcoming in Arch. Camb., Dec. 1940.
page 57 note 3 This may, however, be an inaccurate representation. H. Ginding-Larsen in Akershus, i, 18–19 savs tnat there are three storeys for gun-ports and a gallery for muskets. There are four gun-ports in each storey, all with wide internal splays and no external splay. The name of the tower Larsen derives from Christen Munk (1556–72). The writer had no opportunity of examining the tower in detail.
page 58 note 1 Zanchi, Del modo di Fortificar le città, the earliest printed book with illustrations of this style, was first published in Venice in 1554.
page 58 note 2 e.g. Steinvigsholm near Trondheim, c. 1520.
page 58 note 3 Its number is 9002 and size 555 mm. by 400 mm.
page 61 note 1 1938, pp. 126 ff.