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Against ‘Churchianity’: Edmund Anscombe’s Suburban Church Designs
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 April 2016
Extract
Edmund Anscombe (1874-1948) was an important New Zealand architect, well known for his design of the 1925 New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition (Logan Park, Dunedin) and the 1940 New Zealand Centennial Exhibition (Rongotai, Wellington), as well as for his art deco buildings in Hawkes Bay (especially Hastings), and in Wellington.
This article explores Anscombe’s contribution to New Zealand’s early twentieth-century church design by presenting new archival research and examining his distinctive use of secular imagery, notably the architectures of the house and schoolhouse. The article locates these designs simultaneously within traditions of Nonconformist architecture and within a Victorian interest in the home as productively informing a spiritual understanding of church building. While some architectural examples of this thinking were apparent in late nineteenth-century America, there are no other known examples in New Zealand. Anscombe’s use of this secular and domestic imagery in his church design enabled fashionable and theologically-informed architectures to co-exist.
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References
Notes
1 Croot, Charles, Dunedin Churches: Past and Present, ed. White, Helen Watson (Dunedin, 1999), pp. 18, 105–06, 172, 191, 194 Google Scholar; Knight, Hardwicke, Church Building in Otago ([Dunedin], 1993), pp. 31–32, 55, 271 Google Scholar; Knight, Hardwicke and Wales, Niel, Buildings of Dunedin: an Illustrated Architectural Guide to New Zealand’s Victorian City (Dunedin, N.Z., 1988), p. 73.Google Scholar
2 North East Valley Presbyterian Church (1910-12), Opoho Presbyterian Church (1913), St Peter’s, Waipawa (1934), St Clair Presbyterian Church Manse (1910), Residence for Revd James Chisholm, Roslyn (c. 1910), Rectory, Otago Boy’s High School (c. 1914), Reid Hall, South Dunedin Presbyterian Sunday School (1912-13); Khandallah Presbyterian Sunday School (1931): Edmund Anscombe, 1874-48 Photographs of plans, drawings and completed buildings, PAColl-8721, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington; the proposed Catholic Church was in Wellington, Bruce Orchiston, personal communication (26 July 2000).
3 Applications for registration 1914, NZIA, W2429/1/1 Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
4 Anscombe’s time in America is documented in McCarthy, Christine, ‘The Making of an Architect: Anscombe in America, 1902-1906’, Fabrications: the Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand, 16.2 (December 2006), pp. 60–82.Google Scholar
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6 Taylor, , ‘A Survey: Protestant Church Design in America’, p. 67 Google Scholar.
7 The Akron plan was developed by Lewis Miller, Walter Blythe and Jacob Snyder in Akron, Ohio in 1866-70. The First Methodist Episcopal Church, Akron, now demolished, was the first example of this design. Drawings of the original Akron plan can be found in Kilde, Jeanne Halgren, When Church became Theatre: The Transformation of Evangelical Architecture and Worship in Nineteenth-Century America (Oxford, 2002), pp. 177–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8 Taylor, , ‘A Survey: Protestant Church Design in America’, p. 67 Google Scholar.
9 Victorian Churches: Their Origins, Their Story & Their Architecture, ed. Miles Lewis (Melbourne, 1991), p. 10.
10 Ibid., p. 11.
11 Ibid., p. 11; see also Reed, T. T., Historic Churches of Australia (Melbourne, 1978), p. 10.Google Scholar
12 Binfield, Clyde, So Down To Prayer: Studies in English Nonconformity 1780-1920 (London and Totowa, N.J., 1977), pp. 145–46.Google Scholar
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17 Smith’s work suggests there might be exceptions to a simple division between inside and outside in his account of the incorporation of the cross, altars cloths, candles, and figural stained glass, etc., into evangelical Protestant denominations in America, arguing that this reflected both Protestant envy of Catholic success, and ‘a new platform from which to attack Catholics, charging that they corrupted the meaning of these Christian elements’. See Kilde, Jeanne Hagren, ‘Book Reviews and Notes: Gothic Arches, Latin Crosses: Anti-Catholicism and American Church Designs in the Nineteenth Century By Ryan K. Smith’, Church History, 76.1 (March 2007), p. 215.Google Scholar
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19 Ibid., pp. 9, 11, 15-16, 17-18.
20 Transplanted Christianity: Documents Illustrating Aspects of New Zealand Church History, ed. Allan K. Davidson and Peter J. Lineham (Auckland, 1987), pp. 184-85, 250-51.
21 Lineham, ‘A Church on Every Corner’, p. 18.
22 Croot, Dunedin Churches, p. 46; Barber, Laurie, ‘1901-1930: The Expanding Frontier’, Presbyterians in Aotearoa 1840-1990, ed. McEldowney, Dennis (Wellington, 1990), pp. 74–102 (p. 74).Google Scholar
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24 Ibid., p. 42.
25 Ibid., p. 42; Lineham ‘A Church on Every Corner’, p. 15.
26 Davidson, Allan, ‘The New Zealand Ecumenical Journey, 1814-1988’, in Davidson, Allan and Lineham, Peter, Where the Road Runs Out … Research Essays on the Ecumenical Journey and the Conference of Churches in Aotearoa New Zealand, ed. Cant, Garth (Christchurch, 2005), pp. 9–32 (p. 17)Google Scholar; Barber, ‘1901-1930: The Expanding Frontier’, pp. 75-76.
27 Knight and Wales, Buildings of Dunedin, pp. 126-27.
28 Salmond, Arthur L., First Church ofOtago: And How it Got There (Dunedin, 1983), p. 32 Google Scholar.
29 Croot, Dunedin Churches, p. 305.
30 Exceptions to this general trend include the Chinese Presbyterian Church (architect unknown, 1889), and the Maori Hill Presbyterian Church (architect unknown, 1904-05), which are both simple unadorned single gable rectangular plan structures; and William Langlands’ first Knox Church (1860), which was a clean, neoclassical building adorned with pilasters, pediment and dome, and Lawson’s Saint Stephen’s (1871), described as ‘being in “the Italian style”’. Croot, Dunedin Churches, pp. 80, 142, 116; Matheson, Peter, ‘The Contours of Christian Theology in Aotearoa New Zealand’, Mapping the Landscape: Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity: Festschrift in Honour of Professor Ian Breward, ed. Susan, and Emilsen, William W. (New York, 2000), pp. 255–72 (p. 259)Google Scholar; cf. Lineham, who described nineteenth-century New Zealand as ‘the age of mahogany religion: of polite gothic suburban chapels, [and] decorous preaching’. See Lineham, Peter J., New Zealanders and the Methodist Evangel (New Zealand, 1983), p. 10.Google Scholar
31 Croot, Charles, Dunedin Churches: Past and Present (Dunedin, 1999) pp. 116, 149, 252, 258 Google Scholar. For more general discussions about the use of Catholic architectural imagery in Protestant church architecture, see Lewis, , Victorian Churches; Colleen McDannell, The Christian Home in Victorian America, 1840-1900 (Bloomington, 1986)Google Scholar; and Smith, Ryan K., Gothic Arches, Latin Crosses: Anti-Catholicism and American Church Designs in the Nineteenth Century (Chapel Hill, 2006).Google Scholar
31a Croot, Dunedin Churches, p. 18.
32 Knight, Church Building in Otago, p. 188.
33 Saint Clair and its residents, for example, is described by Stenhouse as ‘affluent’, ‘well-to-do’, and ‘prosperous’, and this is reflected in his analysis of those in the Presbyterian congregation for whom Anscombe designed his first church. Stenhouse, John, ‘Christianity, Gender and the Working Class in Southern Dunedin, 1880-1940’, Journal of Religious History, 30:1 (2006), pp. 18–44 (p.32).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34 Donovan, Don, Country Churches of New Zealand (Auckland, 2002)Google Scholar; Thornton, Geoffrey G., Worship in the Wilderness (Auckland, c. 2003).Google Scholar
35 Gulliford, Andrew, America’s Country Schools (Washington, D.C., 1984), p. 159.Google Scholar
36 Earl, Edward C. quoted in Gulliford, America’s Country Schools, p. 172.Google Scholar
37 Gulliford, America’s Country Schools, pp. 172,174; Stenhouse, ‘Christianity, Gender, and the Working Class in Southern Dunedin’, pp. 22, 25, 29, 34-38, 41, 43-44.
38 Stenhouse, ‘Christianity, Gender and the Working Class in Southern Dunedin’, pp. 35-37.
39 5 December 1908, 4PZ/19/St.C ST. CLAIR Presbyterian Church, Dunedin. Deacon’s Court Minutes 1908-13 BB 6/5, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archives, Dunedin.
40 12 December 1908, 4PZ/19/ St.C ST. CLAIR Presbyterian Church, Dunedin.
41 ‘Proposed Residence, Ings Avenue, St Clair, Dunedin for H.C. Campbell, Esq., Edmund Anscombe Architect’, (1911), Jackman and Alex. Macdonald Real Estate: Records, AG-068-11-2 R.H, Hocken Library, Dunedin.
42 12 December 1908,4PZ/19/ St.C ST. CLAIR Presbyterian Church, Dunedin.
43 13 March 1910,4PZ/19/ Mus Musselburgh-Tainui Presby [terian] Church, Dunedin, Deacons Court Minutes 1909-13 BE1/3, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archives, Dunedin; 31 October 1910, 4PZ/19/NEV North East Valley Pres[byterian]. Church, Deacon’s Court Minute Book 1906-17 BF 2/1, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archives, Dunedin; 19 September 1911, 4PZ/ig/Por Port Chalmers Presbyterian Church. Deacons Court Minutes 1904-30, BF317, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archives, Dunedin.
44 27 August 1919, 21/5 Riversdale, Building C[ommi]tte[e] (Wendon), Minutes; 1919-24 BK4/4, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archives, Dunedin.
45 11 August 1919, 21/5 ‘Riversdale, Building C[ommi]tte[e] (Wendon), Minutes; 1919 C[ommi]tte[e] 24’.
46 5 May 1909, 4PZ/19/ St.C ST. CLAIR Presbyterian Church, Dunedin. A sub-committee was formed to interview Anscombe regarding the design of the church in December 1908, plans were approved by the middle of March 1909, and authorization to call for tenders was resolved by the end of the same month. Thirteen contractors submitting tenders, ranging from £750 to £1,194, were received by early May. The foundation stone was laid on 8 August, and the church was opened on 7 November 1909.12 December 1908,17 March 1909, 24 March 1909, 5 May 1909, and 31 July 1909, 4PZ/19/ St.C ST. CLAIR Presbyterian Church, Dunedin. ‘St. Clair Presbyterian Church: Dedication Services’, Otago Daily Times, 8 November 1909, p. 3.
47 As can be seen in the following photographs: Albert Percy Godber, ‘View of St Clair, Dunedin. Between 1925 and 1927 [photograph]’, APG-1576-1/2-G, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington; ‘Overlooking St Kilda and St Clair, Dunedin. [c. 1920s] [photograph]’, 1/1-006173-G, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.
48 ‘The New Presbyterian Church at St. Clair, opened on Sunday, November 7’, Otago Witness, 17 November 1909, p. 45. Initial discussions for a new church for Musselburgh-Tainui had begun by November 1909, and Anscombe was asked to design the building in March 1910. A week later he had prepared two schemes, plan No. 1 being accepted. Tenders were called in June, resulting in a request to Anscombe to reduce the cost of the building, the three lowest tenders from the first round of tendering being asked to tender for the revised design; this resulted in negotiations on the price and Henderson & Gorrie’s tender of £816 5s 6d being accepted. The foundation stone was laid on 3 September 1910, and the church was opened on 18 December 1910. ‘[Musselburgh]’, The Outlook: A Christian Weekly for the Home, 16.46 (13 November 1909), p. 15; 13 March 1910, 19 March 1910, 1 June 1910, 23 June 1910, 15 July 1910, 12 August 1910, and 22 August 1910, 4PZ 19 Mus Musselburgh-Tainui Presby[terian]. Church, Dunedin, Deacons Court Minutes 1909-13; Musselburgh Presbyterian Church: Looking Back — Pressing On ([Dunedin, NZ, 1959]), p. 8; also ‘Musselburgh Presbyterian Church: Opening Services’, Otago Daily Times, 19 December 1910, p. 3.
49 Alterations to the interior of the building were made in 1926 and this Gothic motif may date from this time. Croot, Dunedin Churches, p. 194.
50 For example, ‘Edmund Anscombe [advertisement]’, The Outlook: A Christian Weekly for the Home, 15.22, 30 May 1908, p. 39.
51 ‘[Outlook advertisement]’, The Outlook: A Christian Weekly for the Home, 15.27,4 July 1908, p. 2.
52 ‘J. Louis Salmond/ARCHITECT/ Russell’s Buildings, Water Street/ DUNEDIN’ ‘J. Louis Salmond [advertisement]’, The Outlook: A Christian Weekly for the Home, 15.1, 4 January 1908, p. 17; ‘JOHN A. BURNSIDE,/ ARCHITECT,/VOGEL AND RATTRAY STREETS,/DUNEDIN.’ ‘John A. Burnside [advertisement]’, The Outlook: A Christian Weekly for the Home, 15.1,4 January 1908, p. 14.
53 Mornington Baptist Church (74 Elgin Rd) was built by Callender & McLeod for a cost of about £1,100. Knight and Wales, Buildings of Dunedin, p. 73. The foundation stone was laid on 11 February 1911 (Foundation stone in situ).
54 Knight, Church Building in Otago, p. 55; Croot, Dunedin Churches, p. 172.
55 Knight and Wales, Buildings of Dunedin, p. 73.
56 ‘Mornington (Rev. Charles Dallaston). Opening of New Church’, The New Zealand Baptist, 27.331 (July 1911), p. 138.
57 McCarthy, C. M., ‘Edmund Anscombe (1874-1948): early competition work’, ‘… we have no style …’ New Zealand Architecture 1900-1918, ed. McCarthy, Christine (Wellington, NZ, 2004), pp. 49–58 (pp. 54–56)Google Scholar. The Mission Hall was demolished in the 1930s.
58 McCarthy, ‘Edmund Anscombe (1874-1948)’, pp. 49-58.
59 McCarthy, Christine, ‘Cinematic Celebration: Edmund Anscombe’s Picture Theatres’, Celebration: XXII Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand, ed. Leach, Andrew and Matthewson, Gill (Napier, 2005) pp. 249–54 Google Scholar; Wakeling, Christopher, ‘“A Room Nearly Semi-Circular”: Aspects of the Theatre and the Church from Harrison to Pugin’, Architectural History, 44 (2001), pp. 265–74 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kilde, When Church Became Theatre.
60 ‘Y.M.C.A.: The New Building’, Otago Daily Times, 27 March 1909, p. 3; ‘The Y.M.C.A.’, Otago Daily Times, 13 November 1912, p. 6. The Sawyers Bay Presbyterian Church was the result of a new Presbyterian ministry developing c. 1910 in the Sawyers Bay area, and the decision to build a church in September 1911. A. R. Chisholm suggested that Anscombe be asked to prepare plans and specifications. See Wright, Alex, The Second Church of Otago 1852-1916 ([Dunedin], 1916), p. 9 Google Scholar; ‘History of Sawyers Bay P.C. (TS): 1987’, 19/16 Port Chalmers, Sawyers Bay P.C., 93/6 AM4/4, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archives, Dunedin., p. 2; Minutes Tuesday 19 September 1911, 4PZ/19/Por, Port Chalmers Presbyterian Church Deacons Court Minutes 1904-1930, pp. 198-99); ‘History of Sawyers Bay P.C. (TS): 1987’, p. 2.
61 ‘History of Sawyers Bay P.C. (TS): 1987’, p. 2. Estimated costs for the building were £464 in timber and £585 in brick (Minutes, 21 November 1911, 4PZ/19/Por, Port Chalmers Presbyterian Church Deacons Court Minutes 1904-1930, pp. 201-02). Tenders were advertised for in February 1912: ‘Tenders’, Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1912, p. 11. Seven tenders were received from ‘Robert Templeton Building, Joseph Manning, Love Brothers, A.C. Pitts, George H. Trott, Fletcher & Olsen, and C.R. Aburn’ (Minutes, 14 February, 4PZ/19/Por, Port Chalmers Presbyterian Church. Deacons Court Minutes 1904-1930, p. 214), with Love Brothers being awarded the building contracted for a tender price of £494 10s 6d (‘History of Sawyers Bay P.C. (TS): 1987’, p. 2: ‘Messrs Love Bros, of Port Chalmers, being the lowest tenderers, obtained the contract for the building at a price of £664 5s 6d, the building to be completed by June 1,1912.’ ‘Presbyterian Church at Sawyers Bay: Laying Foundation Stone’, Otago Daily Times, 15 April 1912, p. 7). Other contractors involved in the building included stonemasons H. S. Bingham, and Luse Light Co. (Minutes, 15 October 1912, 4PZ/19/Por, Port Chalmers Presbyterian Church. Deacons Court Minutes 1904-1930, p. 228).
62 Gulliford, America’s Country Schools, p. 172.
63 ‘History of Sawyers Bay P.C. (TS): 1987’; ‘Fires: Church Destroyed’, Otago Daily Times, 3 January 1933, p. 10.
64 ‘History of Sawyers Bay P.C. (TS): 1987’, p. 2; also Minutes, Tuesday, 2 October 1911, 4PZ/19/Por, Port Chalmers Presbyterian Church. Deacons Court Minutes 1904-1930, p. 207; ‘New Church at Sawyers Bay’, Otago Daily Times, 22 July 1912, p. 6.
65 ‘New Church at Sawyers Bay’, p. 6.
66 Ibid., p. 6.
67 Ibid., p. 6; ‘Sawyers Bay Presbyterian Church [photograph]’, c/n E593/11, Hocken Library.
68 ‘New Church at Sawyers Bay’, p. 6.
69 ‘Notes’, Progress, 1 October 1910, p. 421.
70 ‘Still Here: Weston Presbyterian Church’, Community High Country Herald (North Otago), 21 February 2007, p. 40.
71 ‘Tenders’, Otago Daily Times, 14 January 1911, p. 10; ‘Local Items’, North Otago Times, 6 February 1911, p. [4]; ‘Still Here’, p. 40.
72 ‘Still Here’, p. 40.
73 Ibid., p. 40.
74 Evidence that Anscombe was in partnership with Coombs in 1912 can be inferred from references to the company ‘Anscombe & Coombs’ in newspaper articles from April 1912, e.g. ‘Personal’, Otago Daily Times, 10 April 1912, p. 6. Directories first refer to the partnership in 1913.
75 ‘The South Kensington Examinations’, Otago Witness, 16 January 1907, p. 12; ‘Personal Matters’, Evening Post, 31 January 1910, p. 7.
76 Douglas S. Coombs, ‘Leslie Douglas Coombs ARIBA FNZIA (21-5-1885-18-8-1952), Architect, hobbyist, father’ (February-May 2003), 11 pp., Misc-MS-1877, Hocken Library, Dunedin, p. 3.
77 17 April 1913, 8.30 p.m., p. 83, 4PZ/ 19/Opo Opoho Preb. [Presbyterian] Church Management Committee Minutes 1909-13, BF 1/2, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archives, Dunedin.
78 4PZ/19/NEV North East Valley Pres. Presbyterian Church, p. 142. The commission for Reid Hall (1912-13), a Sunday School project, did however occupy almost exactly the time period of the Anscombe and Coombs partnership, and the drawings were approved by Coombs (L.D.C.), draughted by W.J.W and F.G.H, and checked by W.J.W. (Sunday School, South Dunedin [drawings], Permit number 2318, Dunedin City Council Archives). Again domestic imagery permeates the exterior of the building, which is clearly influenced by Arts and Crafts domestic architecture.
79 17 June 1915, p. 26,4PZ/19 Opo Opoho Preb. [Presbyterian] Church Dunedin — Committee of Management 28 August 1913-14 July 1930 BF1/2, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archives, Dunedin.
80 ‘Personal Matters’, p. 6.
81 Ibid., p. 6.
82 The church was tendered for £1,647, and the foundation stone was laid on 30 September 1914. See McDonald, D. A., Tapanui Parish 1864-1964: A Centennial History of the Presbyterian Church (Gore, 1964), p. 28.Google Scholar
83 ‘Tapanui Church: Opening of New Building’, The Outlook, 22.11,16 March 1915, pp. 17-23 (p. 21).
84 Ibid., p. 21.
85 Ibid., p. 21; Alastair Service, Edwardian Architecture (London, 1977), pp. 38ft. Dudding notes that this more relaxed and freer Edwardian approach to eclecticism mirrors the contemporary work of another New Zealand architect, Francis Petre (Michael Dudding, pers. comm., 17 and 18 April 2008). Connexions might also be made with William Fielding’s Congregational Church (1917), Cambridge Terrace, Wellington.
86 ‘Tapanui Church: Opening of New Building’, p. 21; also ‘Big changes for Tapanui Church’, p. 9.
87 Photograph of the interior, McDonald, Tapanui Parish, p. 33.
88 ‘Tapanui Church: Opening of New Building’, p. 21.
89 Ibid., p. 21.
90 McDonald, Tapanui Parish, p. 27.
91 The borough of Tapanui was one of the smallest boroughs in New Zealand during this period with a population of 332 (1911), 347 (1913), 359 (1915) and 322 (1917).
92 Key buildings during this time were: Garvan Homestead, Lovells Flat, and Carnegie Free Library, Alexandra (1915), International Harvester Store and Office Building, Dunedin, and Mosgiel Co-operative Dairy Factory Company Ltd, Mosgiel (1916), Sarjeant Art Gallery, Wanganui, and Glenfalloch Homestead, North Taieri (1917), Dannevirke Co-op Association building, Dannevirke, and Home Science Block, University of Otago (1918-19), and Clifton Homestead, Waiwera South, and Infants School, Palmerston North (1919).
93 Barber, ‘1901-1930: The Expanding Frontier’, p. 85.
94 Anscombe’s plans drawn in August 1919 were accepted in October 1919, but building stalled for two and a half years (from early 1920 until mid-1922): 11 August 1919, 13 October 1919 and 12 January 1920, 21/5 ‘Riversdale, Building C[ommi]tte[e] (Wendon), Minutes; 1919-24’; also Edmund Anscombe, letter to Revd L. N. Walker, undated, Building C[ommi]tte[e] (Wendon), Secretary’s Papers; 1919-23, 21/5 Riversdale, BK 4/4, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archives, Dunedin. Tenders were called for in July 1922 (closing on Thursday, 20 July), ‘Public Notices’, Mataura Ensign, 12 July 1922, p. 1, for building the church in either wood (on concrete piles) or in concrete, and were received from four builders in Gore (David Cook, Adam Speden, W. Shore, Rhodes & Son), and one in Dunedin (C. Bragg), with David Cook’s tender of £1,099 for building in concrete being accepted: 13 October 1919, 5 June 1922, 28 July 1922 and 2 August 1922, 21/5 ‘Riversdale, Building C[ommi]tte[e] (Wendon), Minutes; 1919-24’.
95 Newlands, John, Riversdale Presbyterian Church Souvenir Booklet, 1934: A Brief Survey of the Life and Work of the Church 1884-1934 ([Riversdale, N.Z., 1934]), p. 30 Google Scholar. Provision for an insertion in the wall of the front porch ‘below [the] porch Window of a Marble Slab 2 ft 6 in × 3 ft 6 in to inscribed the names of [the] 10 District Fallen Soldiers’ was made in the final design to reflect this desire: 5 July 1922, 21/5 ‘Riversdale, Building Ctte (Wendon), Minutes; 1919-24; ‘New Church at Wendon’, The Outlook, 8 October 1923, p. 7; also The Pioneers of Wendon: A Brief History of the Wendon District from the Early Days of Settlement to 1950, ed. J. Findlay McArthur ([Wendon, N.Z., 1950]), p. 30.
96 ‘Memorial Church: Opened at Wendon: Yesterday’s Speeches’, Mataura Ensign, 27 September 1923, p. 2.
97 Ibid., p. 2.
98 Hitchmough, Wendy, CFA Voysey (London, 1995), pp. 34, 73, 77, 179 Google Scholar. Gebhard, David, Charles F.A. Voysey, Architect (Los Angeles, 1975), pp. 124, 154 Google Scholar. My thanks to Bill Alington for suggesting this connexion.
99 10 April 1923, 21/5 ‘Riversdale, Building Ctte (Wendon), Minutes; 1919-24’. There is no choir indicated on the drawings. Wendon Presbyterian Church, plans for church, Wendon, Edmund Anscombe and H. McDowell Smith architects, 1919-23, MS 2758/0705, Dalziel Architects: Records (ARC-0520), Hocken Library, Dunedin.
100 ‘Memorial Church: Opened at Wendon’, p. 2.
101 Wendon Presbyterian Church, plans for church, MS 2758/0705, Hocken Library, Dunedin.
102 11 August 1919, 21/5 ‘Riversdale, Building Ctte (Wendon), Minutes; 1919-24’.
103 10 April 1923, 30 May 1923, 21/5 ‘Riversdale, Building Ctte (Wendon), Minutes; 1919-24’; Fowler notes that ‘Smith and Anscombe, of Dunedin’ were the architects (The Pioneers of Wendon, p. 30).
104 ‘Memorial Church: Opened at Wendon’, p. 2; Balance Sheet, 23 June 1924, 21/5 ‘Riversdale, Building Ctte (Wendon), Minutes; 1919-24’.
105 Knight states that the foundation stone was laid on 25 July 1922, and the church, which cost £1,975, opened on 15 February 1923. The church was closed in August 1996 (Knight, Church Building in Otago, p. 188; ‘Former Milton Methodist Church’, p. 13). Foundation stones in situ are inscribed with the date 15 July 1922.
106 For example, Musselburgh has a steeple, and is clad in white brick; Milton has a belfry, dormer vents and a half-timbered gable, and is clad in red brick.
107 Knight, , Church Building in Otago, p. 188 Google Scholar.
108 ‘Former Milton Methodist church’, Otago Daily Times, 1 August 1996, p. 13.
109 Possibly the most well-known New Zealand example was the first Californian bungalow (Los Angeles, Fendalton, 1910), which was supervised by a New Zealand architect (Guthrie) and reputedly built from a pattern-book plan.
110 Garing, Maureen, The Church in the Village: A Centennial History of Khandallah Presbyterian Church 1902-2002 (Wellington, N.Z., 2002), pp. 36, 40, 45, 48, 51, 52.Google Scholar
111 Ibid., pp. 30, 36, 37,41, 53.
112 Anscombe & Associates were given the commission to restore and enlarge the building in May 1933. Tenders were called for in August 1933 and W. B. Bodell & Co. of Palmerston North were the successful tenders (£2,649). McCoskery, Margaret and Ross, Helen, St Peter’s Waipawa: A Parish & its People: 1859-2000 ([Waipawa, N.Z., 2000]), p. 31.Google Scholar
113 Ibid., p. 31.
114 Ibid., p. 31, see also p. 33.
115 Anscombe, Edmund, ‘Walls of Houses: Why not Concrete?: Cost and Quality’, Evening Post, 15 May 1946, p. 10 Google Scholar; also ‘Walls for Houses: The Timber Famine: A Concrete Solution’, Evening Post, 27 March 1946, p. 11.
116 ‘Walls for Houses’, p. 11.
117 ‘New Church for St. Clair’, Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1909, p. 3; 10 July 1909, St Clair: Dunedin, Annual Reports & Balance Sheets: 1910-1919, BB 6/5, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archives, Dunedin.
118 ‘[St Clair]’, The Outlook: A Christian Weekly for the Home, 16.46,13 November 1909, p. 15.
119 ‘St. Clair Presbyterian Church: Dedication Services’, p. 3.
120 ‘Musselburgh Presbyterian Church: Opening Services’, p. 3.
121 ‘Mornington (Rev. Charles Dallaston). Opening of New Church’, p. 138; ‘Mornington Baptist Church’, Otago Daily Times, 12 June 1911, p. 6.
122 ‘Memorial Church: Opened at Wendon’, p. 2.
123 ‘Milton Methodist New Church: Dedicatory Service’, Bruce Herald, 22 February 1923, p. [3]; ‘Milton Methodist New Church: Dedicatory Service’, Bruce Herald, 19 February 1923, p. [3].
124 ‘New Church at Sawyers Bay’, p. 6.
125 ‘Tapanui Church’, p. 22.
126 Ibid., p. 23.
127 For example: ‘Wallpapers … Artistic Surroundings … Smith & Smith [advertisement]’, Otago Daily Times, 11 March 1914, p. 2.
128 ‘Roslyn Presbyterian Church: The Opening Services’, Otago Daily Times, 12 September 1904, p. 7, ‘Mornington New Methodist Church: The Opening Services’, Otago Daily Times, 6 February 1905, p. 2, ‘Kaikorai Presbyterian Church’, Otago Daily Times, 3 December 1907, p. 2.
129 ‘Mornington New Methodist Church: The Opening Services’, p. 2, ‘Kaikorai Presbyterian Church’, p. 2.
130 ‘Roslyn Presbyterian Church: The Opening Services’, p. 7.
131 The following provides a comparison of costs: St Clair (1909) £846, Musselburgh-Tainui (1910) £816, and Sawyers Bay Presbyterian Church (1912) £626 were all significantly lower in cost than more monumental contemporary Presbyterian churches (which were all built in brick), for example, Mosgiel (1910) £2,340, Waikouaiti (Salmond & Vanes, 1914) £1,247, and Andersons Bay Presbyterian Church (E. Walden, 1914) £3,532. The costs are all taken from Croot, Dunedin Churches, pp. 191,194, 207, 235, 258, 275.
132 Sprunger, Keith L., ‘Puritan Church Architecture and Worship in a Dutch Context’, Church History, 66.1 (March 1997), pp. 36–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
133 Ibid., pp. 41, 39.
134 Ibid., p. 51.
135 Turner, From Temple to Meeting House, pp. 208, 206, 223.
136 Ibid., pp. 229, 230.
137 Ibid., p. 230.
138 Jones, Ronald P., Nonconformist Church Architecture (London, 1914), p. 17.Google Scholar
139 Ibid., p. 22.
140 Ibid., p. 19.
141 Kieckhefer, Richard, Theology in Stone: Church Architecture from Byzantium to Berkeley (Oxford, 2004) pp. 197, 201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
142 Matheson, ‘The Contours of Christian Theology’, pp. 255, 256, 258; Nichol, Frank, ‘Theology in New Zealand’, Landfall, 20.1 (March 1966), pp. 42–49 (pp. 42,44)Google Scholar; Davidson, , ‘The New Zealand Ecumenical Journey’, p. 14 Google Scholar; Barber, , ‘1901-1930: The Expanding Frontier’, p. 99 Google Scholar.
143 Moore quoted, Nichol, ‘Theology in New Zealand’, p. 44; see also Matheson, , ‘The Contours of Christian Theology’, p. 259 Google Scholar.
144 Stenhouse, ‘Christianity, Gender, and the Working Class in Southern Dunedin’, p. 39.
145 Drummond also refers to ‘[Lewis] Tappan [who] considered that Christian beneficence would be better invested in Evangelism than in “superfluous architecture” which merely ministered to human pride’ ( Drummond, Andrew Landale, Story of American Protestantism (Edinburgh, 1949), pp. 100, 377)Google Scholar.
146 Kilde, , When Church Became Theatre, p. 147 Google Scholar.
147 Braude, Ann, ‘Book Reviews: McDannell, Colleen. The Christian Home in Victorian America, 1840-1900. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986’, The Journal of Religion, 69.2 (April 1989), p. 252.Google Scholar
148 ‘First Church of Christian Science, Manchester, England’, Architectural Review (December 1908), pl. 94.
149 Jones, Nonconformist Architecture, p. 59.
150 Kilde, When Church Became Theatre, pp. 149-52,156.
151 Jones, Nonconformist Church Architecture, pp. 59-60.