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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 May 2018
At the turn of August and September of 1914, Galician Ukrainian volunteers formed the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (Ukrains′ki Sichovi Stril′tsi or Ukrainische Sitschower Schützen) as a unit separate from the simultaneously created Polish Legions. Sich referred to the historical headquarters of the Zaporozhian Cossacks located on the Dnieper River. In photographs, however, the Sich Riflemen look like ordinary Austrian-Hungarian soldiers. There is nothing specifically “Cossack” about their appearance. In 1914, Sich simply stood for the military or paramilitary activity of young Ukrainian males. Every soldier in the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen was now, by definition, a Sich man, a Cossack. The Cossack characteristics suggested by the term “Sich” had become inextricably linked with alleged Ukrainian martial valor.
In the first place, I need to thank Pieter Judson, who read and criticized all the consecutive versions of this article. I am also very grateful to Lucy Riall and Maciej Janowski for their comments, which helped me to clarify my focus at an early stage. Several other scholars dedicated their time and shared their thoughts with me: Mateusz Falkowski, Anna Grześkowiak-Krwawicz, Nicola Miller, Alexandra Ortolja-Baird, Oleksandr Polianichev, Johannes Remy, Ostap Sereda, Frank Sysyn, Larry Wolff, and Zofia Zielińska. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to Daniel Unowsky from the Austrian History Yearbook and the two anonymous reviewers. Of course, any inaccuracies and oversimplifications are my sole responsibility.
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19 For a detailed analysis of this dynamic on the ground, see Zayarnyuk, Ukrainian Peasantry in Galicia, 1–34.
20 Only the utopian socialist Gromady Ludu Polskiego (Communes of the Polish People) was ready to accept the Cossacks/haidamaky as a symbol of popular liberation, but this was a very unusual organization and cannot be studied in detail here, “List gromady Humań do Nowej Polski” [Letter of the Uman′ Commune to New Poland], in Lud polski: wybór dokumentów [Polish people: Selected documents], ed. Helena Temkinowa (Warsaw, 1957), 102–4; for an overview of Polish-Lithuanian democratic thought of the 1830s and 1840s, see Ludwikowski, Rett, Główne nurty polskiej myśli politycznej 1815–1890 [Main currents of Polish political thought 1815–1890] (Warsaw, 1982), 251–91Google Scholar.
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70 Ibid., 82–83.
71 Ibid., 93.
72 Ibid., 96.
73 Ataman (in Polish and Russian) or otaman (in Ukrainian) is a Cossack military rank. Here it simply means commander.
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