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The Ukrainians in Galicia under Austrian Rule1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2009

Ivan L. Rudnytsky
Ivan L. Rudnytsky
Affiliation:
American University
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Extract

On the eve of World War I the Ukrainian inhabitants of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy numbered some four million. They were divided among the Austrian provinces of Galicia (3,380,000) and Bukovina (300,000) and the Kingdom of Hungary (470,000).2 In each of these three territories the Ukrainians lived under quite different conditions; hence, a historian should treat each of the three groups as a separate entity. Since the Galician Ukrainians were not only the most numerous but also historically by far the most important, this paper will deal only with them.

Type
The Slovaks, Ukrainians (Ruthenians), Rumanians, and Italians
Information
Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , January 1967 , pp. 394 - 429
Copyright
Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 1967

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References

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7 Stasiw, Myron, Metropolia Haliciensis (Evas historia et juridica forma) [The Metropolitan See of Halyč: its History and Juridical Form]. In Analecta Ordinis S. Basilii Magni, ser. 2, Sect. 1, Vol. XII (2nd ed., Rome: P. P. Basiliani, 1960).Google Scholar

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14 The text of this petition, as well as that of the May 10 manifesto, which is mentioned below, can be found in Levyc'kyj, Kost', Istorija polityčnoji dumky halyc'kych ukrajinciv 1848–1914 [A History of the Political Thought of the Galician Ukrainians, 1848–1914] (Lvov: By the author, 1926), pp. 17 and 21–24Google Scholar. For a brief account of the Ukrainian participation in the 1848 revolution, see Baran, Stepan, Vesna narodiv v austro-uhors'kij Ukrajini [The Springtime of the Peoples in the Austro-Hungarian Ukraine] (Munich: Akademija, 1948)Google Scholar. I have also had the opportunity to consult the manuscript of a study by Bohachevsky-Chomiak, Martha on The Spring of a Nation: the Ukrainians in 1848, which is scheduled for publication by the Ševčenko Scientific Society of America.Google Scholar

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20 As quoted in Tyrowicz, Marian (ed.), Galicja od Pierwszego Rozbioru do Wiosny Ludów 1772–1849 [Galicia from the First Partition to the Springtime of the Peoples, 1772–1849] (Cracow: Ossolineum, 1956), pp. 230–232.Google Scholar

21 It should be noted, however, that a prominent member of the Central Ruthenian Council, Hryhorij Šaškevyč, proposed the creation of an arbitration commission in Galicia to adjudicate cases arising between the landowners and the peasants. Levyc'kyj, , Istorija polityčnoji dumky halyc'kych ukrajinciv 1848–1914, p. 37.Google Scholar

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26 Rudnyc'kyj, , Ukraina, p. 145Google Scholar. It should be noted that the Polish minority in Eastern Galicia increased considerably during the course of the nineteenth century. In 1857 only 21.5 percent of the population of Eastern Galicia was Roman Catholic. It is likely that the percentage of Poles was even smaller in earlier times. “In Ruthenia there was a small minority of Roman Catholic Poles [in 1772]; they were mostly noblemen and town dwellers, and here and there also unfree peasants.” Brawer, A. J., Galizien wie es an Österreich kam. Eine historisch-statistische Studie über die Verhältnisse des Landes im Jahre 1772 (Leipzig, 1910), p. 21Google Scholar. The increase in Polish population was due to colonization by Polish settlers from the western part of the province and continued assimilation. The sons of German officials who had come to Galicia during the absolutist period usually became Poles. The same was also true with the Armenians and some emancipated Jews. Ukrainian villagers also frequently became polonized when they moved to town or rose to a higher social position. This process was not slowed down before the second half of the nineteenth century.

27 Franko, Ivan, “Naš pohljad na pol's'ke pytannja” [Our View of the Polish Question], Vybrani suspil'no-polityčni i filosofs'ki tvory [Selected Social-Political and Philosophical Works] (Kiev: Deržavne vydavnyctvo polityčnoji literatury URSR, 1956), p. 282.Google Scholar

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29 See ante, p. 401.

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31 Korczok, , Die griechisch-katholische Kirche in Galizien, pp. 121–136.Google Scholar

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37 The best sketch of the early stages of the populist movement can be found in Barvins'kyj, Oleksander, Spomyny z moho žyttja: obrazky z hromadjans'koho i pys'mens'koho rozvytku rusyniv [Reminiscences from My Life: Scenes from the Civic and Literary Development of the Ruthenians] (2 vols., Lvov: Zahal'na biblioteka, 1912–1913).Google Scholar

38 For a discussion of the organizational achievements of the Ukrainian movement up to the 1880's, see Hnatjuk, Volodymyr, Nacional'ne vidrodžennja avstro-uhors'kych ukrajinciv (1772–1880 rr.) [The National Rebirth of the Austro-Hungarian Ukrainians (1772–1880)] (Vienna: Sojuz Vyzvolennja Ukrajiny, 1916).Google Scholar

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43 Drahomanov devoted much space in his memoirs to his early relations with Galicia. See his Avstro-rus'ki spomyny 1867–77 [Austro-Ruthenian Memoirs, 1867–1877] (4 vols., Lvov: Ševčenko Scientific Society, 1889–1892)Google Scholar. A bibliography of Drahomanov's published correspondence with various Galicians can be found in Rudnytsky, Ivan L. (ed.), Mykhaylo Drahomanov: a Symposium and Selected Writings (a special issue of the Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S.) (New York: Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., 1952), pp. 131–140Google Scholar. See also Bilinsky, Yaroslav, “Drahomanov, Franko, and the Relations between the Dnieper Ukraine and Galicia,” The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy, Vol. VII, No. 1–2 (1959), pp. 1542–1566.Google Scholar

44 Čykalenko, Jevhen, Spohady (1861–1907) [Memoirs (1861–1907)] (2nd ed., New York: Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., 1955), p. 336.Google Scholar

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50 See Dymins'kyj, Roman and Baran, Stepan's articles in the Encyklopedija Ukrajinoznavstva, Pt. 1 (New York: Ševčenko Scientific Society, 1949), pp. 1037 and 1046–1047Google Scholar; Kieniewicz, Stefan (ed.), Galieja w dobie autonomicznej (1850–1914) [Galicia during the Era of Autonomy (1850–1914)] (Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1952)Google Scholar, editor's introduction and the source materials in Pts. V–VIII; and Najdus, Walentyna, Szkice z historii Galicji [Essays on the History of Galicia] (2 vols., Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, 1958–1960), Vol. I, pp. 27–204.Google Scholar

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52 Kubijovyč, Volodymyr et al. , Heohrafija ukrajins'kych i sumežnych zemel' [A Geography of the Ukraine and the Adjacent Countries] (2nd ed., Cracow: Ukrajins'ke vydavnyctvo, 1943), p. 301Google Scholar; Bačyns'kyj, Julijan, Ukrajins'ka emigracija [Ukrainian Emigration], Vol. I (Lvov: Julijan Balyc'kyj and Oleksander Harasevyč, 1914), pp. 81–97Google Scholar. Only the first volume of the last work was ever published.

53 Encyklopedija Ukrajinoznavatva, Pt. 1, p. 149.Google Scholar

54 The “parcelling” procedures are vividly described in Vojnarovs'kyj, Tyt, “Spohady z moho žyttja” [Memoirs of My Life], in Istorycni postati Halyčyny XIX–XX st. [Galicia's Historical Figures of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries] (New York: Ševčenko Scientific Society, 1961)Google Scholar. Rev. Vojnarovs'kyj was an eminent agrarian reformer and a close adviser of Metropolitan Andrej Šeptyc'kyj.

55 For a detailed survey, see Vytanovyč, Ilja, Istorija ukrajins'koho kooperatyvnoho ruchu [A History of the Ukrainian Cooperative Movement] (New York: Ukrainian Economic Advisory Association, Inc., 1964), pp. 134–167.Google Scholar

56 Franko, , Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur der Ukraine, p. 434.Google Scholar

57 On Franko, see Voznjak, Mychajlo, Velcten' dumky i praci [A Giant in Thought and Work] (Kiev: Deržavne vydavnyctvo chudozhn'oji literatury, 1958)Google Scholar; and the collection of reminiscences entitled Ivan Franko u spohadach sučasnykiv [Ivan Franko in the Memoirs of Contemporaries] (Lvov: Knyžkovo-žurnal'ne vydavnyctvo, 1956)Google Scholar. On Hruševs'kyj, see the biographical sketch by Borys Krupnyc'kyj that is given in the introduction to the first volume of Hruševs'kyj, Mychajlo, Istorija Ukrajiny-Rusy [A History of the Ukraine-Rus'] (new ed., 10 vols., New York: Knyhospilka, 1954–1958), pp. i–xxx.Google Scholar

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59 The background of the “new era,” especially the extent of the involvement of the Austrian government in it, has never been fully explored. For the role played by the Kievan Ukrainians, see Dorošenko, Dmytro, Volodymyr Antonovyč. Joho žyttja i naukova ta hromads'ka dijal'nist' [Volodymyr Antonovyč: His Life and His Scholarly and Civic Activities] (Prague: Jurij Tyščenko, 1942), pp. 78–84Google Scholar. For developments in Galicia itself, see Levyc'kyj, , Istorija politycnoji dumky halyc'kych ukrajinciv 1848–1914, pp. 235–275Google Scholar. Important information can also be found in Olesnyc'kyj, Evhen, Storinky z moho žyttja [Pages from My Life] (2 vols., Lvov: Dilo, 1935), Vol. I, pp. 221–243.Google Scholar

60 For a picturesque description of electoral malpractices in a Galician provincial town during the 1895 elections, see Olesnyc'kyj, , Storinky z moho žyttja, Vol. II, pp. 96–115.Google Scholar

61 Information about the history of the Radical Party can be found in Makuch, Ivan, Na narodnij sluzbi [In the People's Service] (Detroit, Mich.: Ukrainian Free Society of America, 1958).Google Scholar

62 On the history of the National Democratic Party, in addition to the basic work of Levyc'kyj, , Istorija polityčnoji dumky halyc'kych ukrajinciv 1848–1914Google Scholar, see two biographical sketches: Levyc'kyj, Kost', Ukrajins'ki polityky. Syl'vety našych davnich posliv i polityčnych dijačiv [Ukrainian Politicians. Portraits of Our Old-Time Deputies and Political Leaders] (2 vols., Lvov: Dilo, 1936–1937)Google Scholar; and Sochoc'kyj, Izydor, “Budivnyči novitn'oji ukrajins'koji deržavnosty v Halyčyni” [Builders of Modern Ukrainian Statehood in Galicia], in Istoryčni postati Halyčyny XIX–XX st.Google Scholar

63 Levyc'kyj, , Istorija polityčnoji dumky halyc'kych ukrajinciv 1848–1914, p. 327.Google Scholar

64 Levyns'kyj, Volodymyr, Narys rozvytku ukrajins'koho robitnyčoho ruchu v Halyčyni [An Outline of the Development of the Ukrainian Labor Movement in Galicia]. Reprint from the journal Dzvin (Kiev: n. p., 1914).Google Scholar

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67 Governor Michał Bobrzyński's memoirs provide valuable information on this subject. See Bobrzyński, , Z moich pamiętnikówGoogle Scholar. See also the monographic study by Buszko, Jozef, Sejmowa reforma wyborcza w Galicji 1905–1914 [Electoral Reform for the Galician Diet, 1905–1914] (Warsaw: Paristwowe wydawnictwo naukowe, 1956)Google Scholar. A contemporary work, full of brilliant insight, is Kulczycki, Ludwik, Ugoda polsko-ruska [The Polish-Ruthenian Compromise] (Lvov: Drukarnia Udzialowa, 1912).Google Scholar

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69 Levyc'kyj, , Istorija polityčnoji dumky halyc'kych ukrajinciv 1848–1914, pp. 685–691Google Scholar; Buszko, , Sejmowa reforma wyborcza, pp. 262–265.Google Scholar

70 In 1911–1912 there were 70 Polish and 8 Ukrainian Gymnasia for boys, 20 Polish and 1 Ukrainian Gymnasium for girls, and 14 Polish and no Ukrainian Realschule (technical schools) in Galicia. Hugelmann, , Das Nationalitätenrecht des alten Österreichs, p. 709.Google Scholar

71 Levyc'kyj, , Istorija polityčnoji dumky halyc'kych ukrajinciv 1848–1914, pp. 686–693.Google Scholar

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