Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T04:58:48.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrients and fine particulate matter released from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) farming

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2006

Manolis Tsapakis ,
Paraskevi Pitta  and
Ioannis Karakassis
Manolis Tsapakis
Affiliation:
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Paraskevi Pitta
Affiliation:
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Ioannis Karakassis
Affiliation:
Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Get access

Abstract

Mass budget of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) farming losses was examined. Experiments were carried out in April, September and November 2001 in tanks of 8.5 m3 containing sea bass of 1, 31 and 53 g, respectively. Samples were taken at the input and discharge points of the tank at hourly intervals over 24 h. They were later analysed for nutrient concentration, as well as particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, chlorophyll a (Chl a) and total bacterial abundance. Despite the high water supply (exchange rate: 50% h−1), NH4 concentration was significantly higher in discharge water than in input water in all three experiments independent of fish size. The same was found to hold true for PO4 for part of the day (April, November) or for the entire day (September). NO3 and SiO2 ions did not show any differences during April. Particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) were higher in the discharge water in all seasons. Chl a concentration was higher in the discharge water during the entire day in September whereas bacteria presented higher counts in the output water only during part of the day in April. It was found that 5−7% of the nitrogen supplied is released into the water column as fine particulate material in the form of PON and 21−29% as NH4. A small proportion (13−16%) of supplied phosphorus (P) was released as PO4. The results provided in the present paper are useful in assessing environmental changes in water quality in the vicinity of fish farms in the Mediterranean.

Keywords

Fish farm wasteNutrientsFine particulate materialDiel patternsDicentrarchus labrax
Type
Research Article
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , January 2006 , pp. 69 - 75
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD, 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ballestrazzi, R., Lanari, D., D'arago, E., Mion, A., 1994, The effect of dietary protein level and sporce on growth, body composition, total ammonia and reactive phosphate excretion of growing sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax). Aquaculture 127, 197-206. CrossRef
Beveridge M.C.M., 1996, Cage aquaculture. Fishing News Books, Blackwell, Oxford.
Costa-Pierce B.A., 1996, Environmental impacts of nutrients from aquaculture: towards the evolution of sustainable aquaculture systems. In: Baird D.J., Beveridge M.C.M., Kelly L.A., Muir J.F. (Eds.) Aquaculture and Water Resource Management. Oxford, Blackwell Science, pp. 81-113.
Delgado, O., Ruiz, J., Perez, M., Romero, J., Ballestreros, E., 1999, Effects of fish farming on seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) in a Mediterranean bay: seagrass decline after loading cessation. Oceanol. Acta 22, 109-117. CrossRef
Dosdat, A., Servais, F., Metailler, R., Huelvan, C., Desbruyeres, E., 1996, Comparson of nitrogenous losses in five teleost fish species. Aquaculture 141, 107-127. CrossRef
Folke, C., Kautsky, N., 1989, The role of ecosystems for a sustainable development of aquaculture. Ambio 18, 234-243.
Franco-Nava, M.A., Blancheton, J.P., Deviller, G., Charrier, A., Le-Gall, J.Y., 2004, Effect of fish size and hydraulic regime on particulate organic matter dynamics in a recirculating aquaculture system: elemental carbon and nitrogen approach. Aquaculture 239, 179-198. CrossRef
Gowen, R.J., Bradbury, N.B., 1987, The ecological impact of salmonid farming in coastal waters: A review. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 25, 563-575.
Hall, P.O.J., Holby, O., Kollberg, S., Samuelsson, M., 1992, Chemical fluxes and mass balance n a marine fish cage farm. IV. Nitrogen. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 89, 81-91. CrossRef
Hedges, J.I., Stern, J.H., 1984, Carbon and Nitrogen determination of carbonate-containing solids. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29, 657-663. CrossRef
Holby, O., Hall, P.O.J., 1991, Chemical fluxes and mass balances in a marine fish cage farm. II. Phosphorus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 70, 263-272. CrossRef
Holmer, M., Perez, M., Duarte, C.M., 2003, Benthic primary producers – a neglected environmental problem in Mediterranean maricultures? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46, 1372-1376. CrossRef
Ivancic, I., Deggobis, D., 1984, An optimal manual procedure for ammonia analysis in natural waters by the indophenol blue method. Water Res. 18, 1143-1147. CrossRef
Karakassis, I., Tsapakis, M., Hatziyanni, E., 1998, Seasonal variability in sediment profiles beneath fish farm cages in the Mediterranean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 162, 243-252. CrossRef
Karakassis, I., Tsapakis, M., Hatziyanni, E., Papadopoulou, K.N., Plaiti, W., 2000, Impact of cage farming of fish on the seabed in three Mediterranean coastal areas. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57, 1462-1471. CrossRef
Karakassis, I., Tsapakis, M., Hatziyanni, E., Pitta, P., 2001, Diel variation of nutrients and chlorophyll in sea bream and sea bass cages in the Mediterranean. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 10, 278-283.
Karakassis, I., Pitta, P., Krom, M.D., 2005, Contribution of fish farming to the nutrient loading of the Mediterranean. Sci. Mar. 69, 313-321. CrossRef
Katranidis, S., Nitsi, E., Vakrou, A., 2003, Social acceptability of Aquaculture development in coastal areas: The case of two Greek islands. Coast. Manage. 31, 37-53. CrossRef
Kaushik, S.J., 1998, Nutritional bioenergetics and estimation of waste production in non-salmonids. Aquat. Living Resour. 11, 211-217. CrossRef
Kempf, M., Merceron, M., Cadour, G., Jeanneret, H., Mear, Y., Miramand, P., 2002, Environmental impact of a salmonid farm on a well flushed marine site: II. Biosedimentology. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 18, 51-60. CrossRef
Krebs C.J., 1989, Ecological methodology. Harper & Row, New York.
Krom, M.D., Porter, C., Gordin, H., 1985, Nutrient budget of a marine fish pond in Eilat, Israel. Aquaculture 51, 65-80. CrossRef
La Rosa, T., Mirto, S., Mazzola, A., Danovaro, R., 2001, Differential responses of benthic microbes and meiofauna to fish-farm disturbance in coastal sediments. Environ. Pollut. 112, 427-434. CrossRef
Lemarié, G., Martin, J.L., Dutto, G., Garidou, C., 1998, Nitrogenous and phosphorus waste production in a flow-through land-based farm of european sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax). Aquat. Living Resour. 11, 247-254. CrossRef
Lupatsch, L., Kissil, G.W., 1998, Predicting aquaculture waste from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) culture using a nutritional approach. Aquat. Living Resour. 11, 265-268. CrossRef
Machias, A., Karakassis, I., Labropoulou, M., Somarakis, S., Papadopoulou, K.N., Papaconstantinou, C., 2004, Changes in wild fish assemblages after the establishment of a fish farming zone in an oligotrophic marine ecosystem. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 60, 771-779. CrossRef
Machias A., Karakassis I., Giannoulaki M., Papadopoulou K.N., Smith C.J., Somarakis S., 2005, Response of demersal fish communities to the presence of fish farms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 241-250.
Pergent, G., Mendez, S., Pergent-Martini, C., Pasqualini, V., 1999, Preliminary data on the impact of fish farming facilities on Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Mediterranean. Oceanol. Acta 22, 95-107. CrossRef
Pitta, P., Karakassis, I., Tsapakis, M., Zivanovic, S., 1999, Natural vs. mariculture induced variability in nutrients and plankton in the Eastern Mediterranean. Hydrobiologia 391, 181-194.
Pitta, P., Apostolaki, E.T., Giannoulaki, M., Karakassis, I., 2005, Mesoscale changes in the water column in response to fish farming zones in three coastal areas in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 65, 501-512. CrossRef
Pohle, G., Frost, B., Findlay, R., 2001, Assessment of regional benthic impact of salmon mariculture within the Letang Inlet, Bay of Fundy. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 58, 417-426. CrossRef
Porter, K.G., Feig, Y.S., 1980, The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25, 943-948. CrossRef
Ruiz, J.M., Perez, M., Romero, J., 2001, Effects of fish farm loadings on seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) distribution, growth and photosynthesis. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42, 749-760. CrossRef
Soto, D., Norambuena, F., 2004, Evaluation of salmon farming effects on marine systems in the inner seas of southern Chile: a large-scale mensurative experiment. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 20, 493-501. CrossRef
Strickland, J.D., Parsons, T.R., 1972, A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish. Res Board Can. 167, 311.
Weston, D.P., 1990, Quantitative examination of macrobenthic community changes along an organic enrichment gradient. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 61, 233-244. CrossRef
Wildish, D.J., Hargrave, B.T., MacLeod, C., Crawford, C., 2003, Detection of organic enrichment near finfish net-pens by sediment profile imaging at SCUBA-accessible depths. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 285-286, 403-413. CrossRef
Yentsch, C.S., Menzel, D.W., 1963, A method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll and phaeophytin by fluorescence. Deep-Sea Res. 10, 221-231.