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Galicia in Vienna: Jewish Refugees in the First World War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2009

David Rechter
David Rechter
Affiliation:
Clore Fellow in Modern Jewish History at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, 45 St. Giles', Oxford, OX1 3LP, and Hebrew Centre Lecturer in Jewish History, University of Oxford
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Extract

The arrival in Vienna of over one hundred thousand Jewish refugees fleeing the Russian army's advance into Galicia and Bukovina in the first months of World War I had a profound impact on Viennese Jewry. The refugees became a constant and pervasive theme of wartime Jewish debate in Vienna, and their influence was felt in many areas of communal life—political, cultural, economic, and religious. Moreover, their very visible presence in the city served to highlight the always prominent “Jewish Question” in Vienna for Jews and non-Jews alike, precipitating an eruption of virulent anti-Semitism that initially targeted the refugees but was later directed at Viennese Jews in general. (Indeed, one Jewish newspaper commented in September 1917 that anti-Semitism had become a “national sport.”) As the welfare problem posed by the refugees developed into a highly charged issue in Viennese politics, welfare work also became an important arena of Jewish politics.

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Articles
Information
Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 28 , January 1997 , pp. 113 - 130
Copyright
Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 1997

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References

1 Dr. Block's Österreichische Wochenschrift (hereafter Block's Wochenschrift), 09 14, 1917, 582.Google Scholar

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9 See Staatliche Flüchtlingsfürsorge, 6.Google Scholar On Schwarz-Hiller, see Jäger-Sunstenau, Hanns, “Der Wiener Gemeirtderat Rudolf Schwarz-Miller. Kämpfer für Humanität und Recht,” Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden 10 (1973): 9–16.Google Scholar

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11 See Staatliche Flüchtlingsfürsorge, 7–8Google Scholar; and Monatschrift der Union 27 (05–06 1915): 2–3.Google Scholar

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20 See Staatliche Flüchtlingsfürsorge, 29ff.Google Scholar As government statistics were estimates, numbers are rounded to the nearest five hundred. In Bohemia, 57,000 Jews constituted 60 percent of 97,000 refugees, while in Moravia 18,500 Jewish refugees made up 30 percent of the 57,500 total.

21 BIAW, 1916, 10, 16.Google Scholar The new refugees were described in the Allianz report as “mostly without means and unfit for work.” By the end of July, the Russians occupied nearly all of Bukovina and had made significant advances in eastern Galicia; see Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg, vol. 4 (Vienna, 1933), 359–664Google Scholar; and Stone, , Eastern Front, chap. 11.Google Scholar

22 Tätigkeit der Gemeindeverwaltung, 68Google Scholar; Hoffmann-Holter, , “Abreisendmachung,” 60–71Google Scholar; and BIAW, 1916, 15.Google Scholar In July 1917 the Interior Ministry was supporting 423,500 refugees in the Austrian half of the empire; 177,000 (just over 40 percent) were Jewish, of whom some 41,000 were in Vienna; see AVA/MdI, no. 46578/17, 19; and BMW, 1917, 11–12. There were also 89,000 Ruthenians, 82,000 Italians, 37,500 Poles, 20,000 Slovenes, 9,000 Croats, and 7,000 ethnic Germans.

23 See Löwenheim, Avigdor, “Hanhagat ha-kehila ha-yehudit ha-neologit shel pest ba-shanim 1914–1919: maamada ve-peiluta ba-tsibur ha-yehudi” (Ph.D. diss., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1991), 137–47Google Scholar; Rechter, , “Neither East nor West,” 301–2Google Scholar; and BIAW, 1914, 19–20; 1916, 10–12, 15.Google Scholar

24 Rosenbaum, Heinrich, “Die Prager Flüchtlingsfürsorge,” in Das Jüdische Prag. Eine Sammelschrift (Prague, 1917; Kronberg/Ts, 1978), 55–56Google Scholar; Rechter, , “Neither East nor West,” 303Google Scholar; and ZBB 18 (1915): 64. See also Kudela, Jiri, “Die Emigration galizischer und osteuropäischer Juden nach Böhmen und Prag zwischen 1914–1916/17,” Studia Rosenthaliana 23 (supplement 1989): 119–34.Google Scholar

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26 For the April 1918 figure, see Kreppel, , Juden und Judentum, 154.Google Scholar For the later figures, see Sitzung des Stadtrates, Aug. 8, 1918, Amtsblatt der Stadt Wien 27, no. 67 (08 20, 1918)Google Scholar; and Sitzung des Stadtrates, Sept. 12,1918, ibid., no. 76 (Sept. 20, 1918).

27 For various estimates of the number of refugees in Vienna in the immediate postwar period, see Rechter, , “Neither East nor West,” 107–8.Google Scholar

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30 For an example of the Kultusgemeinde leadership's attitude, see Schreiber, Heinrich, “Die Wiener Kultusgemeinde und die Fürsorge für die jüdischen Flüchtlinge,” Hickls Wienerjüdische Volkskalender 14 (1916–1917): 66–69.Google Scholar See also Block's Wochenschrift, 09 18, 1914, 648–49.Google Scholar On the attitudes of the other groups, see ZBB 17 (1914): 183Google Scholar; BIAW, 1914, 7–9Google Scholar; and Jüdische Zeitung, 10 9, 1914, 1.Google Scholar

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32 The Komitee zur Aufklärung über ostjüdische Fragen was formed for this purpose; see Bloch's Wochenschrift, 10 29, 1915, 805–6Google Scholar; Jan. 26, 1917, 57; and Henisch, , Mi-bayit u-mi-huts 156–57, 260.Google Scholar The bulk of the committee's activity was undertaken by Galicians.

33 “Tätigkeitsbericht der ‘Agudas Jisroel’ für die Zeit vom September 1914 bis Oktober 1917,” Beilage, , Jüdische Korrespondenz, 01 24, 1918Google Scholar; Jüdische Korrespondenz, 12 21, 1916, 2.Google Scholar

34 See, for example, Jüdische Zeitung, 12 25, 1914, 1Google Scholar; Block's Wochenschrift, 09 18, 1914, 644Google Scholar; Mär. 5, 1915, 174–75; Mär. 12, 1915, 196–97; Nov. 30, 1917, 149–50; Jüdische Korrespondenz, 08 19, 1915, 2–3Google Scholar; Neue National-Zeitung, 09 18, 1914, 6Google Scholar; Oct. 2, 1914, 6; and Polizeidirektion Wien, Stimmungsberichte 1914/15 (hereafter PDW/SB), Feb. 25, 1915.

35 For B'nai B'rith, see ZBB 18 (1915): 119Google Scholar; and ZBB 19 (1916): 103.Google Scholar See also Monatschrift der Union 28 (01–03 1916): 1–2Google Scholar; and ibid. (Apr-May 1916): 12–13. For a more sympathetic, Zionist view, see Abeles, Otto, Jüdische Flüchtlinge (Vienna, 1918)Google Scholar; and Birnbaum, Nathan, “Wir und die Flüchtlinge,” Jüdischer Nationalkalender 1 (1915–1916): 101–8.Google Scholar On Budapest, see Löwenheim, , “Hanhagat ha-kehila,” 137, 142–45Google Scholar; and Bloch, Joseph Samuel, Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben, vol. 3 (Vienna, 1933), 244–49.Google Scholar On Prague, see Kieval, Hillel J., The Making of Czech Jewry: National Conflict and Jewish Society in Bohemia, 1870–1918 (New York, 1988), 174–78Google Scholar; and Wiesenfeld, Moses, “Begegnung mit Ostjuden,” in Dichter, Denker, Helfer. Max Brod zum 50. Geburtstag, ed. Weltsch, Felix (Mährisch-Osrrau, 1934), 54–57.Google Scholar

36 See Jüdische Zeitung, 11 27, 1914, 1Google Scholar; Feb. 19, 1915, 1; and Zionist Central Office for Western Austria to Zionist Central Office, Berlin, Sept. 19 and Oct. 10, 1914, Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem (hereafter CZA), Z3/840.

37 American Jewish Relief Committee to Allianz, 01 21, 1915Google Scholar, Joint Distribution Committee Archives, New York (hereafter JDCA), Austria, File 19; Bogen, Boris D., “Activities of the Joint Distribution Committee in Austria,” unpublished manuscript in JDCA, Austria, General, 04 1920–21, 8.Google Scholar

38 Maximilian Paul Schiff, the JDC representative in Vienna, complained to Judah Magnes that the Zionists “never lose sight of their political aspirations”; see Schiff to Magnes, Apr. 15, 1916, JDCA, Austria, File 19. On the distribution of American Jewish relief funds, see Szajkowski, Zosa, “Jewish Relief in Eastern Europe, 1914–1917,” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 10 (1965): 24–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar On Zionist resentment at being denied access to these funds, see Herrmann, Leo to Motzkin, Leo, 01 21, 1915Google Scholar, CZA, L6/598; and Jüdische Zeitung, 09 28, 1917, 4.Google Scholar The Zionists' medical clinic, legal rights office, and welcome service at railway stations all received government praise and support; see Jüdische Zeitung, 04 14, 1916, 7–9; and AVA/MdI, no. 31922/16, 19.Google Scholar

39 Jüdischer Nationalrat report of Dec. 13, 1918, JDCA, JDC Representative Committee Overseas, Austria, File 19. The most active Jewish welfare organization at this stage was the Zionist-oriented Soziale Hilfsgemeinschaft Anitta Müller, the successor to the relief network set up by Müller in 1914; see “Zehn Jahre Arbeit des Vereines Soziale Hilfsgemeinschaft Anitta Müller,” in CAHJP, AW, 2317; and Dritter Tätigkeits- und Rechenschaftsbericht der Wohlfahrtsinstitutionen der Frau Anitta Müller für Flüchtlinge aus Galizien und der Bukowina (Vienna, 1918), 10–19.Google Scholar

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41 On the background to these political developments, see Frankel, Jonathan, “The Paradoxical Politics of Marginality: Thoughts on the Jewish Situation during the Years 1914–21,” in Studies in Contemporary Jewry, vol. 4, ed. Frankel, 3–21Google Scholar; and Vital, David, Zionism: The Crucial Phase (Oxford, 1987), 89–92, 169–70, 190–91.Google Scholar

42 For restrictions on lawyers, see Kreppel, , Juden und Judentum, 70Google Scholar; and Jüdisches Archiv. Mitteilungen des Komitees Jüdisches Kriegsarchiv, 08 1915, 22–25.Google Scholar On refugee poverty and the obstacles faced by small businesses, traders, and artisans, see Hoffmann-Holter, , “Abreisendmachung,” chap. 3Google Scholar; and Neue National-Zeitung, 12 25, 1914, 2–3.Google Scholar On the concentration of refugees in petty trade, see Hoffmann-Holter, , “Abreisendmachung,” 90–91Google Scholar; and PDW/SB 1914/1915, Jan. 21 and Feb. 11, 1915.

43 On the youth movement, see Rechter, David, “‘Bubermania’: The Jewish Youth Movement in Vienna, 1917–1919,” Modern Judaism 16 (02 1996): 25–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar On the refugees' press and literary activity, see Rechter, , “Neither East nor West,” 119–20.Google Scholar

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45 See PDW/SB 1914/15, Nov. 5 and 12, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 7, Mar. 18, Apr. 8, May 13, 1915; and Hoffmann-Holter, , “Abreisendmachung,” chap. 6.Google Scholar Government pronouncements stressed the compassion of the local population toward the new arrivals; see Staatliche Flüchtlingsfürsorge, 4, 9–10Google Scholar; and Wiser, , Staatliche Kulturarbeit, 1.Google Scholar Aware of the mounting frictions, however, the authorities were at pains to encourage increased tolerance; see, for example, the text of the Interior Ministry's decree of April 1915, in Monatschrift der Union 27 (05–06 1915): 2–5Google Scholar; Hoffmann-Holter, , “Abreisendmachung,” 41–43Google Scholar; and Staatliche Flüchtlingsfürsorge, 3.Google Scholar

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47 On Viennese anti-Semitism during the war, see Pauley, Bruce F., From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism (Chapel Hill, 1992), chap. 5Google Scholar; and Boyer, , Culture and Crisis, 432–37.Google Scholar More generally, see Wistrich, , Jews of Vienna, 205–37.Google Scholar

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51 Block's Wochenschrift, 06 29, 1917, 405–7Google Scholar; Nov. 30, 1917, 749–50; Monatschrift der Union 29 (10–12 1917): 5–7Google Scholar; Jüdische Zeitung, 08 3, 1917, 1–3Google Scholar; June 21, 1918, 1. On a similar trajectory of hope and disillusionment for German Jews, see Reichmann, Eva, “Der Bewußtseinswandel der deutschen Juden,” in Deutsches Judentum in Krieg und Revolution 1916–1923, ed. Mosse, Werner E. and Paucker, Arnold (Tübingen, 1971), 513–20.Google Scholar

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53 See Protokolle der Plenar-Sitzungen, Beilage, Dec. 26, 1915, CAHJP, AW, 71/16; Block's Wochenschrift, 12 1, 1916, 787Google Scholar; and Jüdische Zeitung, 09 27, 1918, 1.Google Scholar

54 Moser, Jonny, “Die Katastrophe der Juden in Österreich 1938–1945—ihre Voraussetzungen und ihre Überwindung,” Studia Judaica Austriaca 5 (1977): 70–71Google Scholar; Jüdische Zeitung, 11 23, 1917, 1–2Google Scholar; Dec. 14, 1917, 3; Bloch's Wochenschrift, 05 10, 1918, 278–79; July 19, 1918, 441–42.Google Scholar

55 See Block's Wochenschrift, 05 3, 1918, 261–62, 278–79Google Scholar; Aug. 2,1918, 473–74. For Schwarz-Hiller's comments, see ibid., Aug. 16, 1918, 505–6. On the Volkstag, see ibid., June 21, 1918, 375–76; Jüdische Zeitung, 06 21, 1918, 1Google Scholar; and Boyer, , Culture and Crisis, 416.Google Scholar

56 See Jüdische Zeitung, 08 2, 1918, 1–2Google Scholar, for the text of the protest. It was received ambivalently by the Zionists, who acknowledged it as a significant first step but criticized it as outmoded and inadequate in its moderation; see ibid., Aug. 2, 1918, 1; Aug. 9, 1918, 1. A Jewish self-defense force was in fact formed by the Zionists in early November 1918; see Rechter, , “Neither East nor West,” 271–76.Google Scholar

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58 On expulsion attempts and Jewish opposition, see Timms, Edward, “Citizenship and ‘Heimatrecht’ after the Treaty of St. Germain,” in Habsburg Legacy, ed. Robertson and Timms, 158–68Google Scholar; Spira, Leopold, Feindbild “Jud”. 100 Jahre Politischer Antisemitismus in Österreich (Vienna, 1981), 76–80Google Scholar; Moser, , “Die Katastrophe,” 89–92Google Scholar; Jüdische Zeitung, 11 29, 1918, 5Google Scholar; and Wiener Morgenzeitung, 08 1, 1919, 3, 5Google Scholar; Sept. 12,1919, 2, 4; Sept. 24, 1919, 1. East European Jewish refugees were also threatened with expulsion from Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary in the immediate postwar period; see Maurer, Trude, Ostjuden in Deutschland 1918–1933 (Hamburg, 1986), 274–85, 355–416Google Scholar; and Kreppel, , Juden und Judentum, 244–45.Google Scholar

59 See Reichmann, , “Der Bewußtseinswandel,” passimGoogle Scholar; Mendelsohn, , Zionism in Poland, 43–49Google Scholar; and Frankel, , “The Paradoxical Politics of Marginality,” passim.Google Scholar

60 See, for example, Bloch's Wochenschrift, 10 19, 1917, 653–54Google Scholar; Dec. 7, 1917, 764–65; May 3, 1918, 278–79. The July 1918 Kultusgemeinde resolution is further evidence of this readiness.

61 See Freidenreich, , Jewish Politics, 181–86Google Scholar; and Rechter, , “Neither East nor West,” 274–75.Google Scholar