Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-s22k5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T18:51:53.795Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Towards an absolute chronology for the Iron Age of Inner Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Mark E. Hall
Mark E. Hall*
Affiliation:
Archaeological Research Facility, 232 Kroeber Hall, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720-3710, USA. hall@qal.berkeley.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

For half a century now — ever since radiocarbon dating began — there have been regional reconciliations between relative chronologies and the new absolute dating. Sometimes they have been friendly, some times less so when the two schemes have not matched well. For Inner Asia — centre of the Old World — there is belatedly now the means to resolve some fundamentals.

Type
Papers
Information
Antiquity , Volume 71 , Issue 274 , December 1997 , pp. 863 - 874
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abetekov, A. & Yusupov, H. 1994. Ancient Iranian nomads in western Central Asia, in Harmatta, (ed.): 23–34.Google Scholar
Akishev, K.A. 1978. Kurgan Issyk. Moscow: Iskusstvo.Google Scholar
Akishkv, K.A. & Kushayev, G.A. 1963. Drevnyaya Kul’tura Sakov i Usunei Doliny Reki Cheli. Alma-Alta: Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR.Google Scholar
Asch, D.L. & Brown, J.A. 1990. Stratigraphy and site chronology, in Brown, J.A. & O’Brien, P.J. (ed.), At the edge of prehistory: 174–85. Kampsville (IL): Center for American Archaeology.Google Scholar
Askarov, A. 1992. The beginning of the Iron Age in Transoxania, in Dani, A.H. & Masson, V.M. (ed.), Civilizations of Central Asia. 1: 441–58. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Azarpay, G. 1959. Some Classical and Near Eastern motifs in the art of Pazyryk, Artibus Asiae 22: 313–39.Google Scholar
Azarpay, G. 1981. Cairns, kurums, and dambs: a note on pre-Islamic surface burials in eastern Iran and Central Asia, Acta Iranica 21: 12–21.Google Scholar
Balalaeva, L.V., Petrenko, Yu.V. Orishchenko, A.V. Shakhov, B.P. Shakhova, YU.A. & Shibaeva, L.E. 1988. Radiouglerodiÿc datÿ laboratorii Ural’skogo Pedadgogicheskogo Instituta ini. Pushkina, A. S. Komissiia Polzucheniiu Chetrertichnogo Perioda 50: 157–60.Google Scholar
Biasi, G.P. & Weldon II, R. 1994. Quantitative refinement of calibrated 14C distributions. Quaternary Research 41:118.Google Scholar
Bokovenko, N.A. 1995. Scythian culture in the Altai Mountains, in Davis-Kimball, et al. (ed.): 282–95.Google Scholar
Bokovenko, N.A. 1996. Asian influence on European Scythia, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 3: 97–122.Google Scholar
Bowman, S. 1990. Radiocarbon dating. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Buck, C. Cavanagh, W.G. & Litton, C. 1995. Bayesian approach to interpreting archaeological data. Chichester: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Bunker, E. 1970a. Animal style art of the Far East, in Bunkeretal, : 104–45.Google Scholar
Bunker, E. 1970b. Central Asia and the Altai, in Bunkeret al, : 60–69.Google Scholar
Bunker, E. 1991. The Chinese artifacts among the Pazyryk finds, Source: Notes in the History of Art 10: 21–4Google Scholar
Bunker, E. 1992. Significant changes in iconography and technology among ancient China’s northwestern pastoral neighbors from the 4th to 1st century B.C., Bulletin of the Asia Institute 6: 99–115.Google Scholar
Bunker, E., Chatwin, C.B. & Farras, A.R. 1970. Animal Style Art’from East to West. New York (NY): Asia Society Ltd.Google Scholar
Butomo, S.V. 1966. Radiocarbon dating in the Soviet Union, Radiocarbon 7: 223–8.Google Scholar
Chatwin, C.B. 1970. Anan’ino and Minusinsk, in Bunker, et al.: 70–80.Google Scholar
Chen, KWANG-TZU & Hiebert, F.T. 1995. The late prehistory of Xinjiang in relation to its neighbors, Journal of World Prehistory 9: 243–300.Google Scholar
Chernikov, S.S. 1965. Zagadka Zolotov Kurgana. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Dallimore, W. & Jackson, B. 1946. A handbook of coniferae. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Davis-Kimball, J., Bashilov, V.A. & Yablonsky, L.T. (ed.). 1995. Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age. Berkeley (CA): Zinat Press.Google Scholar
Dean, J.S. 1978. Independent dating, in Schiffer, M.B. (ed.), Advances in archaeological method and theory 1: 223–65. New York (NY): Academic Press.Google Scholar
Debaine-Francfort, C. 1989. Archéologie du Xinjiang des origines aux Han, Paléorient 15: 183–213.Google Scholar
Debaine-FRANCFORT, C. 1990. Les Saka du Xinjiang avant les Han (206 av.-220 ap. J.-C): critères d’identification, in Francfort, H.P. (ed.). Nomades et sédentaires en Asie Centrale: 81–96. Paris: Editions du CNRS.Google Scholar
Deetz, J. & Detiilefsen, E. 1965. The Doppler Effect and archaeology: a consideration of the spatial aspects of seriation, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21(3): 196–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolukhanov, P.M., Romanova, YE.N. & Semyontsov, A.A. 1970. Radiocarbon dates of the Institute of Archaeology II, Radiocarbon 12: 130–55.Google Scholar
Enoki, K., Koshelenko, G.A. & Haidary, Z. 1994. The Yüeh-chih and their migrations, in Harmatta, (ed.): 171–89.Google Scholar
Farkas, A.R. 1970. The Near East, in Bunker, et al.: 18–59.Google Scholar
Frumkin, G. 1970. Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Handbuch der Orientalistik 3(1).Google Scholar
Gryaznov, M. 1969. The ancient civilization of southern Siberia. New York (NY): Cowles/Nagel.Google Scholar
Gryaznov, M. 1980. Arzhan: Tsarskii Kurgan Ranneskifskogo Vremeni. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Harmatta, J. (ED.). 1994. History of civilizations of Central Asia 2. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Haskins, J.F. 1988. China and the Altai, Bulletin of the Asia institute 2: 1–9.Google Scholar
Hiebert, F.T. 1992. Pazyryk chronology and the early horse nomads reconsidered, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 6:117–29.Google Scholar
Hiebert, F.T. INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CASS. 1991. 14 C:ZhongguoKaoguxue Zhong tan Shisi Niandai Shuju Ji. Beijing: Wenwn.Google Scholar
Itina, M.A. 1986. The Saka of the Aral Sea area, in Ildikó Lehtinen (ed.), Traces of Central Asian culture in the north: 81–95. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 194.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, E. 1993. The Deer Goddess of ancient Siberia. Leiden: E.J. Brill.Google Scholar
Jettmar, K. 1967. Art of the steppes. New York (NY): Crown. Revised edition. 1970. Cross-dating in Central Asia, Central Asiatic Journal 14: 253–76.Google Scholar
Jettmar, K. 1981. Cultures and ethnic groups west of China in the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, Asian Perspectives 24:145–62.Google Scholar
Kato, K. 1991. Sarmatian arts and their surroundings, in The treasures of nomadic tribes in South Russia: 33–5. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha.Google Scholar
Kawami, T. 1991. Creek art and the finds at Pazyryk, Source: Notes in the History of Art 10: 16–19.Google Scholar
Khotinskii, N.A. 1984. Holocene vegetational history, in Velichko, A.A. (ed.), Lare Quaternary environments of the Soviet Union: 179–200. Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Kubarev, V.D. 1991. Kurgany Yustÿda. Novosibirsk: Nauka.Google Scholar
Litton, C.D. & Buck, C.E. 1995. The Bayesian approach to the interpretation of archaeological data, Archaeometry 37:1–24.Google Scholar
Ma, YONG & Binghua WANG, 1994. The culture of the Xinjiang region, in Harmatta, (ed.): 209–25.Google Scholar
Mamonova, N.N. & Sukrzhitskii, L.D. 1989. Opyt datirovaniia po C14 pogrebenii Pribaikl’ia epokhi golotsena, Sovetskaia Arkheologiia: 19–32.Google Scholar
Manning, S.W. 1995. The absolute chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 1.Google Scholar
Marsadolov, L.S. 1988. Dendroklironologiya bol’shikh kurganov Sayano-Altai I tÿsyacheletir do I.Z., Arkheologicheskii Sbornik Gosudarstvennovo Ermitazha 29: 65–81.Google Scholar
Martynov, A.I. 1991. The ancient art of northern Asia. (Translated and edited by Shimkin, D.B. Shimkin, E.M.) Urbana (IL): University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Melyukova, A.I. 1990. The Scythians and Sarmatians, in Sinor, (ed.): 97–117.Google Scholar
Michaels, H.N. 1992. Siberia and the Soviet Far East, in Ehrich, R.W. (ed.), Chronologies in Old World archaeology. 416–29. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mizuno, S. 1959. Bronzes and Jades of Ancient China. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha.Google Scholar
Mook, W.G., Hasper, H. &Van DER PLIGHT, J. 1987. Background and procedures of 14C calibration, in Aurenche, O. Evin, J. & Hours, F. (ed.), Chronologies du Proche Orient: 145–60. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. International series 379.Google Scholar
Ottaway, B. 1973. Dispersion diagrams: a new approach to the display of carbon-14 dates, Archaeometry 15: 5–12.Google Scholar
Ramsey, C.B. 1995a. OxCal,version 2.18. http://www.ox.ac.uk/ depts/rlaha Google Scholar
Ramsey, C.B. 1995b. Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: The OxCal program, Radiocarbon 37: 425–30.Google Scholar
Rudenko, S.I. 1960. Kultura Naseleniia Tsentralnogo Altai v Skifskoe Vremia. Leningrad:Akademiia Nauk SSR.Google Scholar
Rudenko, S.I. 1970. Frozen tombs of Siberia. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Schweingruber, F.H. 1993. Trees and wood in dendrochronology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. 1986. Radiocarbon dating and the ‘old wood’ problem: the case of the Hohokam chronology, Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 13–30.Google Scholar
Semenov, V. & Chugunov, K. 1995. New evidence of the Scythian-type culture of Tuva, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 2: 311–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semyontsov, A.A., Dolukhanov, P.M. Romanova, YE.N. & Tlmofeyev, V.L. 1972. Radiocarbon dates of the Institute of Archaeology III, Radiocarbon 14: 336–67.Google Scholar
Sher, Y. 1988. On the sources of the Scythic animal style, Arctic Anthropology 25: 47–60.Google Scholar
Sinor, D. 1990a. Introduction: The concept of Inner Asia, in Sinor, (ed.): 1–18.Google Scholar
Sinor, D. 1990b. (Ed.). The Cambridge history of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., Long, A. & Kra, R.S. (ed.). 1993.1993 Calibration Issue, Radiocarbon 35(1).Google Scholar
Sun, Xiangjun & Yinshuo Chen, 1991. Palynological records of the last 11,000 years in China, Quaternary Science Reviews 10: 537–14.Google Scholar
Tolstov, S.P. 1964. The Central Asian Scythians in light of the most recent archaeological discoveries, Soviet Anthropology and Archaeology 2(4): 15–31.Google Scholar
Trudnovskaya, S.A. 1963. Krugloe pogrebal’noe sooruzhenie na gorodishche Chirik-Rabat, in Tolstov, S.P. & Vinogradov, A.V. (ed.), Trudy Khoremzskoi Arkheologo-etnograficheskoi Ekspeditsii 6:201–13. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSR.Google Scholar
Verkhunov, P.M. & Dashko, N.V. 1977. The process of differentiation and mortality of stems in uneven-aged Scots pine stands by means of dendrochronology, in Fletcher, J.M. & Linnard, W. (ed.), Russian papers on dendrochronology and dendroclimatology. 109–11. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, A.P., Devirts, A.L. Dobkina, E.I. & Markova, N.G. 1962. Determination of absolute age by the 14C method, part 3, Geochemistry 5: 439–57.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, A.P., Devirts, A.L. Dobkina, E.I. & Markova, N.G. 1966. Radiocarbon dating in the Vernadsky Institute I-IV, Radiocarbon 8: 292–323.Google Scholar
Vlshnevskaya, O.A. & Itina, M.A. 1971. Rannie Saki Priaral’ya, in Problemy Skifskoi Arkheologii: 197–208. Moscow:Nauka. Materialy i Issledovaniia po Arkheologii 177.Google Scholar
Wang, Binghua. 1987. Recherches historiques préliminaires sur les Saka du Xinjiang ancien, Arts Asiatiques 42: 31–44.Google Scholar
Wang, BINGHUA. 1996. A preliminary analysis of the archaeological cultures of the Bronze Age in the region of Xinjiang, Anthropology and Archaeology of Eurasia 34(4): 67–86.Google Scholar
Ward, G.K. & Wilson, S.R. 1978. Procedures for comparing and combining radiocarbon determinations: a critique, Archaeometry 20: 19–31.Google Scholar
Watson, W. 1972. The Chinese contribution to eastern nomad culture in pre-Han and early Han periods, World Archaeology 4: 138–49.Google Scholar
Weber, A. 1994. The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of the Lake Baikal region: a review of recent research, Journal of World Prehistory 9: 99–165.Google Scholar
Yablonsky, L.T. 1995a. The material culture of the Saka and historical reconstruction, in Davis-Kimball, et al. (ed.): 201–40.Google Scholar
Yablonsky, L.T. 1995b. Written sources and the history of archaeological studies of the Saka in Central Asia, in Davis-Kimball, et al. (ed.): 193–200.Google Scholar
Zadneprovskiy, Y.A. 1994. The nomads of northern central Asia after the invasion of Alexander, in Harmatta, (ed.): 457–72.Google Scholar
Zaitseva, G.I. 1995. Chemical composition and sample preparation of archaeological wood for radiocarbon dating, Radiocarbon 37(2): 311–17.Google Scholar
Zakharieva, E.I. 1976. Dendrokhronologicheskie issledovaniia kurgana Arzhan, Sovetskaia Arkheologiia: 100–107.Google Scholar
Zamotorin, I.M. 1959. OtnositeFnaia khronologiia Pazyrykskikh kurganov, Sovetskaia Arkheologiia: 21–30.Google Scholar