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“Prisoners of the Postwar”: Expellees, Displaced Persons, and Jews in Austria after World War II

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2010

Tara Zahra
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In the aftermath of World War II, Austria once again achieved notoriety as a “prison of peoples.” In 1951, the Ost-West Kurier, a newspaper in Essen, decried the degrading mistreatment of Austria's so-called “prisoners of the postwar.” Men, women, and children were wasting away in former concentration camps and were denied citizenship rights, the right to work or to travel freely, and basic social protections, the newspaper reported. These “prisoners” were not, however, former Jewish concentration camp inmates, prisoners of war (POWs), or displaced persons (DPs). They were German expellees from Eastern Europe—the very Germans on whose behalf the Nazi war for Lebensraum had allegedly been fought. “In the entire Western world, there is today no group of human beings who has been sentenced to live with so few rights as the so-called Volksdeutsche in Austria,” the newspaper's editors proclaimed:

300,000 people, whose homes and property have been torn from them through the expulsions, all too often by their closest neighbors, endured a hard journey to Austria, where they believed upon arrival that it could be something like a greater Heimat for them. Because only three decades ago, they too were Austrians.

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Articles
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Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 41 , April 2010 , pp. 191 - 215
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Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 2010

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References

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22 Radspieler, The Ethnic German Refugee, 62.

23 Gesamtaufstellung der in Österreich befindlichen DPs und Flüchtlinge, 16 July 1949, Carton 9, 12u-34, BMI, AdR, OestA.

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34 “Einbürgerungsklippen,” Wiener Tageszeitung, 12 September 1947.

35 American Aid Societies for the Needy and Displaced Persons of Central and South-Eastern Europe, 25 May 1949, Carton 85, 12u-34, BMI, AdR, OestA.

36 DP Problem, Unterredung mit General Maclean, 24 Oktober 1947, Carton 35, II-Pol, 1947, BmfAA, AdR, OestA.

37 On naturalization rates by region, see Radspieler, The Ethnic German Refugee, 42, 49–55; “Unser Forderungsprogramm,” Mitteilung des österreichischen Vereines der demokratischen Volksdeutschen, 1 February 1952, 5.

38 Das Problem der D.P.s in Österreich, Bundesministerium für inneres, 29 April 1947, 6, Carton 35, II-pol 1947, BmfAA, AdR, OestA.

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55 On relations between Germans and Jewish DPs in occupied Germany, see especially Grossmann, Jews, Germans, and Allies. On Jewish DPs in Austria, see also Albrich, Thomas, Exodus durch Österreich: die jüdischen Flüchtlinge, 1945–48 (Innsbruck, 1989)Google Scholar; Oertel, Christine, Juden auf der Flucht durch Austria: Jüdische Displaced Persons in der US-Besatzungszone Österreichs (Vienna, 1999)Google Scholar. On anti-Semitism in postwar Poland, see especially Gross, Jan, Fear: Anti-Semtism in Poland after Auschwitz (Princeton, 2007)Google Scholar.

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58 Memorandum of Agudas Israel, 25 June 1953, Carton 11, 12u-34, BMI, AdR, Oesta.

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63 Besenböck, “Die Frage der jüdischen Option in Österreich, 1919–21,” 46–55.

64 Ibid., 61 (for text of Article 80); Ibid., 128 (for numbers).

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67 Besenböck, “Die Frage der jüdischen Option,” 134.

68 Memorandum of Agudas Israel, 25 June 1953, Carton 11, 12u-34, BMI, AdR, Oesta.

69 Albrich, Exodus durch Österreich, 194.

70 Aufstand jüdischer DPs in Linz am 31. August 1947, 1 October 1947, Carton 35, II- Pol, BmfAA, AdR, OestA.

71 James P. Rice, AJDC, Steiermark and Upper Austria, 4 October 1945, RG 294.4, DP Camps- Austria, Reel 1, Folder 5, YIVO, Center for Jewish History (CJH)—New York.

72 On the Harrison Report, see Atina Grossmann, Jews, Germans, and Allies, 140-42.

73 “DP und DP,” Wegwarte, 15 November 1947, 1.

74 “DPs und Volksdeutsche,” Wegwarte, 9 April 1949, 1–2.

75 “Wir fordern Klarheit!” Wegwarte, 17 September 1949, 1.

76 No author, “Schwarmerei um tschechische Räuber,” Fern der Heimat, 15 January 1954, 2.

77 “Das Jugoslawische Kommittee in Salzburg,” Fern der Heimat, 31 July 1953, 1–2.

78 Stanek, Verfolgt, verjagt, vertrieben, 25, 35.

79 Ibid., 58.

80 Radspieler, The Ethnic German Refugee, 167–68.

81 Ibid., 80–81, 89.

82 Julius Raab, Bundeskanzleramt, Vorschlag der drei westlichen hochkomissäre zur Bildung eines Ständigen Komitees für Flüchtlingsfragen, 25 March 1954, Carton 304, II-Pol, BmfAA, AdR, OeSta. There were strong increases in the number of naturalizations in 1949–50, and more than 100,000 Volksdeutsche (especially Sudeten Germans) had been naturalized by 1 January 1951. For naturalization numbers by year, see Radspieler, The Ethnic German Refugee, 61.

83 Fremdsprachige Flüchtlinge in Österreich, 153 777, 12u-49, 13 January 1950, Memo to International Committee of the Red Cross, Carton 10, BMI, 12u-34, AdR, OestA.

84 “Für fremdsprachigen DPs kein Platz,” Wiener Zeitung, 16 March 1950, Carton 12, 12u-34, BMI, AdR.

85 Memo, Besuch des Hochkommisars der VN für das Flüchtlingswesen van Heuven Goedhart, 15 March 1956, 2, Carton 356, II- Pol, BmfAA, AdR, OestA.

86 Zierer, Brigitta, “Willkommene Ungarnflüchtlinge 1956?” in Asylland wider Willen: Flüchtlinge in Österreich in europäischen Kontext seit 1914, eds., Heiss, Gernot und Rathkolb, Oliver (Vienna, 1995), 157–71Google Scholar; Haslinger, Peter, “Zur Frage der ungarischen Flüchtlinge in Österreich, 1956–57,” in Migration und ihre Auswirkungen: das Beispiel Ungarn 1918–55, ed., Seewann, Gerhard (Munich, 1997), 147–62Google Scholar; Pittaway, “Making Peace in the Shadow of War.”

87 Bundeskanzleramt, Auswärtige Angelegenheiten, Zl. 287.400-Kult 57, 19 February 1957, Carton 436, Pol-II, BmfAA, AdR, OestA.

88 Speech of Oskar Helmer before the UNREF Tagung Genf, 29 January 1957, Carton 433, Pol-II, BmfAA, AdR, OestA.

89 Memo to the High Commissioner of UNHCR, Carton 304, Pol-II, BmfAA, AdR, OestA.

90 WHO- Studie über psycholog. und Gesundheits-zustände der in Lagern lebenden jugendlichen Flüchtlinge, 29 February 1956; Letter to Dr. van Heuven Goedhart from Norman D. Begg, Director, 13 September 1955, Carton 356, II-Pol, BmfAA, AdR, OestA.

91 Report on Unattached Hungarian Youth in Austria and Survey of Their Situation in Spring 1958, Report to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, September 1958, 48, File 21, Migrants and Refugees- Possible Project with UNHCR re: Unaccompanied Hungarian Youths 1957–58, Box 15, SW109, Social Welfare History Archive (SWHA), University of Minnesota.

92 See Hoff, Hans, ed., Die Psychohygienische Betreuung ungarischer Neuflüchtlinge in Österreich 1956–58 (Vienna, 1958)Google Scholar.

93 Hoff, introduction to Die Psychohygienische Betreuung, 6.

94 Ibid., 9.

95 Harold Leupold-Löwenthal, “Psychohygiene und Flüchtlingsarbeit,” in Die Psychohygienische Betreuung, 110.

96 UNRRA, “Psychological Problems of Displaced Persons,” 3. For more on the psychological rehabilitation of DPs in UNRRA and IRO camps, see Zahra, Tara, “Lost Children: Displacement, Family, and Nation in Postwar Europe,” Journal of Modern History 81 (March 2009), 45–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

97 Report on Unattached Hungarian Youth 48.

98 “Nur 1000?” Fern der Heimat, 31 October 1957, 1–2.

99 “Flüchtlinge aus Jugoslawien-Opfer der Gewissenlosen Arbeit der Organen der UN,” Fern der Heimat, April–May 1958, 7.

100 “Menschenhandel im Lager Wagna, der Skandal im Lager Wagna,” Fern der Heimat, 28 February 1958, Salzburg, 1–2.

101 On efforts to distinguish postwar population, welfare, colonial, and migration policies from Nazi imperialism/racism, see for example, Simpson, A.W. Brian, Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford, 2001)Google Scholar; Mazower, Dark Continent; Connelly, Matthew, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (Cambridge, MA, 2007)Google Scholar; Fehrenbach, Heide, Race after Hitler: Black Occupation Children in Postwar Germany and America (Princeton, 2005)Google Scholar; Shepard, Todd, The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France (Ithaca, 2006)Google Scholar. On the substitution of “cultural” for “racial” exclusion in postwar Europe, see Gilroy, Paul, There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation (Chicago, 1991)Google Scholar; Barker, Martin, The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe (London, 1980)Google Scholar.

102 Debré, Robert et Sauvy, Alfred, Des Français pour la France (Paris, 1946), 229Google Scholar.

103 Rita Chin, “Guest Worker Migration and the Unexpected Return of Race,” in After the Racial State, 80–101.