Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:06:40.253Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Performing towns. Steps towards an understanding of medieval urban communities as social practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2015

Abstract

Urban archaeology in Scandinavia has long been dominated by a processual understanding of medieval urban development. The author proposes that the concept of urbanity in the sense of ‘urban living’ should replace the processual and functionalist-oriented concept of ‘urbanization’, and that instead focus should be directed towards social processes, practices and materiality. He perceives the emergence of urbanity in the Middle Ages in the light of the formation of specific urban patterns of practice that can be analysed with the aid of theoretical tools from recent social-practice theory. Against this background, the potential of recent social-practice theory is examined as a possible analytical tool in an urban archaeological approach to medieval urban communities. Through concepts such as interaction, event, leakage and creativity, the medieval urban landscape can be reformulated as a dynamic social space in which diverse everyday routines were intertwined in patterns, bundles and complexes.

Type
Discussion Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amin, A., and Thrift, N., 2007: Cultural-economy and cities, Progress in human geography 31, 143–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, H., 1997: Tradition and renewal, in Andersson, H., Carelli, P. and Ersgård, L. (eds), Visions of the past. Trends and traditions in Swedish medieval archaeology, Stockholm (Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology 19, Riksantikvarieämbetet Arkeologiska undersökningar. Skrifter Nr. 24), 1122.Google Scholar
Andrén, A., 1995: Signs of communities. The iconography of early towns in Denmark, in Ersgård, L. (ed.), Thirteen esays on medieval artefacts, Lund (Meddelanden från Lunds universitets historiska museum 1993–1995), 5570.Google Scholar
Andrén, A., 1998: Från antiken til antiken. Stadsvisioner i Skandinavien före 1700, in Riksmuseet, Naturhistoriska, Museet, Nordiska and Museum, Folkens (eds), Staden himmel eller helvete. Tankar om människan i staden, Stockholm, 142–93.Google Scholar
Anglert, M., 2006: Landskapets urbanitet, in Larsson, S. (ed.), Nya stadsarkeologiska horisonter, Stockholm, 229–70.Google Scholar
Anglert, M., 2009: Landskapets mangfald. Regional variation i Skåne ca. 1400–1700, in Mogren, M., Roslund, M., Sundnér, B. and Wienberg, J. (eds), Triangulering. Historisk arkeologi vidgar fälten, Lund (Lund Studies in Historical Archaeology 11), 3346.Google Scholar
Anglert, M., and Larsson, S., 2008: Landskapets urbanitet og urbanitetens landskap, in Andersson, H., Hansen, G. and Øye, I. (eds), De første 200 årene. Nytt blikk på 27 skandinaviske middelalderbyer, Bergen (Universitetet i Bergen Arkeologiske Skrifter, UBAS Nordisk Nr. 5), 303–22.Google Scholar
Bäck, M., 2009: Stadsarkeologiska trender och tendenser I Sverige. En personlig synvinkel, in Brendalsmo, J., Eliassen, F.-I. and Gansum, T. (eds), Den urbane underskog. Strandsteder, utviklingssteder og småbyer I vikingtid, middelalder og tidlig nytid, Oslo, 4166.Google Scholar
Bergquist, U., 1989: Gjutning och smide. Metallhantverkets utveckling i Trondheim ca. 1000–1350, Trondheim (Fortiden i Trondheim bygrunn: Meddelelser Nr. 16).Google Scholar
Bill, J., 1999: Port topography in medieval Denmark, in Bill, J. (ed.), The maritime topography of the medieval town, Copenhagen (PNM Studies in Archaeology & History 4), 251–61.Google Scholar
Blom, G.A., 1997: Hellig Olavs by. Middelalder til 1537. Trondheims historie 1997–1997, bnd. 1, Trondheim.Google Scholar
Brendalsmo, J., 2009: I gråsonen mellom gården og byen. Et kildeproblem eller et definisjonsspørsmål?, in Brendalsmo, J., Eliassen, F.-I. and Gansum, T. (eds), Den urbane underskog. Strandsteder, utviklingssteder og småbyer I vikingtid, middelalder og tidlig nytid, Oslo, 147–84.Google Scholar
Carelli, P., 2001: En kapitalistisk anda. Kulturella förändringar i 1100–talets Danmark, Stockholm (Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology 26).Google Scholar
Casana, J., and Herrmann, J.T., 2010: Settlement history and urban planning at Zincirli Höyük, southern Turkey, Journal of Mediterranean archaeology 23 (1), 5580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christophersen, A., 1990: Dwelling houses, workshops and storehouses. Functional aspects of the developement of wooden urban buildings in Trondheim from c. A.D. 1000 to c. A.D. 1400, Acta archaeologica 60, 101–29.Google Scholar
Christophersen, A., 1997: ‘. . . Og han sat der lenge og vakta landet’. Momenter til en diskusjon om Konghelle i middelalderen, META 2 (1997), Lund, 1432.Google Scholar
Christophersen, A., 2000a: Byen er død. Så hva gjør vi med historien? META 2 (2000), Lund, 315.Google Scholar
Christophersen, A., 2000b: Hvilken byhistorie? Byhistorie i skjæringspunktet mellom ting og tekst, in Supphellen, S. (ed.), Norsk byhistorie. Tid for syntese? Trondheim (Skriftserie fra Historisk Institutt Nr. 30), 6170.Google Scholar
Christophersen, A., 2001: The shaping of urban landscapes in medieval Norway: Concepts and considerations, in Brandt, R.J. and Karlsson, L. (eds), From huts to houses. Transformations of ancient societies, Stockhom (Proceedings of an International Seminar Organized by the Norwegian and Swedish Institutes in Rome 21–24 September 1997), 101–8.Google Scholar
Christophersen, A., and Nordeide, S.W., 1994: Kaupangen ved Nidelva. Trondheim (Riksantikvarens Skrifter Nr. 7).Google Scholar
Damsholt, T., and Simonsen, D.G., 2009: Materialiseringer. Process, relationer og performativitet. In T. Damsholt, D.G. Simonsen and C. Mordhorst (eds), Materialiseringer. Nye perspektiver på materialitet og kulturanalyser, Århus Universitetsforlag, 9–38.Google Scholar
Deggim, D., 1999: Arbeit in nordeuropäische Hafenstädten, in Bill, J. and Clausen, B.L. (eds), Maritime topography and the medieval town. Papers from the 5th International Conference on Waterfront Archaeology in Copenhagen, 14–16 May 1998, Copenhagen (Publications from The National Museum Studies in Archaeology & History 4), 3344.Google Scholar
Eliassen, F.-E., 2009: Ladesteder og strandsteder. Havner, husklynger – og byer? Skiftende realiteter fra middelalderen til 1800-tallet, in Brendalsmo, J., Eliassen, F.-I. and Gansum, T. (eds), Den urbane underskog. Strandsteder, utviklingssteder og småbyer I vikingtid, middelalder og tidlig nytid, Oslo, 133–45.Google Scholar
Gansum, T., 2009: Rurale strukturer, urbane funksjoner og definisjonsdiskurser, in Brendalsmo, J., Eliassen, F.-I. and Gansum, T. (eds), Den urbane underskog. Strandsteder, utviklingssteder og småbyer I vikingtid, middelalder og tidlig nytid, Oslo, 1940.Google Scholar
Giddens, A., 1984: The constitution of society. Outline of the theory of structuration, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
Griffith, D., 2013: Living in Viking-age towns, in Hadley, D.M. and Harkel, L. ten (eds), Everyday life in Viking-age towns. Social approaches to towns in England and Ireland c.800–1100, Oxford, 1434.Google Scholar
Grundberg, L., 2006: Medeltid i centrum. Europeisering, historieskrivning och kulturarvsbruk i norrländska kulturmiljöer, Umeå.Google Scholar
Gundersen, J., 2001: Nidelva som havn 700–1816, in Sæther, B. (ed.), Trondheim, havn i tusen år, Trondheim, 6169.Google Scholar
Hadley, D.M., and Harkel, L. ten, 2013: Preface, in Hadley, D.M. and Harkel, L. ten (eds), Everyday life in Viking-age towns. Social approaches to towns in England and Ireland c.800–1100, Oxford, vii–xii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, G., 2000: Bydannelse og forklaring af sociale fænomener. Individualisme, kollektivisme og Giddens strukturationsteori, META 4 (2000), Lund, 216.Google Scholar
Hansen, G., 2004: Bergen c 800–c 1170. The emergence of a town, Bergen.Google Scholar
Haugland, H., 2012: Fellesskap og brorskap. En skomparativ undersøkelse av gildenes sosiale, religiøse og rettslige rolle i et utvalg nordiske byer fra midten av 1200-tallet til reformasjonen, Phil. Dr. thesis, University of Bergen, 2012.Google Scholar
Helle, K., 2006: Fra opphavet til omkring 1500 (Del 1), in Helle, K., Eliassen, F.-E., Myhre, J.E. and Stugu, O.S. (eds), Norsk byhistorie. Urbanisering gjennom 1300 år, Oslo, 23123.Google Scholar
Helle, K., 2009: Underskogen i samlende perspektiv, in Brendalsmo, J., Eliassen, F.-I. and Gansum, T. (eds), Den urbane underskog. Strandsteder, utvekslingssteder og småbyer i vikingtid, middelalder og tidlig nytid, Oslo, 247–58.Google Scholar
Hobberstad, L.C., 2012: Lasting og Lossing i Oslos middelalderhavn. Båtvraket Vaterland 1. En mulig laste-lossebåt fra 1500-tallets begynnelse, master's thesis, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 2012: Entangled. An archaeology of the relationships between humans and things, Chichester.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingold, T., 2013: Making. Anthropology, archaeology, art and architecture, Abingdon and New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, T., and Coben, L.S., 2006: An invitation to the archaeological theater, in Inomata, T. and Coben, L.S. (eds), Archaeology of performance. Theaters of power, community, and politics, Lanham, MD, 1144.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, G., 1982: Håndværket kommer til Danmark, Copenhagen (Håndverkets kulturhistorie 1).Google Scholar
Larsson, S., 2000: Stadens dolda kulturskikt. Lundarkeologins förutsättningar och förståelseshorisonter uttryckt genom praxis för källmaterialsprododution 1890–1990, Lund (Archaeologica lundensia. Investigationes de antiqvitatibus urbis Lundae).Google Scholar
Larsson, S., 2006: Den mänskliga staden?, in Larsson, S. (ed.), Nya stadsarkeologiska horisonter, Lund, 2987.Google Scholar
McIntosh, R.J., 2005: Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the self-organizing landscape, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
McLees, C., 1989: Conclusion: A survey of human activity on Mellageret, in Espelund, A., McLees, C., Pagoldh, M. and Sandvik, P.U. (eds), Smedene på ørene. Metallverksteder I middelalder-Trondheim. Rapport fra utgravningene I Mellager-kvartalet 1987, Trondheim (Arkeologiske undersøkelser i Trondheim Nr. 2), 236–46.Google Scholar
McMahon, A., 2013: Space, sound, and light: Toward a sensory experience of ancient monumental architecture. American journal of archaeology 117 (2), 163–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molaug, P.B., 1998: King's Quay and Bishop's Quay. The harbor of medieval Oslo, in Bill, J. and Clausen, B.L. (eds), Maritime topography and the medieval town. Papers from the 5th International Conference on Waterfront Archaeology in Copenhagen, 14–16 May, 1998, Copenhagen (National Museum of Denmark, Studies in Archaeology & History 4), 169–77.Google Scholar
Molaug, P., 2002: Oslo havn i middelalderen. NIKUS strategiske instituttprogram 1996–2001. Norske Middelalderbyer, Oslo (NIKU Publications 122).Google Scholar
Nordeide, S.W., 1994: Håndverket, in Christophersen, A. and Nordeide, S.W. (eds), Kaupangen ved Nidelva, Trondheim (Riksantikvarens Skrifter Nr. 7), 215–60.Google Scholar
Nymoen, P., 2009: Marginale steder eller margianle kilder? Undervannsarkeologisk blikk påsmå handelshavner, in Brendalsmo, J., Eliassen, F.-I. and Gansum, T. (eds), Den urbane underskog. Strandsteder, utviklingssteder og småbyer I vikingtid, middelalder og tidlig nytid, Oslo, 93131.Google Scholar
Paasche, K., and Rytter, J., 1998: Fra skip til skute. Forutsetninger for, og utvikling av middelalderske skip av nordisk type, Universitetets oldsaksamlings årbok 1997/1998, Oslo, 155–75.Google Scholar
Reckwitz, A., 2002: Towards a theory of social practices. A developement in cultural theorizing, European journal of social theory 5, 243–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roslund, M., 2009: Varuutbyte och social identitet-alsengemmer som emblematisk stil, in Mogren, M., Roslund, M., Sundnér, B. and Wienberg, J. (eds), Triangulering. Historisk arkeologi vidgar fälten, Lund, 216–42.Google Scholar
Rossiaud, J., 1990: The city-dweller and life in cities and towns, in Goff, J. Le (ed.), The medieval world. The history of European societies, London, 139–79.Google Scholar
Salmaan, H., 1968: Medieval cities, New York.Google Scholar
Schatzki, T., 1996: Social practices. A Wittgensteinian approach to human activity and the social, Cambridge, New York and Melbourne.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schatzki, T., 2009: Timespace and the organization of social life, in Shove, E., Trentmann, F. and Wiik, R. (eds), Time, consumption and everyday life. Practice, materiality and culture, London, New Dehli, New York and Sydney, 3548.Google Scholar
Schatzki, T.R., Knorr Cetina, K.K. and Savigny, E. von (eds), 2001: The practice turn in contemporary theory, London.Google Scholar
Shimada, I., and Wagner, U., 2007: A holistic approach to pre-Hispanic craft production, in Skibo, James M., Graves, Michael W. and Stark, Miriam T. (eds), Anthroplogical archaeology. Perspectives on method and theory, Tucson, 163–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shove, E., Pantzar, M. and Watson, M., 2012: The dynamics of social practice. Everyday life and how it changes, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmel, G., 1995 (1903): Die Grosstädte und das Geistesleben, in Rammstedt, O. (ed.), Aufsätze und Abhandlungen 1901–1908, Frankfurt am Main, 116–31.Google Scholar
Singman, J.L., 2013: The Middle Ages. Everyday life in medieval Europe, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, M.E., 2013: How can archaeologists identify early cities. Definitions, types, and attributes, in Krausse, D., Fernandéz-Götz, M. and Befilharz, D. (eds), Individualization, urbanization and social differentiation. Intellectual and cultural streams in Eurasia (800–400 BC), available at www.academia.edu/7315578/_How_Can_Archaeologists_Identify_Early_Cities_Definitions_Types_and_Attributes_n.d.Google Scholar
Smith, M.L., 2008: Urban empty spaces. Contentious places for consensus, Archaeological dialogues 15 (2), 216–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takooshian, H. (ed.), 2005: Social psychology of city life, Journal of social distress and the homeless 14 (1–2), 177.Google Scholar
Thomasson, J., 1997: Private life made public, in Andersson, H., Carelli, P. and Ersgård, L. (eds), Visions of the past. Trends and traditions in Swedish medieval archaeology, Stockholm (Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology 19), 697728.Google Scholar
Thomasson, J., 2011: Från stadsarkeologi til urbanitetsarkeologi? Forslag til framtidsperspektiv, in Andersson, H. and Wienberg, J. (eds), Medeltiden och arkeologin. Mer än sex decennier, Lund (Lund Studies in Historical Archaeology 14), 4980.Google Scholar
Varenius, B., 1992: Det nordiska skeppet. Teknologi och samhällssträtegi i vikingatid och medeltid, Stockholm (Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 10).Google Scholar
Verhulst, A., 1999: The risen of cities in north-west Europe, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, A., 2008: What is practice theory?, Media/anthropology, 30 October 2008, available at http://johnpostill.com/2008/10/30/what-is-practice-theory.Google Scholar
Westerdahl, C., 1995: Traditional zones of transport geography in relation to ship types, in Olsen, O., Madsen, J. Skamby and Rieck, F. (eds), Shipshape. Essays for Ole Crumlin-Pedersen, Roskilde213–30.Google Scholar
Wirth, L., 1938: Urbanism as a way of life, American journal of sociology 44 (1), 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynne-Jones, S., 2007: It's what you do that counts. Performed identities in the East African coastal landscape, Journal of social archaeology 7 (3), 325–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar