Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:58:46.323Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Riots and Rights: Law and Exclusion in Singapore’s Migrant Worker Regime

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2015

Jaclyn L. NEO*
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor of Law, National University of Singapore

Abstract

This article examines the legal framework regulating unskilled and low-skilled migrant workers in Singapore. It argues that the current legal framework discriminates against these migrant workers and conceptualizes them as undesirable for inclusion in the wider society. This, it is contended, is premised on the assumption that migrant workers could be sequestered from the local population to some extent. This article provides some challenges to this assumption, highlighting instead some of the broader social and political consequences of this exclusionary legal framework. Consequently, it is argued that a more inclusive and integrationist approach is needed, and some positive developments are highlighted.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press and KoGuan Law School, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

LLB (Hon.) (NUS), LLM (Yale), JSD (Yale), Assistant Professor of Law at the National University of Singapore. I would like to thank Juay Wei Tian for her valuable research assistance. Correspondence to Jaclyn L. Neo, National University of Singapore, Faculty of Law, 469G Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 259776. E-mail address: jaclyn.neo@nus.edu.sg.

References

Adam, Shamim (2013) “Singapore Protest Exposes Voter Worries about Immigration,” Bloomberg, 18 February, online <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013–02–16/singaporeans-protest-plan-to-increase-population-by-immigration.html> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Asia One (2011) “Two Dorm Operators Fined for Poor Living Conditions,” 23 May, online <http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110523–280286.html> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Au, Alex (2014) “Salary Non-Payment a Big Issue for Migrant Workers,” The Straits Times, 25 August, online <http://www.straitstimes.com/premium/forum-letters/story/salary-non-payment-big-issue-migrant-workers-20140825> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Barr, Michael (2014) “Singapore’s Impotent Immigration Policy,” Asia Sentinel, 2 April, online <http://www.asiasentinel.com/society/singapore-impotent-immigration-policy/> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
BBC (2013) “Singapore to Deport 53 Foreign Workers,” 18 December, online <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25426243> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Bosniak, Linda S. (1991) ““Human Rights, State Sovereignty and the Protection of Undocumented Migrants under the International Migrant Workers Convention.” 25(4) International Migration Review 737–770.Google Scholar
Building & Construction Authority (1992) “Raising Singapore’s Construction Productivity,” online <http://www.bca.gov.sg/publications/BuildabilitySeries/others/rscp_intr2.PDF> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Bustamante, Jorge A. (2002) “Immigrants’ Vulnerability as Subjects of Human Rights.” 36(2) International Migration Review 333–354.Google Scholar
Carens, Joseph (2008) “Live-In Domestics, Seasonal Workers, and Others Hard to Locate on the Map of Democracy.” 16(4) Journal of Political Philosophy 419–445.Google Scholar
Castles, Stephen (1985) “The Guests Who Stayed: The Debate on ‘Foreigners Policy’ in the German Federal Republic.” 19 International Migration Review 517–534.Google Scholar
Castles, Stephen (1986) “The Guest-Worker in Western Europe: Obituary.” 20 International Migration Review 761–778.Google Scholar
Chan, Aris (2011) “Hired on Sufferance: China’s Migrant Workers in Singapore,” China Labor Bulletin, February, online <http://www.clb.org.hk/en/files/File/research_reports/Singapore.pdf> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Chan, Fiona (2013) “No Evidence that Unhappiness among Foreign Workers Led to Little India Riot: PM Lee,” The Straits Times, 14 December, online <http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/no-evidence-unhappiness-among-foreign-workers-led-little-india-riot-pm> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Channel News Asia (2013) “Migrant Workers’ Centre Urges Flexibility in Change of Employer Policy,” Channel News Asia, 19 January, online <http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/migrant-workers–centre-urges-flexibility-in-change-of-employer-policy/560504.html>> (last accessed 20 November 2014).>+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Channel News Asia (2014) “Public Order (Additional Temporary Measures) Act to Come into Force April 1,” Channel News Asia, 31 March, online <http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/little-india-riot-complete-ban-alcohol-race-course-road-area-coming-we> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Chia, Yan Min (2014) “Push to Raise Skills, Productivity in Construction Sector,” The Straits Times, 31 October, online <http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/more-singapore-stories/story/push-raise-skills-productivity-construction-sector-20141> (last accessed 20 November 2011).+(last+accessed+20+November+2011).>Google Scholar
Chun, Han Wong (2014) “Singapore to Delay Infrastructure Work to Limit Influx of Foreigners,” The Wall Street Journal, 29 May, online <http://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiarealtime/2014/05/29/singapore-to-delay-infrastructure-work-to-limit-influx-of-foreigners/> (last accessed 17 November 2014).+(last+accessed+17+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Chun, Han Wong, & Venkat, P.R. (2013) “Singapore Tightens Curbs on Foreign Labor,” Wall Street Journal, 25 February, online <http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323384604578325940594344014> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Eng, Fong Pang (1982) Education, Manpower and Development in Singapore, Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar
Gee, John (2012) “Worst Off for Working? Kickbacks, Intermediary Fees, and Migrant Construction Workers in Singapore,” Transient Workers Count Too, 12 August, online <http://twc2.org.sg/2012/08/12/worse-off-for-working-kickbacks-intermediary-fees-and-migrant-construction-workers-in-singapore/> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Groenendijk, Kees (2001) “Long Term Immigrants and the Council of Europe,” in Elspeth Guild, P. Paul, & E. Minderhoud, eds., Security of Residence and Expulsion: Protection of Aliens in Europe, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 7–22.Google Scholar
Guardian, The (2013) “Singapore Shocked by Worst Riots in Decades, as Migrant Workers Vent Anger,” 8 December, online <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/09/singapore-riots-decades-migrant-workers> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Han, Kirsten (2013) “Singapore’s Exploited Immigrant Workers,” The Daily Beast, 8 November, online <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/08/singapore-s-exploited-immigrant-workers.html> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Han, Kirsten (2014) “COMMENT: Public Disorder Exercise in Singapore Raises Tough, Uncomfortable Questions,” Yahoo! News Singapore, 12 November, online <https://sg.news.yahoo.com/blogs/singaporescene/comment-public-disorder-exercise-in-singapore-raises-071227334.html> (last accessed 22 November 2014).+(last+accessed+22+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Head, Jonathan (2013) “Singapore’s Mid-Life Crisis as Citizens Find Their Voice,” BBC News, 21 October, online <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-24540080> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Heng, Janice (2013) “Little India Riot: Complete Ban on Alcohol in Race Course Road Area this Coming Weekend,” The Straits Times, 9 December, online <http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/little-india-riot-complete-ban-alcohol-race-course-road-area-coming-we> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Heng, Russell (2014) “Little India Riot: Learning the Right Lessons from this Episode,” Transient Workers Count Too, 10 December, online <http://twc2.org.sg/2013/12/10/little-india-riot-learning-the-right-lessons-from-this-episode> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Hussain, Amir (2013) “28 Charged as Police Complete Riot Probe,” Today Online, 18 December, online <http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/28-charged-police-complete-riot-probe?singlepage=true> (last accessed 10 November 2014.+(last+accessed+10+November+2014.>Google Scholar
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (1990), 18 December, A/RES/45/158, online <http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3980.html> (last accessed 16 December 2014).+(last+accessed+16+December+2014).>Google Scholar
International Labour Organization (2006) “ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration; and UNOCHR, Migration and Development: A Rights Based Approach,” online <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/docs/HLMigration/MigrationDevelopmentHC%27spaper.pdf> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ismail, Saifulbahri (2013) “Workfair Singapore Seeks Clarification on Riot Deportations,” Today Online, 25 December, online <http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/workfair-singapore-seeks-clarification-riot-deportations#inside> (last accessed 10 November 2014).+(last+accessed+10+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Jacoby, Nicole (2003) “America’s De Facto Guest Workers: Lessons from Germany’s Gastarbeiter for U.S. Immigration Reform.” 27(4) Fordham International Law Journal 1569–1662.Google Scholar
Japan Times, The (2013) “Singapore’s PAP Loses By-Election to Workers’ Party,” 28 January, online <http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/01/28/asia-pacific/singapores-pap-loses-by-election-to-workers-party/#.U7v-17E7nyU> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Joppke, Christian (1999) Immigration and the Nation-State: The United States, Germany, and Great Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kaur, Amarjit (2007) “International Labour Migration in Southeast Asia: Governance of Migration and Women Domestic Workers.” 15 Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, online <http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue15/kaur.htm> (last accessed 10 November 2014).Google Scholar
Knigge, Pia (1998) “The Ecological Correlates of Right-Wing Extremism in Western Europe.” 34 European Journal of Political Research 249.Google Scholar
Koh, Gillian, & Soon, Debbie (2013) “The Future of Singapore’s Civil Society,” Social Space 92 online <http://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/04/SocialSpace2012-GillianKoh-DebbieSoon.pdf> (last accessed 12 November 2014.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will (2001) Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Amanda (2014) “Little India Riot Wasn’t Just about Alcohol: MARUAH,” Today Online, 12 March, online <http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/little-india-riot-wasnt-just-about-alcohol-maruah> (last accessed 11 November 2014.+(last+accessed+11+November+2014.>Google Scholar
Lim, Karen (2012) “Maids to Get Weekly Rest Days,” Asia One, 5 March, online <http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120305–331728.html> (last accessed 12 November 2014).+(last+accessed+12+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Lim, Philip (2011) “Opposition Taps Anti-Immigrant Sentiment in Singapore,” AFP News, 1 May, online <https://sg.news.yahoo.com/opposition-taps-anti-immigrant-sentiment-singapore-023446455.html> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Lim, Yan Liang (2014) “New Public Order Law to Take Effect in Little India from Tuesday,” The Straits Times, 31 March, online <http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/new-public-order-law-take-effect-little-india-tuesday-20140331> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Lin, Wenjian (2011) “MOM Warns 2 Repatriation Companies,” Straits Times, 15 December.Google Scholar
Martin, Philip (2006) “Managing Labor Migration: Temporary Worker Programmes for the 21st Century,” International Symposium on International Migration and Development, Doc. No. UN/POP/MIG/SYMP/2006/07, 21 June, online <http://www.un.org/esa/population/migration/turin/Symposium_Turin_files/P07_Martin.pdf> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
MARUAH (2013) “MARUAH Reply to Ministry of Law on Repatriations,” 23 December, online <http://maruah.org/2013/12/23/maruah-reply-to-ministry-of-law-on-repatriations/> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Mathi, Braema (2013) “Due Process Should Not Be Subordinated to Expediency,” Today Online, 20 December, online <http://www.todayonline.com/voices/due-process-should-not-be-subordinated-expediency> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Home Affairs (2013) “Press Release: Appointment of a Committee of Inquiry into Little India Riot on 8 December 2013,” 13 December, online <http://www.mha.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=MzA1OA%3D%3D-smkPXK7bzI4%3D> (last accessed 15 November 2014).+(last+accessed+15+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Home Affairs (2014a) “Press Release: Public Order (Additional Temporary Measures) Bill,” 20 January, online <http://www.mha.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=MzA4NA%3D%3D-yK9x8BI1X9I%3D> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Home Affairs (2014b) “Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Little India Riot on 8 December 2013,” 27 June, online <http://www.mha.gov.sg/Data/Files/file/Little%20India%20Riot%20COI%20report%20-%202014–06–27.pdf> (last accessed 14 November 2014).+(last+accessed+14+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Manpower (2013) “Executive Summary of the Amendments to the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act (EFMA),” online <http://www.mom.gov.sg/Documents/foreign-manpower/EFMA/EFMA-Executive-summary.pdf> (last accessed 14 November 2014).+(last+accessed+14+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Manpower (2014a) “Employment Pass—Before You Apply,” online <http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/employment-pass/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx> (last accessed 15 November 2014).+(last+accessed+15+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Manpower (2014b) “Foreign Workforce Numbers,” 25 September, online <http://www.mom.gov.sg/statistics-publications/others/statistics/Pages/ForeignWorkforceNumbers.aspx> (last accessed 14 November 2014).+(last+accessed+14+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Manpower (2014c) “Guidelines for Employers of Foreign Works: How to Calculate Your Quota and Levy Bill,” 19 August, online <http://www.mom.gov.sg/Documents/services-forms/passes/Guide_on_Comp_of_Company_Quota_Balance.pdf> (last accessed 12 December 2014).+(last+accessed+12+December+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Manpower (2014d) “S Pass—Before You Apply,” 27 October, online <http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/s-pass/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx> (last accessed 15 November 2014).+(last+accessed+15+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Manpower (2014e) “Work Permit—Before You Apply,” 20 November, online <http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/work-permit-fw/before-you-apply/Pages/overview.aspx> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Manpower (2014f) “Work Permit (Foreign Worker)—Cancellation & Renewal,” 14 April, online <http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/work-permit-fw/cancelation-renewal/Pages/pass-cancellation.aspx> (last accessed 19 December 2014).+(last+accessed+19+December+2014).>Google Scholar
Ministry of Manpower (2014g) “Work Permit (Foreign Worker)—Security Bond,” 20 October, online <http://mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/work-permit-fw/before-you-apply/Pages/security-bond.aspx> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Mokhtar, Maryam (2014) “PAP and WP Argue over Immigration Issue,” The Straits Times, 2 June, online <http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/pap-and-wp-argue-over-immigration-issue> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Neisloss, Liz (2013) “Chinese Bus Drivers Sentenced after Going on Strike in Singapore,” Cable News Network, 26 February, online <http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/25/world/asia/singapore-bus-drivers> (last accessed 12 November 2014).+(last+accessed+12+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Neo, Chai Chin (2013) “Little India Riot: Four More Workers Deported,” Today Online, 21 December, online <http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/little-india-riot-four-more-workers-deported?singlepage=true> (last accessed 10 November 2014).+(last+accessed+10+November+2014).>Google Scholar
New Paper, The (2012) “85 per cent Get Okay to Marry S’poreans,” 13 March, online <http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120312–333024.html> (last accessed 12 November 2014).+(last+accessed+12+November+2014).>Google Scholar
New York Times, The (2013) “Singapore’s Angry Migrant Workers,” 27 December, online <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/opinion/singapores-angry-migrant-workers.html?_r=0> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ng, Esther (2012) “Not Easy to Marry a Work Permit Holder,” The New Paper, 7 November, online <http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20121105–381617.html> (last accessed 10 November 2014).+(last+accessed+10+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Othman, Zul (2008) “Unjustified Fears,” Today, 15 September.Google Scholar
Pécoud, Antoine, & de Guchteneire, Paul (2006) “Migration, Human Rights, and the United Nations: An Investigation into the Obstacles to the UN Convention on Migrant Workers’ Rights.” 24(2) Windsor YB Access Just 241–266.Google Scholar
Ramesh, S. (2013) “S’pore Open to Idea of Housing Foreign Workers at Offshore Islands: Khaw,” Channel News Asia, 8 April, online <http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/s-pore-open-to-housing/631856.html> (last accessed 15 November 2014).+(last+accessed+15+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Randhawa, Praveen (2013) “Ministry of Law’s Statement on the Repatriation of Foreign Workers,” 23 December, online <http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/news/replies/statement-on-the-repatriation-of-foreign-workers.html> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ruhs, Martin (2002) “Temporary Foreign Worker Programmes: Policies, Adverse Consequences, and the Need to Make Them Work.” Centre for Comparative Immigration Studies, Working Paper No. 56, online <https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/files/Publications/Reports/Temporary%20foreign%20worker%20%20%20%20programmes.pdf> (last accessed 12 November 2014).+(last+accessed+12+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Ruhs, Martin, & Chang, Ha-Joon (2004) “The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy.” 58 International Organization 69–102.Google Scholar
Ruhs, Martin, & Martin, Philip (2008) “Numbers vs Rights: Trade-Offs and Guest Worker Programmes.” 42(1) International Migration Review 249–265.Google Scholar
Saad, Imelda (2014) “More Can Be Done to Address Foreign Workers’ Social, Emotional Needs: NGOs,” Channel News Asia, 20 January, online <http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/more-can-be-done-to/959986.html> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Salleh, Mohamad, & Asyiqin, Nur (2014) “Little India Riot: MOM Survey Shows Foreign Worker Satisfaction Levels Remain High,” The Straits Times, 7 July, online <http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/little-india-riot-two-months/story/little-india-riot-mom-survey-shows-foreign-worker-s> (last accessed 12 November 2014).+(last+accessed+12+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Shen, Rujan, & Armstrong, Rachel (2013) “Rare Singapore Riot Forces Soul Searching over Foreign Workers,” Reuters, 10 December, online <http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/10/us-singapore-riots-workers-idUSBRE9B908G20131210> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Sim, Fann (2012) “Foreign Domestic Workers to Get Mandatory Weekly Off Day,” Yahoo! News, 5 March, online <https://sg.news.yahoo.com/blogs/singaporescene/foreign-domestic-workers-mandatory-weekly-off-day-124140875.html> (last accessed 12 November 2014).+(last+accessed+12+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Singapore Parliamentary Reports (2004) Marriage Restriction Policy, 21 September, vol. 78, col. 665.Google Scholar
Singapore Parliamentary Reports (2007) Employment of Foreign Workers (Amendment) Bill, 22 May, vol. 83, cols. 929–31.Google Scholar
Singapore Parliamentary Reports (2010) S-Pass and Work Permit Approvals, 23 November, vol. 87, col. 1660.Google Scholar
Singapore Parliamentary Reports (2012) Employment of Foreign Manpower (Amendment) Bill, 11 September, vol. 89.Google Scholar
Singapore Parliamentary Reports (2013) Oral Answer by Ministry of National Development on Having Offshore Islands to House Foreign Workers, 8 April, vol. 90, col. 30.Google Scholar
Singapore Parliamentary Reports (2014) Ministerial Statement on the Little India Riot by Mr Teo Chee Hean, Deputy Prime Minister, Coordinating Minister for National Security and Minister for Home Affairs, 20 January, vol. 91.Google Scholar
Stilz, Anna (2010) “Guestworkers and Second-Class Citizenship.” 29 Policy and Society 295–307.Google Scholar
Straits Times, The (2013) “7,800 Work Permit Holders to Be Granted Skilled Status,” 14 March, online <http://www.singapolitics.sg/news/7800-work-permit-holders-be-granted-skilled-status> (last accessed 12 November 2014).+(last+accessed+12+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Straits Times, The (2014) “50 Workers Found Crammed into Two Condo Units,” 20 November, online <http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/more-singapore-stories/story/50-workers-found-crammed-two-condo-units-20141120> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Tan, Amelia (2013a) “Let Foreign Workers Change Employers,” Asia One, 13 February, online <http://news.asiaone.com/print/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Business/Story/A1Story20130209–401235.html> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Tan, Dawn Wei (2008) “The ‘Them and Us’ Divide,” The Straits Times, 12 October.Google Scholar
Tan, Eugene K.B. (2009) “Managing Female Foreign Domestic Workers in Singapore: Economic Pragmatism, Coercive Legal Regulation, or Human Rights?43(1) Israel Law Review 99–125.Google Scholar
Tan, Jeanette (2013b) “Former SMRT Bus Driver: Why We Went on Strike (Part 1),” Yahoo! News, 5 April, online <https://sg.news.yahoo.com/former-smrt-bus-driver–why-we-went-on-strike–part-1–135100687.html> (last accessed 12 November 2014).+(last+accessed+12+November+2014).>Google Scholar
The Workers’ Party (2013) “Punggol East By-Election Rally Speech by Candidate Lee Li Lian,” 23 January, online <http://wp.sg/category/speech-2/> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Toh, Yong Chuan (2014) “No Basis to Say there Is Widespread Abuse of Foreign Workers: Tan Chuan-Jin,” The Straits Times, 20 January, online <http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/no-basis-say-there-widespread-abuse-foreign-workers-tan-chuan-jin-2014> (last accessed 11 November 2014).+(last+accessed+11+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Transient Workers Count Too (2010) “Policy Paper: Singapore’s Employment Agencies Act and Rules,” online <http://twc2.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Employment-Agencies-Act-Review1.pdf> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Transient Workers Count Too (2011) “Fact Sheet: Work Permit Holders Have Lowest Crime Rate of Three Categories,” 1 September, online <http://twc2.org.sg/2011/09/01/fact-sheet-work-permit-holders-have-lowest-crime-rate-of-three-categories/> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Transient Workers Count Too (2013a) “65 Percent of Injured and Salary Claim Workers Threatened with Premature Repatriation,” 9 October, online <http://twc2.org.sg/2013/10/09/65-percent-of-injured-and-salary-claim-workers-threatened-with-premature-repatriation/> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Transient Workers Count Too (2013b) “Our Stand: Work Permit Holders Should Be Free to Change Employers and Stay Longer,” 17 October, online <http://twc2.org.sg/2013/10/17/work-permit-holders-should-be-free-to-change-employers-and-stay-longer> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Transient Workers Count Too (2013c) “Workers Will Bear Over 5 Billion of Costs for Injuries Sustained in 2011,” August 1, online <http://twc2.org.sg/2013/08/01/workers-will-bear-over-5-billion-of-costs-for-injuries-sustained-in-2011/> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Transient Workers Count Too (2014) “Why the Right to Seek Another Job Is Important,” 2 April, online <http://twc2.org.sg/2014/04/02/why-the-right-to-seek-another-job-is-important/> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael (1983) Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality, New York: Basic Books Inc.Google Scholar
Wickramasekara, Piyasiri (2008) “Globalisation, International Labour Migration and the Rights of Migrant Workers.” 29(7) Third World Quarterly 1247–1264.Google Scholar
Yeoh, Brenda (2006) “Bifurcated Labour: The Unequal Incorporation of Transmigrants in Singapore.” 97(1) Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 26–37.Google Scholar
Yeoh, Brenda, & Lin, Weiqiang (2012) “Rapid Growth in Singapore’s Immigrant Population Brings Policy Challenges.” Migration Policy Institute, 3 April, online <http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/rapid-growth-singapores-immigrant-population-brings-policy-challenges> (last accessed 20 November 2014).+(last+accessed+20+November+2014).>Google Scholar