Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:41:55.252Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Identifying low-level food producers: detecting mobility from lithics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Simon Holdaway
Affiliation:
1Anthropology Department, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand (sj.holdaway@auckland.ac.nz; rphi@auckland.ac.nz)
Willeke Wendrich
Affiliation:
2Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UCLA, 397 Humanities Building, 415 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (wendrich@humnet.ucla.edu)
Rebecca Phillipps
Affiliation:
1Anthropology Department, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand (sj.holdaway@auckland.ac.nz; rphi@auckland.ac.nz)

Abstract

The existence of low-level food producers, neither wholly hunter-gatherers nor wholly agriculturalists, is predicted but hard to prove. Here the authors use lithics, the one ubiquitous common indicator, to show how the detection of missing flakes can indicate degrees of mobility, while mobility in turn shows how people coped with the unpredictable appearance of food resources. In Australia, they were opportunists, armed with a ready cutting edge. In the Fayum, they had less far to go, but still roamed.

Type
Method
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, H. 1974. The Bagundji of the Darling Basin: cereal gatherers in an uncertain environment. World Archaeology 5: 309322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrefsky, W. 1994. Raw-material availability and the organization of technology. American Antiquity 59: 2134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, G.N. 2007. Time perspectives, palimpsests and the archaeology of time. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26: 198223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cane, S.B. 1989. Australian Aboriginal seed grinding and the archaeological record, in Harris, D.R. & Hillman, G.G. (ed.) Foraging and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation: 99119. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Caton-Thompson, G. & Gardner, E.W.. 1934. The Desert Fayum. London: The Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.Google Scholar
Clarkson, C. 2002. An index of invasiveness for the measurement of unifacial and bifacial retouch: a theoretical, experimental and archaeological verification. Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 6575CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarkson, C. 2006. Lithics in the land of the lightning brothers: the archaeology of Wardaman Country, Northern Territory. Canberra: ANU E-Press.Google Scholar
Close, A.E. 1996. That weight: the use and transportation of stone tools. Current Anthropology 37(3): 545553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Close, A.E. 1999. Distance and decay: an uneasy relationship. Antiquity 73: 2432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Close, A.E. 2000. Reconstructing movement in prehistory. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7: 4977CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dibble, H.L., Schurmans, U.A., Iovita, R.P. & Mclaughlin, M.V.. 2005. The measurement and interpretation of cortex in lithic assemblages. American Antiquity 70: 545560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglass, M.J., Holdaway, S.J., Fanning, P.C. & Shiner, J.I.. 2008. An assessment and archaeological application of cortex measurement in lithic assemblages. American Antiquity 73: 513526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanning, P.C. & Holdaway, S.J.. 2001. Temporal limits to the archaeological record in arid western NSW, Australia: lessons from OSL and radiocarbon dating of hearths and sediments, in Jones, M. & Sheppard, P. (ed.) Australasian connections and new directions: proceedings of the 7th Australasian archaeometry conference (Research in Anthropology and Linguistics 5): 91111. Auckland: University of Auckland. Department of Anthropology.Google Scholar
Fanning, P.C. 2004. Artifact visibility at open sites in western New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Field Archaeology 29: 255271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanning, P.C., Holdaway, S.J. & Rhodes, E.. 2007. A geomorphic framework for understanding the surface archaeological record in arid environments. Geodinamica Acta 20(4): 275286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, R.A. 1991. Arid-land foraging as seen from Australia: adaptive models and behavioral realities. Oceania 62: 1233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassan, F.A. 1986. Holocene lakes and prehistoric settlements of the Western Faiyum, Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 483501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiscock, P. 2006. Blunt and to the point: changing technological strategies in Holocene Australia, in Lilley, I. (ed.) Archaeology in Oceania: Australia and the Pacific Islands: 6995. Sydney: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hiscock, P. & Clarkson, C.. 2005. Experimental evaluation of Kuhn's Geometric Index of Reduction and the flat-flake problem. Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 10151022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdaway, S.J., Shiner, J.I. & Fanning, P.C.. 2004. Hunter-gatherers and the archaeology of discard behavior: an analysis of surface stone artifacts from Sturt National Park, western New South Wales, Australia. Asian Perspectives 43: 3474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdaway, S.J., Fanning, P.C., Jones, M., Shiner, J., Witter, D. & Nicholls, G.. 2002. Variability in the chronology of late Holocene Aboriginal occupation on the arid margin of southeastern Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 351363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdaway, S.J., Fanning, P.C. & Rhodes, E.. 2008a. Assemblage accumulation as a time dependent process in the arid zone of western New South Wales, Australia, in Holdaway, S., S.J. & Wandsnider, L. (ed.) Time in archaeology: 110133. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Holdaway, S.J., Fanning, P.C. & Rhodes, E. 2008b. Challenging intensification: human – environment interactions in the Holocene geoarchaeological record from western New South Wales, Australia. The Holocene 18: 411420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdaway, S.J. & Wandsnider, L.. 2006. Temporal scales and archaeological landscapes from the Eastern Desert of Australia and Intermontane North America, in Lock, G. & Molyneaux, B.L. (ed.) Confronting scale in archaeology: 183202. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar
Jansen, J.D. & Brierley, G.J.. 2004. Pool-Fills: a window to palaeoflood history and response in bedrock-confined rivers. Sedimentology 51: 901925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozlowski, J.K. & Ginter, V.B.. 1989. The Fayum Neolithic in the light of new discoveries, in Krzyzaniak, L. & Kobusiewicz, M. (ed.) Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara: 157179. Poznan: Muzeum Archeologiczne W. Poznaniu.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L. 1994. A formal approach to the design and assembly of mobile toolkits. American Antiquity 59: 426442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, S.L. 1995. Mousterian lithic technology: an ecological perspective. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, F. & Hildebrand, E.. 2002. Cattle before crops: the beginning of food production in Africa. Journal of World Prehistory 16: 99143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, M. 2004. The Tula Adze: manufacture and purpose. Antiquity 78: 6173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, J.F. & Hawkes, K.. 1984. Food choice and foraging sites among the Alyawara. Journal of Anthropological Research 40: 504535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillipps, R.S. 2006. Neolithic surface stone artefact assemblages from the Fayum, Egypt. Unpublished MA dissertation, University of Auckland.Google Scholar
Richerson, P.J., Boyd, R. & Bettinger, R.L.. 2001. Was agriculture impossible during the Pleistocene but mandatory during the Holocene? A climate change hypothesis. American Antiquity 66: 387411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiner, J.I., Holdaway, S.J., Allen, H. & Fanning, P.C.. 2007. Burkes Cave and flaked stone assemblage variability in western New South Wales, Australia. Australian Archaeology 64: 3545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, B. 2001. Low-level food production. Journal of Archaeological Research 9: 143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrence, R. 1994. Strategies for moving on in lithic studies, in Carr, P.J. (ed.) The organization of North American prehistoric chipped stone tool technologies (International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series 7): 123131. Ann Arbor (MI):, International Monographs in Prehistory.Google Scholar
Wendrich, W. & Cappers, R.T.J.. 2005. Egypt's earliest granaries: evidence from the Fayum. Egyptian Archaeology 27: 1215.Google Scholar
Wendrich, W. & Barnard, H.. 2008. The archaeology of mobility: definitions and research approaches, in Barnard, H. & Wendrich, W. (ed.) The archaeology of mobility: Old World and New World nomadism: 121. Los Angeles (CA): Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Wenke, R.J. 1999. Fayum, Neolithic and Predynastic sites, in Bard, K.A. (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt: Volume 2. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wenke, R.J. & Casini, M.. 1989. The Epipaleolithic-Neolithic transition in Egypt's Fayum depression, in Krzyzaniak, L. & Kobusiewicz, M. (ed.) Late prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara: 139155. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.Google Scholar
Wenke, R.J., Long, J.E. & Buck, P.E.. 1988. Epipaleolithic and Neolithic subsistence and settlement in the Fayyum oasis of Egypt. Journal of Field Archaeology 15: 2951.Google Scholar
Yen, D.E. 1989. The domestication of environment, in Harris, D. & Hillman, G. (ed.) Foraging and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation: 5575. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar