Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T02:57:44.719Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Tlaxcallan: the archaeology of an ancient republic in the New World

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Lane F. Fargher*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados-Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México (Email: lfargher@purdue.edu)
Richard E. Blanton
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, Stone Hall, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Verenice Y. Heredia Espinoza
Affiliation:
Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos, El Colegio de Michoacán, A.C., Cerro de Nahuatzen 85, Frac. Jardines del Cerro Grande, 59379, La Piedad, Michoacán, México
John Millhauser
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
Nezahualcoyotl Xiuhtecutli
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 7041 Freret Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
Lisa Overholtzer
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

Extract

Arguing from the overall settlement plan and the form of buildings, the authors present a persuasive case that the Late Postclassic city of Tlaxcallan and its near neighbour Tizatlan constitute the central elements of a republican state. This is an unusual political prescription, not only in Mesoamerica but further afield.

Type
Research article
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, B. 1991. Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Anderson, P. 1974. Lineages of the absolutist state. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar
Andrews, V. E. W., Johnson, J., Doonan, W., Everson, G., Sampeck, K. & Starratt, H. 2003. A multipurpose structure in the late Classic palace at Copán, in Christie, J.J. (ed.) Maya palaces and elite residences: an interdisciplinary approach: 6997. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Anguiano, M. & Chapa, M. 1976. Stratificación social en Tlaxcala durante el siglo XVI, in Carrasco, P. & Broda, J. (ed.) Estratificación social en la Mesoamérica prehispánica: 118–56. Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones Superiores, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Bendix, R. 1978. Kings or people: power and the mandate to rule. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Blanton, R. 1978. Monte Albán: settlement patterns at the ancient Zapotec capital. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Blanton, R. & Fargher, L. 2008. Collective action in the formation of pre-modern states. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanton, R., Feinman, G., Kowalewski, S. & Peregrine, P. 1996. A dual-processual theory for the evolution of Mesoamerican civilization. Current Anthropology 37: 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calnek, E. 1976. The internal structure of Tenochtitlan, in Wolf, E. (ed.) The valley of Mexico: studies of pre-Hispanic ecology and society: 287302. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Carr, R. & Hazard, J. 1961. Tikal report no. 11: map of the ruins of Tikal, El Peten, Guatemala. Philadelphia (PA): University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Caso, A. 1927. Las ruinas de Tizatlán, Tlaxcala. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 1: 139–72.Google Scholar
Contreras, J. 1992a. Excavaciones arqueológicas en Ocotelulco. Boletín del Consejo de Arqueología 1991: 5055.Google Scholar
Contreras, J. 1992b. Los hallazgos arqueológicos de Ocotelulco, Tlaxcala. Arqueología 7: 113–18.Google Scholar
Diehl, R. 1983. Tula: the Toltec capital of ancient Mexico. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Drennan, R. & Peterson, C. 2004. Comparing archaeological settlement systems with rank-size graphs: a measure of shape and statistical confidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 533–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fargher, L. & Blanton, R. 2007. Revenue, voice and public goods in three pre-modern states. Comparative Studies in Society and History 49: 848–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fargher, L., Blanton, R. & Espinoza, V. Heredia. 2010. Egalitarian ideology and political power in pre-Hispanic Central Mexico: the case of Tlaxcallan. Latin American Antiquity 21: 227–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleming, D. 2004. Democracy's ancient ancestors: Mari and early collective governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuentes, J. 1927. Informe de las excavaciones en la zona arqueológica de Tizatlán. Mexico City: Archivo de Monumentos Prehispánicos del Instituto National de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
GarcíA Cook, A. & Carrión, B. Merino. 1991. Tlaxcala: textos de su historia. Tomo 3: los orígenes: arqueología. Tlaxcala: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes y Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala.Google Scholar
GarcíA Cook, A. & Carrión, B. Merino 1998. Cantona: urbe prehispanica en el altiplano Central de México. Latin American Antiquity 9: 191216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García Vega, A. 1929. Ruinas de Tizatlan, Tlaxcala: antecedentes históricos de Tlaxcala. Publicaciones de la Secretaria de Educación Pública 20: 322. Mexico City: Talleres Gráficos de la Nación.Google Scholar
Gibson, C. 1952. Tlaxcala in the sixteenth century. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Guevara HernáNdez, J. 1999a. Sitio arqueológico de Tepeticpac, Tlaxcala: informe preliminar del estudio y análisis del material arqueológico. Mexico City: Archivo Ténico de la Coordinación Nacional de Arqueología, clas: 2860. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Guevara HernáNdez, J. 1999b. Proyecto: Excavaciones en unidades residenciales y domésticas en Tepeticpac: Informe de la segunda temporada de campo, otoño de 1999. Mexico City: Archivo Técnico de la Coordinación Nacional de Arqueología, clas. 28-65. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Harrison, P. 2003. Palaces of the royal court at Tikal, in Christie, J. (ed.) Maya palaces and elite residences: an interdisciplinary approach: 98119. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Healan, D. 1989. Tula of the Toltecs: excavations and survey. Iowa City (IA): University of Iowa Press.Google Scholar
Hegel, G. 1953. Reason in history: a general introduction to the philosophy of history. Translated by Hartman, R.New York: Liberal Arts.Google Scholar
Hirth, K. 2000. Archaeological research at Xochichalco, Volume 1: ancient urbanism at Xochicalco: the evolution and organization of a pre-Hispanic society. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. 1985. Introduction, in Hobsbawm, E. (ed.) Karl Marx: pre-capitalist economic formations: 965. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Horton, M. & Middleton, J. 2000. The Swahili: the social landscape of a mercantile society. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, T. 1943. Primitive democracy in ancient Mesopotamia. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2: 159–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, G. 1981. Monitoring complex system integration and boundary phenomena with settlement size data, in Leeuw, S. Van der (ed.) Archaeological approaches to the study of complexity: 143–88. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Joyce, A., Workinger, A., Hamann, B., Kroefges, P., Oland, M. & King, S. 2004. Lord 8 Deer 'Jaguar Claw' and the land of the sky: the archaeology and history of Tututepec. Latin American Antiquity 15: 273–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kowalewski, S., Feinman, G., Finsten, L., Blanton, R. & Nicholas, L. 1989. Monte Albán's hinterland, Part 2: Prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacolula, Etla and Ocotlán, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan, Museum of AnthropologyGoogle Scholar
Kowalewski, S., Balkansky, A., Walsh, L. Stiver, Pluckhahn, T., Chamblee, J., Rodríguez, V. PéRez, Espinoza, V. Heredia & Smith, C. 2009. Origins of the Ñuu: archaeology in the Mixteca Alta, Mexico. Boulder (CO): University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Kowalski, J. 2003. Evidence for the functions and meanings of some northern Maya palaces, in Christie, J.J. (ed.) Maya palaces and elite residences: an interdisciplinary approach: 204252. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Liu, L. 2004. The Chinese Neolithic: trajectories to early states. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marx, K. 1973. Grundrisse: introduction to the critique of political economy. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Mastache de Escobar, A., Cobean, R. & Healan, D. 2002. Ancient Tollan: Tula and the Toltec heartland. Boulder (CO): University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Milbrath, S. & Lope, C. Peraza. 2009. Survival and revival of terminal Classic traditions at Postclassic Mayapan. Latin American Antiquity 20: 581606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, J. 1817. The history of British India. London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.Google Scholar
Millon, R. 1973. Urbanization at Teotihuacán, Mexico. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Montesquieu, C. 1989. The spirit of the laws. Translated and edited by Cohler, A., Miller, B. & Stone, H.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MuÑoz Camargo, D. 1999. Relaciones geográficas: Tlaxcala (descripción de la ciudad y provincia de Tlaxcala de las indias y del mar). Edited by Acuña, René. San Luis Potosí: El Colegio de San Luis & Tlaxcala: Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala.Google Scholar
Nederman, C. 2005. Republic, in Horowitz, M. Cline (ed.) New dictionary of the history of ideas: 2098–103. Detroit (MI): Charles Scribner's Sons.Google Scholar
Noguera, E. 1929. Ruinas de Tizatlan, Tlaxcala: Los altares de sacrificio de Tizatlan, Tlaxcala. Publicaciones de la Secretaria de Educación Pública 20: 2465.Google Scholar
Parsons, J. 1971. Prehistoric settlement patterns in the Texcoco Region, Mexico. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology.Google Scholar
Postgate, J. 1992. Early Mesopotamia: society and economy at the dawn of history. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Prins, A. 1967. The Swahili-speaking peoples of Zanzibar and the east African coast (Arabs, Shirazi and Swahili). London: International African Institute.Google Scholar
Prins, A. 1971. Didemic lamu: social stratification and spatial structure in a Muslim maritime town. Groningen: Institut voor Culturele Anthropologie der Rijksvuniversiteit.Google Scholar
Puleston, D. 1983. The settlement survey of Tikal. Philadelphia (PA): University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raaflaub, K. 1998. Power in the hands of the people: foundations of Athenian democracy, in Morris, I. & Raaflaub, K. (ed.) Democracy 2500? Questions and challenges (Archaeological Institute of America: Colloquia and Conference Papers 2): 3166. Dubuque (IA): Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Ringle, W. 2004. On the political organization of Chichen Itza. Ancient Mesoamerica 15: 167218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringle, W. & Bey, G. III. 2001. Post-Classic and terminal Classic courts of the northern Maya lowlands, in Inomata, T. & Houston, S. (ed.) Royal courts of the ancient Maya, Volume 2: data and case studies: 266307. Boulder (CO): Westview Press.Google Scholar
Roys, R. 1965. Lowland Maya native society at Spanish contact, in Willey, G. (ed.) Handbook of middle American Indians: archaeology of southern Mesoamerica, part two: 659–78. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Sahagún, B. de. 1540–85 [2005]. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. Prepared by Ángel Ma. Garibay K. Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa.Google Scholar
Sanders, W., Parsons, J. & Santley, R. 1979. The Basin of Mexico: ecological processes in the evolution of a civilization. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sharer, R. with Traxler, L. 2006. The ancient Maya. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Sharma, J.P. 1968. Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 BC–500 BC. Leiden: E.J. Brill.Google Scholar
Sharma, R.S. 1996. Political ideas and institutions in ancient India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Rivate.Google Scholar
Smith, M. 2003. The Aztecs. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Smith, M. 2008. The archaeology of Aztec city-state capitals: four views of Aztec urbanism, in Mastache, A. Guadalupe, Cobean, R., Cook, A. García & Hirth, K. (ed.) Urbanism in Mesoamerica: 447–99. University Park (PA): Pennsylvania State University; Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Stiver Walsh, L. 2001. Prehispanic Mixtec settlement and state in the Teposcolula Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Vanderbilt University.Google Scholar
Thapar, R. 1984. From lineage to state: social formations in the mid-first millennium BC in the Ganga Valley. Bombay: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Van de Mieroop, M. 1997. The ancient Mesopotamian city. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Van Zantwijk, R. 1985. The Aztec arrangement: the social history of pre-Spanish Mexico. Norman (OK): University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Vitkin, M. 1981. Marx and Weber on the primary state, in Claessen, H. & Skalník, P. (ed.) The study of the state: 443–54. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Weber, M. 1947. The theory of social and economic organization. Translated by Henderson, A. & Parsons, T.New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wittfogel, K. 1957. Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power. NewHaven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, E. 1999. Envisioning power: ideologies of dominance and crisis. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar