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The Jewish Catacombs of Roman Melite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2011

Mario Buhagiar*
Affiliation:
Mario Buhagiar, FSA, Department of History of Art, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta. E-mail: mario.buhagiar@um.edu.mt

Abstract

The Roman city of Melite, on the central Mediterranean archipelago of Malta, had, in common with other provincial outposts of the Empire, a diaspora Jewish colony for which there is testimony in six hypogea that prominently display the seven-branched Menorah. There is apparent evidence for a religious, and perhaps administrative, set-up in a Greek inscription that marks the burial place of a gerousiarch and lover of the ‘commandments’ who could have been the head of a Council of Elders in the synagogue of the city, and of his wife, Eulogia ‘the Elder’. The title presbytera used in the text has a special significance and suggests that husband and wife held prestigious posts in the running of the colony. A second inscription incorporates the seven-branched Menorah and commemorates another woman, named Dionisia, who was known by the ritualistic name ‘Irene’. Two other texts appear to be simple farewell messages but are of interest because they are accompanied by a stylized painted Menorah and a boldly incised sailing vessel that has the appearance of a Roman ship. The paper takes a close look at these and other archaeological material related to Jewish presence and influence in Malta. The hypogea are discussed in the context of the Maltese culture of rock-cut burials, starting in the prehistoric period and finding special significance as the prototype influence on the Romano-Punic tomb.

Résumé

La ville romaine de Melite, dans l'archipel de Malte, en Méditerranée centrale, avait, en commun avec d'autres avant-postes provinciaux de l'Empire, une colonie de diaspora juive comme en témoignent six hypogées qui mettent bien en évidence la ménorah à sept branches. Il y a des indices possibles d'organisation religieuse et peut-être administrative dans une inscription en grec qui marque la sépulture d'un gerusiarch et fidèle des ‘commandements’ qui était peut-être le chef d'un conseil des anciens de la synagogue de la ville, et de son épouse Eulogia ‘l'aînée’. Le titre presbytera utilisé dans le texte a un sens spécial et suggère que le mari et la femme occupaient des postes prestigieux au niveau de la gestion de la colonie. Une deuxième inscription incorpore la ménorah à sept branches et commémore une autre femme appelée Dionysia qui était connue sous le nom ritualiste ‘Irene’. Deux autres textes semblent être de simples messages d'adieu mais ils sont intéressants parce qu'ils sont accompagnés d'une ménorah peinte stylisée et d'un bateau à voiles gravé en profondeur qui a l'air d'un bateau romain. La communication étudie ces textes de près ainsi que d'autre matériel archéologique lié à la présence et à l'influence juive à Malte. Les hypogées sont discutés dans le contexte de la culture maltaise de sépultures creusées dans le roc, commençant durant l’époque préhistorique et trouvant une portée spéciale comme influence prototype sur les tombes romano-puniques.

Zusammenfassung

Die römische Stadt Melite, auf der mittleren Inselgruppe von Malta, hatte, wie andere provinzialrömische Aussenposten, eine Diaspora jüdische Kolonie, wovon sechs Hypogäen mit ihrer markanten Darstellung der siebenarmigen Menorah zeugen. Es gibt gewisse Zeichen für eine religiöse, eventuell administrative Ordnung, belegt durch eine griechische Inschrift, die hinweist auf das Grab eines ‘Gerusiarch’ und Anhänger der ‘Gebote’, der der Anführer des Ältestenrates in der Synagoge der Stadt gewesen sein mag, sowie auf seine Frau Eulogia die ‘Ältere’. Der im Text vorkommende Titel ‘presbytera’ hat eine besondere Bedeutung und indiziert, daß das Ehepaar eine prominente und in der Kolonie führende Rolle spielte. Eine zweite Inschrift bezieht sich auf die siebenarmige Menorah und ist einer weiteren Frau gewidmet, deren Name Dionysia war und die ebenfalls unter dem ritualistischen Namen ‘Irene’ bekannt war. Zwei weitere Texte scheinen einfache Abschiedsbotschaften zu sein, sind aber dadurch interessant, daß sie von einer stilisiert abgebildeten Menorah begleitet sind, sowie von einem tief gemeißelten Segelboot, welches aussieht wie ein römisches Schiff. Die Abhandlung untersucht diese im Detail, zusammen mit anderem archäologischen Material, das von jüdischer Präsenz und jüdischem Einfluß in Malta zeugt. Die Hypogäen werden im Zusammenhang mit der maltesischen Kultur der Felsengräber diskutiert, angefangen von der prähistorischen Zeitperiode und ihrer besonderen Bedeutung als der Prototyp für römisch-punische Grabsteine.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 2011

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