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The Temporary Houses of Parliament and David Boswell Reid’s Architecture of Experimentation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2016

Henrik Schoenefeldt
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Extract

what they may lose in dignity they will undoubtly [sic] gain in comfort and health.

(The Champion, November 1836)

The heating and ventilation of the two debating chambers in the British Houses of Parliament occupied the minds of various Select Committees and some of the country’s most renowned scientists and engineers during the nineteenth century. Indeed, since the seventeenth century the chambers had been major sites for technical experimentation in the field of ventilation, which, according to the Victorian physician Neil Arnott, reflected the technological and scientific advances made during this period. Nineteenth-century writers chronicled the design and testing of the numerous heating and ventilation systems that had been deployed. However, the strategies implemented during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were not entirely successful in generating a pleasant internal environment. The destruction of the ancient Palace of Westminster by fire on 16 October 1834 therefore provided an important opportunity to design completely new debating chambers from first principles.

Type
Research Article
Information
Architectural History , Volume 57 , 2014 , pp. 175 - 215
Copyright
Copyright © Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain 2014

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References

Notes

1 E.g. Select Committee on House of Commons Buildings, Report from the Select Committee on House of Commons Buildings (HC 1831,308); Select Committee on the House of Commons’ Buildings, Report from the Select Committee on the House of Commons’ Buildings (HC 1833, 269).

2 Select Committee on Lighting, Second Report from the Select Committee on Ventilation and Lighting of the House (HC 1852,402) (hereafter ‘Second Report, 1852’), Q.1059.

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5 Hansard, HC Deb, 10 August 1836, vol. 35, cc 1057–87.

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26 Ibid. According to Kühnl-Kinel, Reid was one of the earliest scientists to introduce thermal comfort as new criteria in ventilation design. ( Kühnl-Kinel, J., The History of Ventilation and Air-conditioning: Is CERN Up to Date with the Latest Technological Developments?, online at http://st-div.web.cern.ch/st-div/workshop/ST2000WS/Proceedings/techno2/jkk.pdf (accessed on 2 July 2013)Google Scholar).

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41 1835 Ventilation Committee, pp. iii–iv.

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46 Ibid., Q.553–55.

47 London, Parliamentary Archives: Arc/Pro/Work 11/10/2, no. 450, report of Select Committee appointed 42 to consider a plan for a more convenient temporary accommodation for the House of Lords, 3 July 1835; London, Parliamentary Archives, Arc/Pro/Work 11/10/2, House of Lords, minutes of Proceedings, 12 June to 24 August 1835.

48 London, Parliamentary Archives, Work 11/12, no. 2, letter from Benjamin Hawes to the Commissioners of Woods, 26 August 1835; 1835 Ventilation Committee, Q.499–501.

49 1835 Ventilation Committee, Q.505–22; ‘The Houses of Parliament’, Morning Chronicle, 18 February 1835, p. 3 Google ScholarPubMed; ‘The New House of Commons has been Ventilated in a Manner Totally Different from the Last’, The Times, 26 January 1835, p. 2.Google Scholar

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55 Letter from Lord Duncannon to Viscount Melbourne, 30 October 1839, in Second Report, 1852, p. 574.

56 London, National Archives, Work 11/12, no. 6, letter from Robert Smirke to the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, 11 November 1835.

57 1835 Ventilation Committee, Q.542–56.

58 Smirke was not the only critic of Reid’s proposal. See Ainger, A., On Ventilation in Reference to the Houses of Parliament (London, 1835).Google Scholar

59 1835 Ventilation Committee, Q.581–83.

60 Ibid., Q.583.

61 ‘Philosophical Society’, Caledonian Mercury, 28 July 1836.

62 Ventilation of the House. Letter from Dr Reid to the Viscount Duncannon (n. 25 above).

63 Reid, , American Dwelling, pp. xv–xxxvii Google Scholar; Reid, , Illustrations, pp. 177–86Google Scholar; Reid, , ‘Eight Lectures’, pp. 164–77Google Scholar; letter from Dr Reid to the Viscount Duncannon (n. 25 above).

64 ‘Philosophical Society’, Caledonian Mercury, 28 July 1836.

65 Letter from Dr Reid to the Viscount Duncannon (n. 25 above); Reid, Illustrations, p. 273.

66 Ibid. (Reid to Duncannon).

67 Hours of debates are shown in the attendants’ registers, e.g., London, Parliamentary Archives, OOW/5, Registers of temperature control and ventilation for the House of Commons 1853–1928.

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69 ‘Philosophical Society’, Caledonian Mercury, 28 July 1836.

70 Letter from Dr Reid to the Viscount Duncannon (28 March 1838).

71 London, National Archives, Work 11/12, no. 24, letter from Reid to the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, 1 December 1839.

72 ‘Ventilating the New Houses of Parliament’, Preston Chronicle, 21 May 1836.

73 London, National Archives, Work 11/12, no. 7, letter from the Treasury to the Commissioners of Woods, 26 August 1836; also National Archives, Work 29/3000, ‘Drawing referred to in Reid’s letter to Lord Canning, 11 May 1836, shewing the temporary houses of parliament &c. Manner in which ventilation is affected by the position of the continguous department’.

74 Hansard, HC Deb, 10 August 1836, vol. 35, cc 1057–87.

75 London, National Archives, Work 11/12, no. 7, letter from the Treasury to the Office of Woods, 26 August 1836; London, National Archives, Work 11/12, no. 8, letter from the Office of Woods to Reid, 13 September 1836; ‘Miscellanea’, Champion, 3 October 1836, p. 1 Google ScholarPubMed; ‘London’, Caledonian Mercury, 17 October 1836, p. 2.Google ScholarPubMed

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105 Select Committee of the House of Lords, reports from the Select Committee of the House of Lords appointed to inquire into the progress of the building of the Houses of Parliament (HL 1846, 719) (hereafter ‘1846 Lords Committee’), Q.74–75; 1841 Ventilation Committee, Q.315–16; Reid, , Illustrations, pp. 274–76.Google Scholar

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109 Second Report, 1852, Q.224.

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111 1839 Lighting Committee, Q.744.

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114 Ibid., p. 327ff; 1839 Lighting Committee, pp. 75ff.

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122 Letter from Reid to Duncannon, 4 February 1837 (n. 95 above).

123 Letter from Trench to Duncannon, 22 April 1838, in Ventilation and Lighting of the House (HC 1837–38, 358), pp.1ff

124 Letter from Reid to Duncannon, 28 March 1838 (n. 25 above).

125 London, Parliamentary Archives, OOW/5, registers of temperature control and ventilation for the House of Commons, 1853–1928. 113

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139 Ibid., pp. 75f.

140 Ibid., Q.744–47.

141 1842 Ventilation Committee, Q.82.

142 Ibid., Q.49–50.

143 Second Report, 1852, Q.1102.

144 1839 Lighting Committee, Q.907.

145 1842 Ventilation Committee, Q.55.

146 Ibid.

147 Ibid., Q.161.

148 Ibid., Q.164.

149 1846 Lords Committee, Q.15.

150 Ibid., Q.17.

151 Ibid., Q.15–19.

152 1842 Ventilation Committee, Q.163–65.

153 Ibid., Q.157–65,171.

154 1839 Lighting Committee, Q.610.

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172 Letter from Trench to Duncannon, 22 April 1838 (n. 123 above).

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174 Ventilation of the House of Commons, Morning Chronicle, 1 January 1838.

175 Morning Chronicle, 1 January 1838.

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184 Ibid.

185 Select Committee on Lighting the House, Report from the Select Committee on Lighting the House (HC 1842, 251), Q.342.

186 Return of the expenses connected with the experiments of the Bude light (HC 1840, 115); 1842 Lighting Committee.

187 1852 Ventilation Committee, Q.224.

188 1844 Houses Committee (n. 126 above).

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192 Ibid., Q.871.

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195 1852 Ventilation Committee, 0.2966–76, 3300.

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200 The links have been discussed in H. Schoenefeldt, ‘First Report on the Victorian Ventilation System in the House of Lords’ (unpublished Parliamentary Design Advisory report, 9 January 2014).

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