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The Vienna Congress as an Event in Austrian History: Civil Society and Politics in the Habsburg Empire at the End of the Wars against Napoleon

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2015

Brian Vick
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Extract

Historians usually portray the Congress of Vienna in a European frame—and rightly so. The actors and the diplomatic flashpoints spanned the European continent, and the negotiations began before and continued after the Congress. The rulers and statesmen had already started parleying and planning the reconstruction of Europe as they followed behind the armies in the campaigns of 1813–1814, a process that continued while making peace with France in Paris in the spring of 1814, and amid the mixed celebrations and conversations during their visit to London that summer. Even the Congress, successful as it generally was, did not clear all the outstanding issues, which instead carried over into the discussions surrounding the Second Peace of Paris after Napoleon's renewed defeat at Waterloo in 1815 and into the ambassadors' conferences in Paris and London in succeeding years. Yet, there were good reasons why Vienna was selected as the venue for the main round of celebrations and negotiations in autumn 1814, and the location did help shape both the Congress and its diplomatic outcomes. Less often treated as a subject in its own right, however, is the question of what the Vienna Congress meant for and revealed about the history of the Habsburg monarchy, in European context to be sure, but with the focus on Austrian politics and society rather than on their contribution to the European narrative.

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Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 46 , April 2015 , pp. 109 - 133
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Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 2015 

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References

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26 HHStA OMeA 210, no. 584, printed “Nachricht an das Publicum”, 11 Jan. 1814, with reference to the decree of 27 Sept. 1813.

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35 Antonicek, “Die patriotische Musikbewegung,” 44 for Mosel and Samson.

36 Oesterreichischer Beobachter, no. 106 (16 Apr. 1815): 582.

37 Vaterländische Blätter, nos. 15 and 16 (19 and 23 Feb. 1814): 85–92. The statutes were printed in full in nos. 74–77 (14, 17, 21, and 24 Sept. 1814): 437–42, 445–47, 449–52, 457–59.

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53 Diabelli, Der 18.te October, 2.

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58 Volksjubel, Mathew, Political Beethoven, 156–67; Weissenbach, Einzug, quote 10, “Jubelchor” again, 3.

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61 Weissenbach, Reise, III, 61–64, 175–83.

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66 On conceptions of federative nationhood as a broader European phenomenon: Vick, Congress, 266–77.

67 Hagemann, “Patriotism and Masculinity,” 49–51, on “regional-patriotic poetry” appealing to other groups than German (but seeing this type as opposed to German-centered appeals rather than complementary). On the connections between the patriotic music circle and Stadion's supporters: Antonicek, “Die patriotische Musikbewegung,” 40–43; Buch, Beethoven's Ninth, 63.

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73 Oesterreichischer Beobachter, no. 317 (13 Nov. 1814): 1733.

74 HHStA OMeA 207 (1814), no. 327, “Nachricht von dem grossen Volksfeste”; Oesterreichischer Beobachter, no. 281 (8 Oct. 1814): 1531; “J. Knillingers Wachs– und Naturalienkabinet,” Hesperus, no. 37 (July 1814): 289–92.

75 Schindler's Friedensfest, Wien Museum Karlsplatz, #45.953, 1815; Wiener Zeitung, no. 110 (20 April 1815): 753, “Favoritspiel für Gesellschaften.”

76 Sonnleithner and Weigl, Weihe der Zukunft; performance covered in Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, no. 29 (20 July, 1814): 489–90; on the anthem and the community-building significance of collective singing practices: Buch, Beethoven's Ninth, 55–60, and Mathew, Political Beethoven, 150–56. Mathew finds the song more “supranational” than national (154), but also quotes the final verse, with its joining of Franz's “peoples” as “One, through brotherly bonds” (152).

77 Hanslick, Geschichte, 149, Musikfreunde folksongs; Schlossar, Erzherzog Johann, 32, 388.

78 HHStA StK Vorträge 197 (1815), 18 April, fols. 644–647, quote, 645; also in: Haas, Arthur G., Metternich, Reorganization, and Nationality 1813–1818: A Story of Foresight and Frustration in the Rebuilding of the Austrian Empire (Wiesbaden, 1963), 75–77 Google Scholar, 167–69; Wolff, Galicia, 79–81.

79 On Linde, Hüttl-Hubert, “Die edle Leidenschaft,” 27, Rumpler, Mitteleuropa, 158; on the university, Wolff, Galicia, 81–85.

80 Haas, Reorganization, 60–62; quotes, HHStA StK Interiora Korresp. 67, Fasz. 2, fols. 218–219v, Metternich to Hudelist, 15 May 1814. Tischler, Ulrike, Die habsburgische Politik gegenüber den Serben und Montenegrinern 1791–1822. Förderung oder Vereinnahmung? (Munich, 2000), 367–73Google Scholar, 376–77.

81 Monti, Rumpler, Mitteleuropa, 165; Academy, HHStA StA Ital. Staaten StK Rom 9, Weisungen 1814, fol. 51–51v, Metternich to Lebzeltern, 27 Aug. See Siemann, Wolfram, Metternich. Staatsmann zwischen Restauration und Moderne (Munich, 2010), 107–8.Google Scholar

82 Vick, Congress, chap. 3 on salons, 56 on illuminations; for the triumphal arch: HHStA Neu.ZA, R XV, Hofreisen 1814, Kart. 318, no. 58, memo of 17 Nov. 1813; in general on burgher participation in entry ceremonies: Vocelka, Karl, “Höfische Feste als Phänomene sozialer Integration und internationaler Kommunikation. Studien zur Transferfunktion habsburgischer Feste im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert,” in Metropolen und Kulturtransfer im 15./16. Jahrhundert. Prag-Krakau-Danzig-Wien, ed. Langer, Andrea and Michels, Georg (Stuttgart, 2001), 141–50Google Scholar, 142–44, 146.

83 Mittenzwei, Wiens frühe Bourgeoisie.

84 Sandgruber, Roman, Die Anfänge der Konsumgesellschaft: Konsumgüterverbrauch, Lebensstandard und Alltagskultur in Österreich im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (Munich, 1982).Google Scholar

85 Okey, Robin, The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse (Basingstoke, 2001)Google Scholar, 61.

86 For the influence of broader political culture on diplomacy: Vick, Congress, passim.

87 North, Material Delight, 123, 213.