Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:31:03.432Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A future for Dark Earth?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Richard I. Macphail
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31–34, Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY UK
Henri Galinié
Affiliation:
UMR 6575, CNRS, Université de Tours 3, Place Anatole-France, 37000 Tours, France
Frans Verhaeghe
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Art, History and Archaeology, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium

Abstract

A recent workshop on ‘dark earth’, the homogeneous soil layer that often separates Roman from Early Medieval and Medieval strata in towns, prompted the authors to show how this concept, which developed in England, became altered when employed in mainland Europe. They present new research on what is actually a widespread phenomenon, and warn that uncritical assumptions about such layers made on the ground are losing important information.

Type
Method
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ARLAUD, C., BURNOUF, J., BRAVARD, J.P., LUROL, J.M. & VÈrot-BourrÈly, A.. 1994. Lyon Saint-Jean, les fouilles de I’tlot Tramassac. Lyon. (Documents d’Arcneologie en Rhone-Alpes 10)Google Scholar
ATEN, N., FRASHERI, G., KEMPEN, F. & MERSE, M..1998. Ausgrabungen auf dem Heumarkt in Koln, Kolner Jahrbuch 31: 481596.Google Scholar
BATEMAN, N. 1997. The London Amphitheatre:excavations 1987—1996, Britannia XXXVIII: 5185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BIDDLE, M., HUDSON, D.. & HEIGHWAY, C..1973. The Future of London’s Past: a survey of the archaeological implications of planning and development in the nation’s capital. Rescue: a Trust for British Archaeology. (Rescue Publication 4).Google Scholar
BROGIOLO, G. P. 1987. A proposito dell’organizzazione urbana nell’altomedioevo, Archeologia Medievale XIV, 1987: 2746.Google Scholar
BROGIOLO, G. CREMASCHI, P., M. & GELICHI, S..1988.Processi di stratificazione in centri urbani (dalla stratificazione ‘natural’ alla stratificazione ‘archeologica’), in Archeologa Stratigrafica dell’Italia Settentrionale. Como: Edizioni New Press. 2330.Google Scholar
CAMMAS, C., CHAMPAGNE, F., DAVID, C., DESACHY, B. & GUYARD, L.. 1995. Le problème des ‘terres noires’ sur les sites urbains tardo-antiques et mèdièvaux: rèflexions et propositions mèthodologiques à partir de l’exemple du Collège de France à Paris, Les Nouvelles de l’Archèologie 61: 2229.Google Scholar
CAMMAS, C., DAVID, C. & GUYARD, L.. 1996.La question des terre noires dans les sites tardo- antiques et mèdièval: le cas du Collège de France (Paris, France), in Proceedings XIII International congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences’. 8993. Forlì: ABACO.Google Scholar
CARVER, M. O.H. 1987. The nature of urban deposits, in J. Schofield and R. Lynch (eds.), Urban Archaeology in Britain. London: CBA Research Report: 61 926.Google Scholar
CARVER, M. O.H.1993 Arguments in Stone. Archaeological Research and the European town in the First Millennium (Oxford: oxbow)Google Scholar
CARVER, M. O.H.1997. Town and anti-Town in the first millenium AD in G. de Boe, F.Verhaeghe (eds) Urbanism in Medieval Europe vol.1(supplement) Zellik, Instituut voor het Archeologisch Patrimonium: 379389.Google Scholar
COWAN, C. In press. Urban development in north west Roman Southwark. Excavations 197490. London: Museum of London Archaeological Service. (Monograph).Google Scholar
CREMASCHI, M. 1992. Caratteristiche geoarcheologiche della successione stratigrafica posta in luce nello scavo archeologico di piazzetta Castello, in S. Gelichi (ed.), Ferraraprima e dopo il castello. Ferrara: 5865.Google Scholar
DALWOOD, H. 1992. The use of soil micromorphology for investigating site formation processes, in K. Steane (Ed), Interpretation of Stratigraphy: a Review of the Art. Lincoln: City of Lincoln Archaeology Unit. 36.Google Scholar
GALINIË, H. (ed.).2000.Terres Noires —1.Documents. Tours: Maison des Sciences de la Ville. (Sciences de la Ville, No. 6)Google Scholar
—in press. L’expression terres noires, un concept d’attente, in L. Verslype (ed.), Terres noires et stratigraphies de transition de lAntiquite Tardive et du haut Moyen AgeDark earth in the dark ages. Louvain-La-Neuve: Universite Catholique de Louvain.Google Scholar
GELICHI, S. 1994.Le citta in Emilia-Romagna tra tardo-antico ed alto-medioevo (VI—X secolo), in R. Francovich and G. Noye (eds.), La Storia dellAlto Medioev Italiano alla luce dell Archeologia. Florence: Edizioni all’Insegna del Giglio. 567600.Google Scholar
HYENSTRAND, E. 1992. Early discoveries in the Black Earth, in B. Ambrosiani and H. Clarke (eds.), Birka Studies [1]. Early investigations and future plans. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieambetet & Statens Historiska Museer. 2351.Google Scholar
JACQUES, A. & TUFFREAU-LIBRE, M..1991. L’occupation germanique sur le site gallo-romain d’Arras, Archdologisches Korrespondenzblatt 21:409419.Google Scholar
LA ROCCA HUDSON, C. 1986. ‘Dark Ages’ a Verona. Edilizia privata, aree aperte e strutture publicche in una citta dell’Italia settentrionale. Archeologia Medievale XIII, 1986: 3178.Google Scholar
LE MAHO, J. 1994.Les fouilles de la cathedrale de Rouen de 1985à1993. Esquisse d un premier bilan. Archeologie Medievale 24: 150.Google Scholar
LEONE, A. 1998.Change or No Change? Revised perceptions of urban transformation in late Antiquity, in TRAC 98 (Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference (Leicester 1998): 121130.Oxford.Google Scholar
MACPHAIL, RJ. 1981. Soil and botanical studies of the ‘Dark Earth’, in M. Jones & G.W. Dimbleby (eds.), The Environment of Man: the Iron Age to the Anglo-Saxon Period: 309331. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
MACPHAIL, R. I. & Courty., M.A. 1985.Interpretation and significance of urban deposits, in T. Edgren and H. Jungner (eds.), Proceedings of the Third Nordic Conference on the Application of Scientific Methods in Archaeology’: 7183. Helsinki: The Finnish Antiquarian Society.Google Scholar
MACPHAIL, R. I. 1994.The reworking of urban stratigraphy by human and natural processes in A.R. Hall & H.K. Kenward (eds.), Urban-Rural Connexions: Perspectives from Environmental Archaeology: 1343. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
MACPHAIL, R. I. & CRUISE, G. M. 1995.Guildhall Yard East (GYE92): brief assessment of microstratigraphy (soil micro-morphology and pollen). London: Museum of London Archaeology Service. (unpublished report)Google Scholar
MACPHAIL, R.I. in press. ‘Dark earth’: recent studies of ‘dark earth’ and ‘dark-earth-like?microstratigraphy in England, in L. Verslype (ed.), Terres noires et stratigraphies de transition de l’Antiquite Tardive et du haut Moyen Age — Dark earth in the dark ages. Louvain-La-Neuve: Universite Catholique de Louvain.Google Scholar
NORMAN, P. & READER., F.W. 1912.Further discoveries relating to Roman London, 190612 Archaeologia LXIII: 257344.Google Scholar
ROSKAMS, S. & SCHOFIELD., J. 1978.The Milk Street excavation. Part 2, London Archaeologist 3(9): 227334.Google Scholar
ROSKAMS, S. (ed.).2000.Interpreting Stratigraphy. Site evaluation, recording procedures and stratigraphic analysis, (Paper presented to Interpreting Stratigraphy Conferences 19931997). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. (International Series 910).Google Scholar
SIDELL, J. 2001 Dark Earth and obscured stratigraphy, in J.P. Huntley and S. Stallibrass (Eds.), Taphonomy and Interpretation. oxbow: oxford. 3542.Google Scholar
SUKOPP, H., BLUME, H.P. & KUNICK., W. 1979.The soil, flora and vegetation of Berlin’s waste lands, in I.C. Laurie (ed.), Nature in cities.: 11532. Chichester: John wiley.Google Scholar
TOPOGRAPHIE CHRËTIENNE, .1986.Topographie chretienne des cites de la Gaule des origines au VIII s. Paris, De Boccard,12 volumes published since 1986.Google Scholar
VERHAEGHE, F. in press. conclusions. ‘Terres noires’: questions et solutions? in L. Verslype (ed.), Terres noires et stratigraphies de transition de l’Antiquite Tardive et du haut Moyen Age —Dark earth in the dark ages. Louvain-La-Neuve: Universite catholique de Louvain.Google Scholar
VERSLYPE, L. (ed.). in press. Terres noires et stratigraphies de transition de l’Antiquite Tardive et du haut Moyen Age —Dark earth in the dark ages. Louvain-La- Neuve: Universite Catholique de Louvain.Google Scholar
YULE, B. 1990. The ‘dark earth’ and late Roman London, Antiquity, 64:6208.Google Scholar