Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T06:21:50.217Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Birth and death: infant burials from Vlasac and Lepenski Vir

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2015

Dušan Borić
Affiliation:
Center for Archaeology, Columbia University, 961 Schermerhorn Extension 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 5538, New York, NY 10027, USA. (Email: db2128@columbia.edu)
Sofija Stefanović
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro. (Email: smstefan@f.bg.ac.yu)

Abstract

Why were infants buried beneath house-floors at the Mesolithic and early Neolithic site of Lepenski Vir? Undertaking a new analysis of the neonate remains at Vlasac and Lepenski Vir the authors reject the idea of sacrificial infanticide, and demonstrate a consistency of respect in these burials. They suggest that the deaths were mourned and the dead, like the living, were given protection by the houses they were buried in. The treatment of mothers and children suggests increasing social cohesion from the Mesolithic at Vlasac to the early Neolithic at Lepenski Vir.

Type
Research
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Antonijević, D. 1982. Obredi i običaji balkanskih stočara. Beograd: Balkanološki institut.Google Scholar
Astuti, R. 1998. “It’s a boy,” “it’s a girl!” Reflections on sex and gender in Madagascar and beyond, in Lambek, M. & Strathern, A. (eds.) Bodies and persons. Comparative perspectives from Africa and Melanesia: pp. 2952. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bandić, D. 1997. Carstvo zemaljsko i carstvo nebesko. Ogledi o narodnoj religiji. Beograd: Biblioteka Xx vek.Google Scholar
Bass, W. 1987. Human osteology. New York: Missouri Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Benac, A. 1973. Obre, I. A Neolithic settlement of the Starčevo-Impresso and Kakanj culture at Raskrašće. Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Bosnisch-Hercegowinisch Landesmuseums Iiia: 327430.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. 1995. The resurrection of the house amongst the Zafimaniry of Madagascar, in Carsten, J. & Hugh-Jones, S. (eds.): pp. 6983. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. & Parry, J., 1982. Death and the Regeneration of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonsall, C., Cook, G. Lennon, R. Harkness, D. Scott, M. Bartosiewicz, L., & Mcsweeney, K.. 2000. Stable isotopes, Radiocarbon and the Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in the Iron Gates. Documenta Praehistorica 27: 119–32.Google Scholar
Bonsall, C., Boroneant, V., & Radovanović, I. (eds) in press. The Iron Gates Prehistory: New Perspectives. Oxford: BAR.Int.Ser.Google Scholar
Boroneantt, V. 2001. Palaeolithique superieur et ć Épipaléolithique dans la zone des Portes de Fer. Bucurecti: Silex.Google Scholar
Boroneantt, V., Bonsall, C. Mcsweeney, K. Payton, R. & Macklin, M., 1999. A Mesolithic Burial Area at Schela Cladovei, Romania, in Thévenin, A. (ed.), L’Europe des derniers chasseurs, Épipaléolithique et Mésolithique: pp. 385–90. Paris: Editions du Cths.Google Scholar
Borić, D. 1999. Places that created time in the Danube Gorges and beyond, c. 9000–5500 Bc. Documenta Praehistorica 26: 4170.Google Scholar
Borić, D. 2002. Apotropaism and the temporality of colours: colourful Mesolithic-Neolithic seasons in the Danube Gorges, in Jones, A. & MacGregor, G. (eds.), Colouring the Past. The Significance of Colour in Archaeological Research: pp. 2343. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Borić, D. 2002a. The Lepenski Vir conundrum: reinterpretation of the Mesolithic and Neolithic sequences in the Danube Gorges. Antiquity 76: 10261039.Google Scholar
Borić, D. 2002b. Seasons, Life Cycles and Memory in the Danube Gorges, c. 10000–5500 BC Cal. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Borić, D. 2003. ‘Deep time’ metaphor: mnemonic and apotropaic practices at Lepenski Vir. Journal of Social Archaeology 3(1): 4674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borić, D., Grupe, G. Peters, J., & Mikić, Ž.. in press. Is Mesolithic-Neolithic subsistence dichotomy real? Isotopic evidence from the Danube Gorges. Archaeometry.Google Scholar
Brukner, B. 1960. Rezultati zaštitnog iskopavanja lokaliteta “Baštine” kod sela Obreža. Rad vojvodjanskih muzeja 9: 81111.Google Scholar
Le Brun, A. 1989. Fouilles Récent à Khirokitia (Chypre) 1983–1986. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Le Brun, A. 1997. Khirokitia. A Neolithic Site. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.Google Scholar
Carsten, J. & Hugh-Jones, S., (eds.) 1995. About the House, Lévi-Strauss and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. C. 1992. Social Power in the Iron Gates Mesolithic, in Chapman, J. and Dolukhanov, P. (eds.), Cultural Transformations and Interactions in Eastern Europe: pp. 71121. Aldershot: Avebury.Google Scholar
Cook, G., Bonsall, C. Hedges, R. E. M. Mcsweeney, K. Boroneantt, V., Bartosiewicz, L. & Pettitt, P. B., 2002. Problems of dating human bones from the Iron Gates. Antiquity 76: 7785.Google Scholar
Demoule, J-P. & Lichardus-Itten, M.. 1994. Fouilles Franco-Bulgares du site neolithique ancien de Kovačevo (Bulgarie du sud-ouest). Rapport préliminaire (campagnes 1986–1993). Bulletin de corespondance helenique 118 (1994). 2 Études Chroniques et rapports: 561618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Čuljković, B., Stefanović, S., & Romac, S.. in press. DNA-based sex identification of the infant remains from Lepenski Vir, in Bonsall, C. et al.Google Scholar
Gallis, K. 1996. Burial customs, in Papathanassopoulos, G. A. (ed.), Neolithic Culture in Greece: pp. 171–4. Athens: Nicholas P. Goulandris Foundation, Museum of Cycladic Art.Google Scholar
Garašanin, M. & Radovanović, I.. 2001. A pot in house 54 at Lepenski Vir I. Antiquity 75(287): 118125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, T. 1995. Having your house and eating it: houses and siblings in Ara, south Sulawesi, in Carsten, J. & Hugh-Jones, S. (eds.): pp. 129–48.Google Scholar
Gillespie, S. D. 2000. Maya “Nested Houses”: The Ritual Construction of Place, in Joyce, R. A. & Gillespie, S. D.: pp. 133–60.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, M. (ed.). 1976. Neolithic Macedonia: as reflected by excavation at Anza, southeast Yugoslavia. Los Angeles: The Institute of Archaeology, University of California at Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Grupe, G., Manhart, H., Mikić, Z. & Peters, J., 2003. Vertebrate food webs subsistence strategies of Meso- and Neolithic populations of central Europe, in Grupe, G. & Peters, J. (ed.) Documenta Archaeobilogiae 1. Yearbook of the State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, München, Germany: pp. 193213. Rahden/Westf: Verlag M. Leidorf Google Scholar
Hawkes, L. with Molleson, T.. 2000. Reflashing the Past, in Hodder, I. (ed.), Towards reflexive method in archaeology: the example of Çatalhöyük: pp. 153–66. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1990. The Domestication of Europe. Structure and Contingency in Neolithic Societies. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1999. Symbolism at Çatalhöyük, in Coles, J. Benley, R. & Mellars, P. (eds.), World Prehistory. Studies in Memory of Grahame Clark: pp. 177191. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, T. W. 1976. 17,000 Years of Greek Prehistory, in Hunters, Farmers and Civilizations: Old World Archaeology. Readings from Scientific American: pp. 133151. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company.Google Scholar
Joyce, R. A. 2000. Girling the girl and boying the boy: the production of adulthood in ancient Mesoamerica. World Archaeology 31(3): 423–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joyce, R. A. & Gillespie, S.D.. (eds.). 2000. Beyond Kinship. Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Mays, S. 1998. The archaeology of human bones. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J. 1967. Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Meskell, L. 1994. Dying Young: The Experience of Death at Deir el Medina. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 13(2): 3545.Google Scholar
Meskell, L. 1996. The Somatization of Archaeology: Institutions, Discourses, Corporeality. Norwegian Archaeological Review 29(1): 116.Google Scholar
Metcalf, P. & Huntington, R.. 1991. Celebrations of Death. The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
NemeskÉri, J. 1972. The inhabitants of Lepenski Vir, in Srejović, D. 1972: pp. 190204.Google Scholar
NemeskÉri, J. 1978. Demographic structure of the Vlasac Epipalaeolithic population, in Garašanin, M. (ed.), Vlasac – mezolitsko naselje u Djerdapu (Ii): pp. 97133. Beograd: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti.Google Scholar
Politis, G. G. 1999. La actividad infantil en la producción del registro arqueológico de Cazadores-Recolectores. Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia Suplemento 3: 263–83.Google Scholar
Radovanović, I. 1996. The Iron Gates Mesolithic. International Monographs in Prehistory. Ann Arbor: Archaeological Series 11.Google Scholar
Radovanović, I. 1997. The Lepenski Vir Culture: a contribution to interpretation of its ideological aspects, in Dragoslavo Srejović, Antidoron completis LXV annis ab amicis collegis discipulis oblatum: pp. 8593. Beograd: Centar za arheološka istraživanja, Filozofski fakultet.Google Scholar
Radovanović, I. 2000. Houses and burials at Lepenski Vir. European Journal of Archaeology 3(3): 330349.Google Scholar
Roberts, C. & Manchester, K.. 1995. The Archaeology of Disease. New York: Ithaca.Google Scholar
Rodden, R. J. 1965. An Early Neolithic Village in Greece, in Avenues to Antiquity. Readings from Scientific American: pp. 151–59. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company.Google Scholar
Roksandić, M. 1999. Transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in the Iron Gates gorge: Physical anthropology perspective. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Roksandić, M. 2000. Between Foragers and Farmers in the Iron Gates Gorge: Physical Anthropology Perspective. Djerdap Population in Transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Documenta Praehistorica 27: 1100.Google Scholar
Rivière, P. 1995. Houses, places and people: community and continuity in Guiana, in Carsten, J. & Hugh-Jones, S. (eds.): pp. 189205. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schrire, C. & Steiger, W. L.. 1974. A matter of life and death: an investigation into the practices of female infanticide in the Arctic. Man (n.s.) 9: 161184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, E. 1999. The Archaeology of Infancy and Infant Death. Oxford: Archaeopress (Bar International Series 819).Google Scholar
Sofaer Derevenski, J. 1997. Engendering children, engendering archaeology, in Moore, J. & Scott, E. (eds.), Invisible people and processes. Writing gender and childhood into European archaeology: pp. 192202. London & New York: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar
Srejović, D. 1969. Lepenski Vir – Nova praistorijska kultura u Podunavlju. Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga.Google Scholar
Srejović, D. 1969a. The Roots of the Lepenski Vir Culture. Archaeologia Iugoslavica 10: 1321.Google Scholar
Srejović, D. 1972. Europe’s First Monumental Sculpture: New Discoveries at Lepenski Vir. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Srejović, D. 1981. Lepenski Vir: Menschenbilder einer frühen europäischen Kultur. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Srejović, D. & Letica, Z.. 1978. Vlasac. Mezolitsko naselje u Djerdapu (I arheologija). Beograd: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti.Google Scholar
Srejović, D. & Babović, Lj.. 1983. Umetnost Lepenskog Vira. Beograd: Jugoslavija.Google Scholar
Stefanović, S. & Borić, D.. in press. The new born infant burials from Lepenski Vir: in pursuit of contextual meanings, in Bonsall, C. et al.Google Scholar
Tringham, R. 2000. Southeastern Europe in the transition to agriculture in Europe: bridge, buffer or mosaic, in Price, T.D. (ed.), Europe’s first farmers: pp. 1956. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Waterson, R. 1990. The Living House: An Anthropology of Architecture in South-East Asia. Kuala Lumpur & Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Waterson, R. 2000. House, Place, and Memory in Tana Toraja (Indonesia), in Joyce, R.A., & Gillespie, S.D., pp. 177–88.Google Scholar
Welters, L. (ed.). 1999. Folk Dress in Europe and Anatolia: Beliefs about Protection and Fertility. Oxford/New York: Berg.Google Scholar
Whittle, A., Bartosiewicz, L. Borić, D., Pettitt, P., & Richards, M., 2002. In the beginning: new radiocarbon dates for the Early Neolithic in northern Serbia and south-east Hungary. Antaeus 25: 63117.Google Scholar
Zoffmann, Zs. 1983. Prehistorical skeletal remains from Lepenski Vir. Homo 34(3/4): 129–48.Google Scholar
Zoffmann, Zs. 1988. Human Skeletal Remains from Divostin, in McPherron, A. & Srejović, D. (eds.), Divostin and the Neolithic of central Serbia: pp. 447–55. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar