Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T22:22:27.322Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Marteiliosis in molluscs: A review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2004

Franck C.J. Berthe ,
Frédérique Le Roux ,
Robert D. Adlard  and
Antonio Figueras
Franck C.J. Berthe
Affiliation:
Department Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, UPEI, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
Frédérique Le Roux
Affiliation:
IFREMER, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, OIE Reference Laboratory for marteiliosis, EU Community Reference Laboratory for diseases of molluscs, BP 133, 17390 La Tremblade, France
Robert D. Adlard
Affiliation:
Biodiversity Program, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
Antonio Figueras
Affiliation:
Instituto Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Biologia y Patologia de Organismos Marinos, Laboratorio Nacional Referencia de Enfermedades de Moluscos Bivalvos, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
Get access

Abstract

Among mollusc pathogens, paramyxeans are an important group of protistan parasites belonging to the genera Marteilia and Marteilioides. Marteilia refringens and M. sydneyi are of particular concern given their potential impact on mollusc aquaculture world-wide. Aber disease and QX disease are currently listed by the OIE, the World Organisation for Animal Health. After more than thirty years of existence in the scientific literature, these organisms still pose questions and research challenges to investigators. This paper reviews current knowledge of the group and key references. The review was focused on taxonomy, epidemiology, pathology and potential control methods for these organisms in order to enhance understanding of paramyxean infection issues in mollusc aquaculture.

Keywords

TaxonomyEpidemiologyPathologyDiagnosisParamyxean parasites
Type
Research Article
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 17 , Issue 4: Bivalve Diseases , October 2004 , pp. 433 - 448
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD, 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adlard, R.D., Ernst, I., 1995, Extended range of the oyster pathogen Marteilia sydneyi. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 15, 119-121.
Alderman, D.J., 1979, Epizootiology of Marteilia refringens in Europe. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41, 67-69.
Anderson, T.J., Lester, R.J.G., 1992, Sporulation of Marteilioides branchialis n. sp. (Paramyxea) in the sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Angas). J. Fish Dis. 18, 507-510. CrossRef
Anderson, T.J., McCaul, T.F., Boulo, V., Robledo, J.A.F., Lester, R.J.G., 1994, Light and electron immunohistochemical assays on paramyxean parasites. Aquat. Living Resour. 7, 47-52. CrossRef
Anderson, T.J., Wesche, S., Lester, R.J.G., 1994b, Are outbreaks of Marteilia sydneyi in Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea commercialis, triggered by drop in environmental pH? Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 45, 1285-1287. CrossRef
Anderson, T.J., Adlard, R.D., Lester, R.J.G., 1995, Molecular diagnosis of Marteilia sydneyi (Paramixea) in the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Angas). J. Fish Dis. 18, 507-510. CrossRef
Andreadis, S.T.G., 1988, Comparative susceptibility of the copepod Acanthocyclops vernalis to a Microsporidian parasite, Amblyospora connecticus, from the mosquito Aedes cantator. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52, 73-77. CrossRef
Audemard, C., Barnaud, A., Collins, C.M., Le Roux, F., Sauriau, P.G., Coustau, C., Blachier, P., Berthe, F.C.J., 2001, Claire ponds as an experimental model for Marteilia refringens life-cycle studies: new perspectives. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 257, 87-108. CrossRef
Audemard C., Le Roux F., Barnaud A., Collins C., Sautour B., Sauriau P.-G., de Montaudouin X., Coustau C., Combes C., Berthe F.C.J., 2002, Needle in a haystack: involvement of the copepod Paracartia grani in the life cycle of the oyster pathogen Marteilia refringens. Parasitology 124, 315-323.
Auffret, M., Poder, M., 1983, Recherches sur Marteilia maurini, parasite de Mytilus edulis sur les côtes de Bretagne nord. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Mar. 47, 105-109.
Auffret, M., Poder, M., 1987, Pathology of the main bivalve mollusc species from oyster rearing areas in Brittany (France). Aquaculture 67, 255-257. CrossRef
Balouet, G., 1979, Marteilia refringens - Considerations of the life cycle and development of Aber disease in Ostrea edulis. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41, 64-66.
Balouet, G., Cahour, A., Chastel, C., 1979a, Epidémiologie de la maladie de la glande digestive de l'huître plate: hypothèse sur le cycle de Marteilia refringens. Haliotis 8, 323-326.
Balouet, G., Chastel, C., Cahour, A., Quillard, A., Poder, M., 1979b, Étude épidémiologique et pathologique de la maladie de l'huître plate en Bretagne. Sci. Pêche 289, 13-22.
Becker, C.D., Pauley, G.B., 1968, An ovarian parasite (Protista incertae sedis) from the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 12, 425-437. CrossRef
Berthe F.C.J., 2000, Development and validation of DNA-based diagnostic techniques with particular reference to bivalve mollusc pathogens. In: DNA-based Molecular Diagnostic Techniques. Research needs for standardization and validation of the detection of aquatic animal pathogens and diseases. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 395, 64-70.
Berthe, F.C.J., 2002, Pacem in terris pathogenibus bonae voluntatis. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 22, 4-9.
Berthe, F.C.J., Burreson, E., Hine, M., 1999, Use of molecular tools for mollusc disease diagnosis. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 19, 277-278.
Berthe, F.C.J., Le Roux, F., Peyretaillade, E., Peyret, P., Rodriguez, D., Gouy, M., Vivarès, C.P., 2000, The existence of the phylum Paramyxea Desportes and Perkins, 1990 is validated by the phylogenetic analysis of the Marteilia refringens small subunit ribosomal RNA. J. Euk. Microbiol. 47, 288-293. CrossRef
Berthe F.C.J., Pernas M., Zerabib M., Haffner P., Thébault A., Figueras A.J., 1998, Experimental transmission of Marteilia refringens with special considerations for its life cycle. Dis. Aquat. Org. 34, 135-144.
Bonami J.P., Grizel H., Vago C., 1971, Recherches sur une maladie épizootique de l'huître plate, Ostrea edulis Linné. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Mar. 35, 415-418.
Bougrier, S., Tigé, G., Bachère, E., Grizel, H., 1986, Ostrea angasi acclimatization to French coasts. Aquaculture 58, 151-154. CrossRef
Bower, S.M., McGladdery, S.E, Price, I.M., 1994, Synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 4, 1-199. CrossRef
Cahour A., 1979, Marteilia refringens and Crassostrea gigas. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41, 19-20.
Camacho, A.P., Villalba, A., Beiras, R., Labarta, U., 1997, Absorption efficiency and condition of cultured mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis Linnaeus) of Galicia (NW Spain) infected by parasites Marteilia refringens Grizel et al. and Mytilicola intestinalis Steuer. J. Shellfish Res. 16, 77-82.
Carballal, M.J., Villalba, A., Lopez, C., 1998, Seasonal variation and effects of age, food availability, size, gonadal development and parasitism on the hemogram of Mytilus galloprovincialis. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 72, 304-312. CrossRef
Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E.Y., 2003a, Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. J. Mol. Evol. 56, 540-563. CrossRef
Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E.Y., 2003b, Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa). Protist 154, 341-358. CrossRef
Ceschia, G., Mion, A., Orel, G., Giorgetti, G., 1992, Indagine parassitologica delle mitillicolture del Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Nord-Est Italia). Bol. Soc. Ital. Patol. Ittica 9, 24-36.
Ceschia, G., Zanchetta, S., Sello, M., Montesi, F., Figueras, A., 2001, Presenza di parassiti in cannolicchi (Ensis minor e Ensis siliqua) pescati nell'area costiera del Mar Tirreno meridionale e del Mar Adriatico. Bol. Soc. Ital. Patol. Ittica 13, 20-27.
Chatton, E., 1911, Sur une Cnidosporidie sans cnidoblaste (Paramyxa paradoxa, n.g., n.sp.). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 152, 631-633.
Chun, S.K., 1970, Studies on the oyster diseases. 1. Pathogenetic Investigation. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc. 3, 7-17.
Chun, S.K., 1972, Preliminary studies on the sporozoan parasites in oysters on the Southern Coast of Korea. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc. 5, 76-82.
Chun, S.K., 1979, Amoeba infection in oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Bull. Korean Fish. Soc. 12, 281-285.
Combes C., 1995, Interactions durables : écologie et évolution durable du parasitisme. Masson, Paris.
Comps, M., 1970, Observations sur les causes d'une mortalité anormale des huîtres plates (Ostrea edulis L.) dans le bassin de Marennes. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Mar. 34, 317-326.
Comps, M., 1976, Marteilia lengehi n. sp., parasite de l'huître Crassostrea cucullata Born. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Mar. 40, 347-349.
Comps, M., 1983, Étude morphologique de Marteilia christenseni sp. n. parasite du lavignon Scrobicularia piperata P. (mollusque pélécypode). Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Mar. 47, 99-104.
Comps, M., Grizel, H., Tigé, G., Duthoit, J.L., 1975, Parasites nouveaux de la glande digestive des mollusques marins Mytilus edulis L. et Cardium edule. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. D. 281, 179-181.
Comps, M., Joly, J.-P., 1980, Contamination expérimentale de Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk par Marteilia refringens. Sci. Pêche 301, 19-21.
Comps, M., Park, M.S., Desportes, N., 1986, Étude ultrastructurale de Marteilioides chungmuensis n.g., n.sp. parasite des ovocytes de l'huître Crassostrea gigas Th. Protistologica 22, 279-285.
Comps, M., Park, M.S., Desportes, I., 1987, Fine structure of Marteilioides chungmuensis n.g., n.sp., parasite of the oocytes of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Aquaculture 67, 264-265. CrossRef
Comps, M., Pichot, Y., Deltreil, J.-P., 1979, Mise en evidence d'une microsporidie parasite de Marteilia refringens agent de la maladie de la glande digestive de Ostrea edulis L. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Mar. 43, 409-412.
Comps, M., Pichot, Y., Papayianni, P., 1982, Recherche sur Marteilia maurini n. sp. parasite de la moule Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Mar. 45, 211-214.
Comps, M., Tigé, G., Grizel, H., 1980, Recherches ultrastructurales sur un Protiste parasite de l'huître plate Ostrea edulis. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 290, 383-384.
Corliss, J.O., 1984, The kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla. Biosystems 17, 87-126. CrossRef
Cunningham, C., 2002, Molecular diagnosis of fish and shellfish diseases: present status and potential use in disease control. Aquaculture 206, 19-55. CrossRef
Desportes, I., 1981, Étude ultrastructurale de la sporulation de Paramyxa paradoxa Chatton (Paramyxida) parasite de l'annélide polychète Poecilochaetus serpens. Protistologica 17, 365-386.
Desportes, I., 1984, The Paramyxea Levine, 1979, An original example of evolution towards multicellularity. Origins of Life 13, 343-352. CrossRef
Desportes, I., Ginsburger-Vogel, T., 1977a, Affinités du genre Marteilia, parasite d'huîtres (maladie des Abers). et du crustacé Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas), avec les Myxosporidies, Actinomyxidies et Paramyxidies. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 292, 627-632.
Desportes, I., Ginsburger-Vogel, T., 1977b, Ultrastructure du centriole de Marteilia sp., protiste parasite d'Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas) (Crustacé, Amphipode). Protistologica 13, 607-610.
Desportes, I., Lom, J., 1981, Affinités de Paramyxa paradoxa Chatton, 1911, parasite de Poecilochaetus serpens (Annélide polychète) avec les Marteiliidae Sprague, parasites d'huîtres et du crustacé Orchestia gammarellus. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 292, 627-632.
Desportes, I., Nashed, N.N., 1983, Ultrastructure of sporulation in Minchinia dentali (Arvy), an haplosporean parasite of Dentalium entale (Scaphopoda, Mollusca), taxonomic implications. Protistologica 19, 435-460.
Desportes I., Perkins F.O., 1990, Phylum Paramyxea. In: L. Margulis, J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (Eds.), Handbook of Protoctista. Boston, Jones and Bartlett Publishing, pp. 30-35.
Elston, R.A., 1993, Infectious diseases of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 3, 259-276. CrossRef
Figueras, A.J., Jardon, C.F., Caldas, J.R., 1991, Diseases and parasites of rafted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk): preliminary results. Aquaculture 99, 17-33. CrossRef
Figueras, A.J., Montes, J., 1988, Aber disease of edible oysters caused by Marteilia refringens. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 18, 38-46.
Figueras, A.J., Robledo, J.A.F., Novoa, B., 1996, Brown ring disease and parasites in clams (Ruditapes decussatus and R. philippinarum) from Spain and Portugal. J. Shellfish Res. 15, 363-368.
Franc A., 1980, Sur quelques aspects inédits du cycle de Marteilia refringens (Grizel et al. 1974), parasite de l'huître plate Ostrea edulis L. Cah. Biol. Mar. 21, 99-106.
Fuentes J., Lopez J.L., Mosquera E., Vazquez J., Villalba A., Alvarez G., 2002, Growth, mortality, pathological conditions and protein expression of Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis crosses in the Ria de Arousa (NW of Spain). Aquaculture, 213, 233-251.
Fuentes J., Villalba A., Zapata C., Alvarez G., 1995, Effects of stock and culture environment on infections by Marteilia refringens and Myticola intestinalis in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis cultured in Galicia (NW Spain). Dis. Aquat. Org. 21, 221-226.
Ginsburger-Vogel, T., 1991, Intersexuality in Orchestia mediterranea Costa, 1853, and Orchestia aestuarensis Wildish, 1987 (Amphipoda): A consequence of hybridisation or parasitic infestation? J. Crust. Biol. 11, 530-539 CrossRef
Ginsburger-Vogel, T., Desportes, I., 1979a, Structure and biology of Marteilia sp. in the amphipod, Orchestia gammarellus. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41, 3-7
Ginsburger-Vogel, T., Desportes, I., 1979b, Étude ultrastructurale de la sporulation de Paramarteilia orchestiae gen. n. sp.n. parasite de l'amphipode Orchestia gammarellus Pallas. Protistologica 26, 390-403.
Ginsburger-Vogel, T., Desportes, I., Zerbib, C., 1976, Présence chez l'amphipode Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas). d'un protiste parasite, ses affinités avec Marteilia refringens agent de l'épizootie de l'huître plate. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 283, 939-942.
Goulletquer P., Héral M., 1997, Marine Molluscan Production Trends in France: From Fisheries to Aquaculture. In: C.L. Mackensie, V.G. Bunell, A. Rosenfield (Eds.). The history, present condition, and future of the Molluscan fisheries of North America and Europe, vol. 3. Europe. NOAA Tech. l Rep. NMFS 129, Seattle, Washington, US Dep. Commerce, pp. 137-164.
Grizel, H., 1979, Marteilia refringens and oyster disease - recent observations. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41, 38-39.
Grizel H., 1985, Étude des récentes épizooties de l'huître plate (Ostrea edulis Linné) et leur impact sur l'ostréiculture bretonne. Thèse Doctorat es Sciences, Univ. Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier.
Grizel, H., 1997, Les maladies des mollusques bivalves : risques et prévention. Rev. Scient. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. 16, 161-171. CrossRef
Grizel, H., Comps, M., Bonami, J.R., Cousserans, F., Duthoit, J.L., Le Pennec, M.A., 1974, Recherche sur l'agent de la maladie de la glande digestive de Ostrea edulis Linné. Sci. Pêche 240, 7-29.
Grizel, H., Comps, M., Raguenes, D., Leborgne, Y., Tigé, G., Martin, A.G., 1982, Bilan des essais d'acclimatation d'Ostrea chilensis sur les côtes de Bretagne. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Marit. 46, 209-225.
Grizel, H., Héral, M., 1991, Introduction into France of the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas. J. Cons. Internat. Explor. Mer. 47, 399-403. CrossRef
Grizel, H., Tigé, G., 1973, La maladie de la glande digestive d'Ostrea edulis Linné. ICES CM K 13, 1-7.
Gutierrez, M., 1977, Tecnica de coloracion del agente de la enfermedad de la glandula digestiva de la ostra plana, Ostrea edulis L. Invest. Pesq. 41, 643-645.
Herrbach, B., 1971, Sur une affection parasitaire de la glande digestive de l'huître plate, Ostrea edulis Linné. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Mar. 35, 79-87.
Hide, G., Tait, A., 1991, The molecular epidemiology of parasites. Experientia 47, 128-140. CrossRef
Hine P.M., 1996, Southern hemisphere mollusc diseases and an overview of associated risk assessment problems. Rev. Scient. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. 15, 563-577
His E., Tigé G., Rabouin M.A., 1976, Observations relatives à la maladie des huîtres plates dans le bassin d'Arcachon, vitesse d'infestation et réactions pathologiques. ICES CM K, 17.
Howard D.H., Smith C.S., 1983, Histological techniques for marine bivalve molluscs. NOAA Tech. Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC, 25.
Imanaka, S., Itoh, N., Ogawa, K., Wakabayashi, H., 2001, Seasonal fluctuations in the occurrence of abnormal enlargement of the ovary of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas at Gokasho Bay, Mie, Japan. Fish Pathol. 36, 83-91. CrossRef
Itoh, N., Oda, T., Yoshinaga, T., Ogawa, K., Wakabayashi, H., 2002, Identification and development of paramyxean ovarian parasite in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Fish Pathol. 37, 23-28. CrossRef
Itoh, N., Oda, T., Yoshinaga, T., Ogawa, K., 2003, Isolation and 18S ribosomal DNA gene sequences of Marteilioides chungmuensis (Paramyxea), an ovarian parasite of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Dis. Aquat. Org. 54, 163-169. CrossRef
Kleeman, S.N., Adlard, R.D., 2000, Molecular detection of Marteilia sydneyi, pathogen of Sydney rock oysters. Dis. Aquat. Org. 40, 137-146. CrossRef
Kleeman, S.N., Adlard, R., Lester, R., 2002a, Detection of the initial infective stages of the protozoan parasite Marteilia sydneyi in Saccostrea glomerata and their development through to sporogenesis. Int. Parasitol. 32, 767-784. CrossRef
Kleeman, S.N., Adlard, R.D., Zhu, X.Q., Gasser, R.B., 2004, Mutation scanning analysis of Marteilia sydneyi populations from different geographical locations in eastern Australia. Mol. Cell. Probes 18, 133-138 CrossRef
Kleeman, S.N., Le Roux, F., Berthe, F., Adlard, R.D., 2002b, Specificity of PCR and in situ hybridisation assays designed for detection of Marteilia sydneyi and M. refringens. Parasitology 125, 131-141. CrossRef
Launey, S., Barre, M., Gérard, A., Naciri-Graven, Y., 2001, Population bottleneck and effective size in Bonamia ostreae-resistant populations of Ostrea edulis as inferred by microsatellite markers. Genet. Res. 78, 259-270. CrossRef
Le Roux, F., Audemard, C., Barnaud, A., Berthe, F.C.J., 1999, DNA probes as potential tools for the detection of Marteilia refringens. Mar. Biotechnol. 1, 588-597 CrossRef
Le Roux F., Lorenzo G., Peyret P., Audemard C., Figueras A., Vivarès C., Gouy M., Berthe F.C.J., 2001, Molecular evidence for the existence of two species of Marteilia in Europe. J. Euk. Microbiol. 48, 449-454.
Lee, M.K., Cho, B.Y., Lee, S.Y., Kang, J.Y., Joeng, H.D., Huh, S.H., Huh, M.D., 2001, Histopathological lesions of Manila clam, Tapes philippinarum, from Hadong and Namhae coastal areas of Korea. Aquaculture 201, 199-209. CrossRef
Lester R.J.G., 1986, Field and laboratory observations on the oyster parasite Marteilia sydneyi. In: M. Cremin, C. Dobson, D.E. Moorhouse (Eds.). Parasite lives- Papers on parasites, their hosts and their associations St. Lucia, University of Queensland Press, pp. 33-40.
Levine, N.D., Corliss, J.O., Cox, F.E.G., Deroux, G., Grain, J., Honiberg, B.M., Leedale, G.F., Loeblich, A.R., Lom, J., Lynn, D., Merinfeld, E.G., Page, F.C., Poljansky, G., Sprague, V., Vavra, J., Wallace, F.G., 1980, A newly revised classification of the Protozoa. J. Protozool. 27, 37-58. CrossRef
Longshaw, M., Feist, S.W., Matthews, A., Figueras, A., 2001, Ultrastructural characterisation of Marteilia species (Paramyxea) from Ostrea edulis, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis in Europe. Dis. Aquat. Org. 44, 137-142. CrossRef
Lopez-Flores, I., de la Herran, R., Garrido-Ramos, M.A., Navas, J.I., Ruiz-Rejon, C., Ruiz-Rejon, M., 2004, The molecular diagnosis of Marteilia refringens and differentiation between Marteilia strains infecting oysters and mussels based on the rDNA IGS sequence. Parasitology 129, 411-419. CrossRef
Lubat V., 1990, Approches biologiques et moléculaires dans l'étude des myxosporidies, du PKX et des Marteilia. Thèse Doctorat es Sciences, Univ. Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier.
Matsuzato, T., Hoshina, T., Arakawa, K., Masumura, K., 1977, Studies on the so-called abnormal egg-mass of Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)- I. Bull. Hiroshima Fish. Exp. St. 8, 9-25.
Mialhe, E., Bachère, E., Boulo, V., Cadoret, J.P., Saraiva, J., Carrera, L., Rousseau, C., Cedeno, V., Calderon, J., Colwell, R.R., 1995, Future of biotechnology-based control of disease in marine invertebrates. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 4, 275-283.
Miahle E., Bachère E., Le Bec C., Grizel H., 1985, Isolement et purification de Marteilia (Protozoa: Ascetospora) parasites de bivalves marins. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 301, Ser. III, 137-142.
Micieli, M.V., Garcia, J.J., Becnel, J.J., 2000, Horizontal transmission of Amblyospora albifasciati Garcia and Becnel, 1994 (Microsporidia: Amblyosporidae), to a copepod intermediate host and the neotropical mosquito, Aedes albifasciatus (Macquart 1837). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 75, 76-83. CrossRef
Montaudouin de, X., Sauriau, P.-G., 2000, Contribution to a synopsis of marine species richness in the Pertuis Charentais Sea with new insight in soft-bottom macrofauna of the Marennes-Oléron Bay. Cah. Biol. Mar. 41, 181-222.
Moyer, M.A., Blake, N.J., Arnold, W.S., 1993, An ascetosporan disease causing mass mortality in the Atlantic calico scallop, Agropecten gibbus (Linnaeus 1758). J. Shellfish Res. 12, 305-310.
Nell, J.A., Smith, I.R., Hand, R.E., McPhee, C.C., 2000, The Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata (Gould 1850) breeding programme: progress and goals. Aquac. Res. 31, 45-49. CrossRef
Newton, K., Peters, R., Raftos, D., 2004, Phenyloxidase and QX disease resistance in Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata). Dev. Comp. Immunol. 28, 565-569. CrossRef
Ngo, T.T.T., Berthe, F.C.J., Choi, K.S., 2003, Prevalence and infection intensity of the ovarian parasite Marteilioides chungmuensis during an annual reproductive cycle of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Dis. Aquat. Org. 56, 259-267. CrossRef
Norton, J.H., Perkins, F.P., Ledua, E., 1993, Marteilia-like infection in a giant clam, Tridacna maxima, in Fiji. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 61, 328-330. CrossRef
OIE, 2003, Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases. OIE, Paris. Fourth edition.
OIE, 2003, International Aquatic Animal Health Code. OIE, Paris. Sixth edition.
Park, M.S., Chun, S.K., 1989, On the Marteilia sp. infection in the oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). Bull. Fish. Res. Dev. Agency 39, 103-109.
Pascual M., Martin A.G., Zampatti E., Coatanea D., Defossez J., Robert R., 1991, Testing of the Argentina oyster, Ostrea puelchana in several French oyster farming sites. ICES Council Meeting Pap. CM 1991/K, 30.
Perkins, F.O., 1976, Ultrastructure of sporulation in the European flat oyster pathogen, Marteilia refringens - Taxonomic implications. J. Protozol. 23, 64-74. CrossRef
Perkins, F.O., 1979, Cell structure of shellfish pathogens and hyperparasites in the genera Minchinia, Urosporidium, Haplosporidium and Marteilia Taxonomic implications. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41, 25-37.
Perkins, F.O., 1988, Parasite morphology, strategy and evolution. Structure of protistan parasites found in bivalve molluscs. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 18, 93-11.
Perkins F.O., 1993, Infectious diseases of molluscs. In: Couch J.A., Fournie J.W. (Eds.). Advances in Fisheries Science: Pathobiology of marine and estuarine organisms Boca Raton, CRC Press, pp. 255-287.
Perkins, F.O., Wolf, P.H., 1976, Fine structure of Marteilia sydneyi sp. n. Haplosporidian pathogen of Australian oysters. J. Parasitol. 62, 528-538.
Pernas, M., Novoa, B., Tafalla, C., Figueras, A., 2000, Efficiency of different monoclonal antibodies in immunological assays developed for the detection of Marteilia sp. isolated from Mytilus galloprovincialis. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 20, 193-198.
Peters, R., Raftos, D.A., 2003, The role of phenyloxidase suppression in QX disease outbreaks among Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata). Aquaculture 223, 29-39. CrossRef
Peyretaillade, E., Biderre, C., Peyret, P., Duffieux, F., Méténier, G., Gouy, M., Michot, B., Vivarès, C.P., 1998, Microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a unicellular eukaryote with an unusual chromosomal dispersion of ribosomal genes and a LSU rRNA reduced to the universal core. Nucleic Acid Res. 26, 3513-3520. CrossRef
Poder M., Auffret M., Balouet G., 1983, Études pathologiques et épidémiologiques des lésions parasitaires chez Ostrea edulis L. premiers résultats d'une recherche prospective comparative chez les principales espèces de mollusques des zones ostréicoles de Bretagne nord. Colloques sur les bases biologiques de l'aquaculture, Dec. 12-16, 1983. CNRS-CNEXO, Montpellier, pp. 125-138.
Renault, T., Cochennec, N., Chollet, B., 1995, Marteiliosis in American oysters Crassostrea virginica reared in France. Dis. Aquat. Org. 23, 161-164. CrossRef
Riera V., Santmarti M., Durfort M., 1993, Presencia de Marteilia refringens en los cultivos de moluscos bivalvos del litoral Catalan. Actas IV Congreso Nac. Acuicult. pp. 539-544.
Robert, R., Borel, M., Pichot, Y., Trut, G., 1991, Growth and mortality of the European oyster Ostrea edulis in the Bay of Arcachon (France). Aquat. Living Resour. 4, 265-274. CrossRef
Robledo, J.A.F., Boulo, V., Mialhe, E., Desprès, B., Figueras, A., 1994b, Monoclonal antibodies against sporangia and spores of Marteilia sp. (Protozoa: Ascetospora). Dis. Aquat. Org. 18, 211-216. CrossRef
Robledo J.A.F., Caceres-Martinez J., Figueras A., 1994a, Marteilia refringens in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk) beds in Spain. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 14, 61-63.
Robledo, J.A.F., Figueras, A.J., 1995, The effects of culture-site, depth, season and stock source on the prevalence of Marteilia refringens in cultured mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.) from Galicia, Spain. J. Parasitol. 81, 354-363. CrossRef
Robledo J.A.F., Miahle E., Figueras A., 1995b, Purification of several phases of the parasite Marteilia (Protozoa: Ascetospora) from mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). In: J.C. Stolen, T.C. Fletcher, S.A. Smith, J.T. Zelikoff, S.L. Kaattari, R.S. Anderson, K. Soderhall, B.A. Weeks-Perkins (Eds.). Techniques in fish immunology - 4. Immunology and pathology of aquatic invertebrates. SOS Publications, Fair Haven, NJ, USA, pp. 117-121.
Robledo, J.A.F., Santarem, M.M., Gonzalez, P., Figueras, A., 1995a, Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition of the serum of Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. and its relationship to the reproductive cycle and parasitic loads. Aquaculture 133, 311-322. CrossRef
Roubal, F.R., Masel, J., Lester, R.J.G., 1989, Studies on Marteilia sydneyi, agent of QX disease in the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis, with implications for its life cycle. Aus. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 40, 155-167. CrossRef
Sautour B., 1991, Populations zooplanctoniques dans le bassin de Marennes-Oléron, dynamique de population, nutrition et production des copépodes dominants. Thèse Dr., Université Bordeaux I.
Siddall, M.E., Martin, D.S., Bridge, D., Dessewr, S.S., Cone, D.K., 1995, The demise of a phylum of protists: Phylogeny of Myxozoa and other parasitic Cnidaria. J. Parasitol. 81, 961-967. CrossRef
Sprague V., 1979, Classification of the Haplosporidia. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41, 40-44.
Sprague V., 1982, Ascetospora. In: Parker S.P. (Ed.). Synopsis and classification of living organisms, Vol. 1. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp. 599-601.
Stiller, J.W., Hall, B.D., 1999, Long branch attraction and the rDNA model of eukaryotic evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 1270-1279. CrossRef
Thoeson J.C., 1994, Suggested Procedures for the Detection and Identification of Certain Finfish and Shellfish Pathogens, Fifth Edition. Bluebook, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, USA.
Tigé G., Rabouin M.A., 1976, Étude d'un lot de moules transférées dans un centre touché par l'épizootie affectant l'huître plate. CIEM CM, K21, 1-10.
Tiscar, P.G., Tempesta, M., Compagnucci, M., 1993, Peroxidase conjugated polyclonal antibody against Marteilia sp. purified from infected mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk) cultivated in Apulia, southern Italy. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 13, 53-55.
Van Banning, P., 1979, Haplosporidian diseases of imported oysters Ostrea edulis, in Dutch Estuaries. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41, 8-18.
Van Banning P.J., 1988, Management strategies to control diseases in the Dutch culture of edible oysters. In: Couch J.A., Fournie J.W. (Eds.). Advances in Fisheries Science, Pathobiology of marine and estuarine organisms. Boca Raton, CRC Press, pp. 243-245.
Villalba, A., Mourelle, S.G., Carballal, M.J., Lopez, M.C., 1993b, Effects of infection by the protistan parasite Marteilia refringens on the reproduction of cultured mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in Galicia (NW Spain). Dis. Aquat. Org. 17, 205-213. CrossRef
Villalba, A., Mourelle, S.G., Lopez, M.C., Carballal, M.J., Azevedo, C., 1993a, Marteiliasis affecting cultured mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis of Galicia (NW. Spain). I. Etiology, phases of the infection, and temporal and spatial variability in prevalence. Dis. Aquat. Org. 16, 61-72. CrossRef
Walker P., Subasinghe R.P., 2000, DNA-based Molecular Diagnostic Techniques. Research needs for standardization and validation of the detection of aquatic animal pathogens and diseases. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 395.
Wesche, S.J., 1995, Outbreaks of Marteilia sydneyi in Sydney rock oysters and their relationship with environmental pH. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 15, 23-27.
Wesche, S.J., Adlard, R.D., Lester, R.J.G., 1999, Survival of spores of the oyster pathogen Marteilia sydneyi (Protozoa, Paramyxea) as assessed using fluorogenic dyes. Dis. Aquat. Org. 36, 221-226. CrossRef
Wolf, P.H., 1972, Occurrence of a Haplosporidian in Sydney rock oysters (Crassostrea commercialis) from Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 19, 416-417. CrossRef
Wolf, P.H., 1977, An unidentified protistan parasite in the ova of the blacklipped oyster, Crassostrea echinata, from Northern Australia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 29, 244-246. CrossRef
Wolf, , 1979, Life cycle and ecology of Marteilia sydneyi in the Australian oyster, Crassostrea commercialis. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41, 70-72.
Zrncic, S., Le Roux, F., Oraic, D., Sostaric, B., Berthe, F., 2001, First record of Marteilia sp. in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis in Croatia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 44, 143-148. CrossRef