Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T03:28:12.328Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An integrated theory of language production and comprehension

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 June 2013

Martin J. Pickering  and
Simon Garrod
Martin J. Pickering
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom. martin.pickering@ed.ac.ukhttp://www.ppls.ed.ac.uk/people/martin-pickering
Simon Garrod
Affiliation:
University of Glasgow, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, Glasgow G12 8QT, United Kingdom. simon@psy.gla.ac.ukhttp://staff.psy.gla.ac.uk/~simon/
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Currently, production and comprehension are regarded as quite distinct in accounts of language processing. In rejecting this dichotomy, we instead assert that producing and understanding are interwoven, and that this interweaving is what enables people to predict themselves and each other. We start by noting that production and comprehension are forms of action and action perception. We then consider the evidence for interweaving in action, action perception, and joint action, and explain such evidence in terms of prediction. Specifically, we assume that actors construct forward models of their actions before they execute those actions, and that perceivers of others' actions covertly imitate those actions, then construct forward models of those actions. We use these accounts of action, action perception, and joint action to develop accounts of production, comprehension, and interactive language. Importantly, they incorporate well-defined levels of linguistic representation (such as semantics, syntax, and phonology). We show (a) how speakers and comprehenders use covert imitation and forward modeling to make predictions at these levels of representation, (b) how they interweave production and comprehension processes, and (c) how they use these predictions to monitor the upcoming utterances. We show how these accounts explain a range of behavioral and neuroscientific data on language processing and discuss some of the implications of our proposal.

Keywords

comprehensioncovert imitationdialogueforward modellanguagepredictionproduction
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 36 , Issue 4 , August 2013 , pp. 329 - 347
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adank, P. & Devlin, J. T. (2010) On-line plasticity in spoken sentence comprehension: Adapting to time-compressed speech. NeuroImage 49:1124–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adank, P., Hagoort, P. & Bekkering, H. (2010) Imitation improves language comprehension. Psychological Science 21:1903–909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allopena, P. D., Magnuson, J. S. & Tanenhaus, M. K. (1998) Tracking the time course of spoken word recognition using eye movements: Evidence for continuous mapping models. Journal of Memory and Language 38:419–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altmann, G. T. M. & Kamide, Y. (1999) Incremental interpretation at verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference. Cognition 73(3):247–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altmann, G. T. M. & Mirkovic, J. (2009) Incrementality and prediction in human sentence processing. Cognitive Science 33(4):583–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barsalou, L. (1999) Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:577–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bavelas, J. B., Coates, L. & Johnson, T. (2000) Listeners as co-narrators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79:941–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben Shalom, D. & Poeppel, D. (2008) Functional anatomic models of language: assembling the pieces. The Neuroscientist 14:119–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackmer, E. R. & Mitton, J. L. (1991) Theories of monitoring and the timing of repairs in spontaneous speech. Cognition 39:173–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blakemore, S.-J., Frith, C. D. & Wolpert, D. M. (1999) Spatio-temporal prediction modulates the perception of self-produced stimuli. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11:551–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bock, J. K. (1996) Language production: Methods and methodologies. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3:395–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bock, J. K. & Levelt, W. J. M. (1994) Language production: Grammatical encoding. In: Handbook of psycholinguistics, ed. Gernsbacher, M. A., Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bock, K. & Miller, C. A (1991) Broken agreement. Cognitive Psychology 23:45–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branigan, H. P., Pickering, M. J. & Cleland, A. A. (2000) Syntactic coordination in dialogue. Cognition 75:B13–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, R. & McNeill, D. (1966) The “tip of the tongue” phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5:325–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, F., Dell, G. S. & Bock, K. (2006) Becoming syntactic. Psychological Review 113(2):234–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chartrand, T. L. & Bargh, J. A. (1999) The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76:893–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, H. H. (1996) Using language. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, H. H. & Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1986) Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition 22:1–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, M., Brocklehurst, P. H. & Moat, H. S. (2011) Error biases in inner and overt speech: Evidence from tongue twisters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 37(1):162–75. DOI:10.1037/a0021321.Google ScholarPubMed
Csibra, G. & Gergely, G. (2007) ‘Obsessed with goals’: Functions and mechanisms of teleological interpretation of actions in humans. Acta Psychologica 124:60–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Ausilio, A., Jarmolowska, J., Busan, P., Bufalari, I. & Craighero, L. (2011) Tongue corticospinal modulation during attended verbal stimuli: Priming and coarticulation effects. Neuropsychologia 49:3670–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Ausilio, A., Pulvermüller, F., Salmas, P., Bufalari, I., Begliomini, C. & Fadiga, L. (2009) The motor somatotopy of speech perception. Current Biology 19:381–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, P. R. & Wolpert, D. M. (2005) Widespread access to predictive models in the motor system: A short review. Journal of Neural Engineering 2:S313–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Ruiter, J. P., Mitterer, H. & Enfield, N. J. (2006) Predicting the end of a speaker's turn; a cognitive cornerstone of conversation. Language 82(3):515–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell, G. S. (1986) A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review 93:283–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dell, G. S. (1988) The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model. Journal of Memory and Language 27:124–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell, G. S., Schwartz, M. F., Martin, N., Saffran, E. M. & Gagnon, D. A. (1997) Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. Psychological Review 104:801–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLong, K. A., Urbach, T. P. & Kutas, M. (2005) Probabilistic word pre-activation during language comprehension inferred from electrical brain activity. Nature Neuroscience 8(8):1117–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desai, R. H., Binder, J. R., Conant, L. L. & Seidenberg, M. S. (2010) Activation of sensory-motor areas in sentence comprehension. Cerebral Cortex 20:468–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V. & Rizzolatti, G. (1992) Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research 91(1):176–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijksterhuis, A. & Bargh, J. A. (2001) The perception-behavior expressway: Automatic effects of social perception on social behavior. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 33, ed. Zanna, M. P., pp. 1–40. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dikker, S. & Pylkkänen, L. (2011) Before the N400: Effects of lexical-semantic violations in visual cortex. Brain and Language 118:23–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dikker, S., Rabagliati, H., Farmer, T. A. & Pylkkänen, L. (2010) Early occipital sensitivity to syntactic category is based on form typicality. Psychological Science 21:629–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dikker, S., Rabagliati, H. & Pylkkänen, L. (2009) Sensitivity to syntax in visual cortex. Cognition 110(3):293–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T. & Levine, J. M. (2009) Shared reality: Experiencing commonality with others' inner states about the world. Perspectives on Psychological Science 4:496–521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elman, J. L. (1990) Finding structure in time. Cognitive Science, 14(2), 179–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fadiga, L., Craighero, L., Buccino, G. & Rizzolati, G. (2002) Speech listening specifically modultes the excitability of tongue muscles: A TMS study. European Journal of Neuroscience 15:399–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Federmeier, K. D. (2007) Thinking ahead: The role and roots of prediction in language comprehension. Psychophysiology 44:491–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferreira, F. (2003) The misinterpretation of noncanonical sentences. Cognitive Psychology 47:164–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferreira, V. S. (1996) Is it better to give than to donate? Syntactic flexibility in language production. Journal of Memory and Language 35:724–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, M. H. & Zwaan, R. A. (2008) Embodied language: A review of the role of the motor system in language comprehension. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006) 61(6):825–50. DOI:10.1080/17470210701623605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, C. A., Brown, J., Sabadini, L. & Weihing, J. (2003) Rapid access to speech gestures in perception: Evidence from choice and simple response time tasks. Journal of Memory and Language 49:296–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frazier, L. (1987) Sentence processing: A tutorial review. In: Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading, ed. Coltheart, M., pp. 559–86. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Freyd, J. J. & Finke, R. A. (1984) Representational momentum. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10:126–32.Google Scholar
Gallese, V. (2008) Mirror neurons and the social nature of language: The neural exploitation hypothesis. Social Neuroscience 3:317–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrett, M. (1980) Levels of processing in speech production. In: Language production, vol. 1. Speech and talk, ed. Butterworth, B., pp. 177–220. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Garrett, M. (2000) Remarks on the architecture of language production systems. In: Language and the brain: Representation and processing. ed. Grodzinsky, Y. & Shapiro, L. P., pp. 31–69. Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrod, S. & Anderson, A. (1987) Saying what you mean in dialogue: A study in conceptual and semantic co-ordination. Cognition 27:181–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrod, S. & Pickering, M. J. (2004) Why is conversation so easy? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8(1):8–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrod, S. & Pickering, M. J. (2009) Joint action, interactive alignment and dialogue. Topics in Cognitive Science 1:292–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaskell, G. (2007) Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gergely, G., Bekkering, H. & Király, I. (2002) Developmental psychology: Rational imitation in preverbal infants. Nature 415:755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, E. (1998) Linguistic complexity: Locality of syntactic dependencies. Cognition 68:1–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glenberg, A. M. & Gallese, V. (2012) Action-based language: A theory of language acquisition, comprehension, and production. Cortex 48(7):905–22. DOI:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenberg, A. M. & Kaschak, M. P. (2002) Grounding language in action. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 9:558–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, A. E. (1995) Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, A. I. (2006) Simulating minds. The philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of mindreading. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, R. (1986) Folk psychology as simulation. Mind and Language 1:158–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graf, M., Schütz-Bosbach, S. & Prinz, W. (2010) Motor involvement in object perception: Similarity and complementarity. In: Grounding sociality: Neurons, minds, and culture, ed. Semin, G. & Echterhoff, G., pp. 27–52. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Gregoromichelaki, E., Kempson, R., Purver, M., Mills, J. G., Cann, R., Meyer-Viol, W. & Healey, P. G. T. (2011) Incrementality and intention–recognition in utterance processing. Dialogue and Discourse 2:199–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grush, R. (2004) The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27(3):377–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Häberle, A., Schütz-Bosbach, S., Laboissière, R. & Prinz, W. (2008) Ideomotor action in cooperative and competitive settings. Social Neuroscience 3:26–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hale, J. (2006) Uncertainty about the rest of the sentence. Cognitive Science 30:609–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanna, J. E., Tanenhaus, M. K. & Trueswell, J. C. (2003) The effects of common ground and perspective on domains of referential interpretation. Journal of Memory and Language 49:43–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harley, T. (2008) The psychology of language: From data to theory, 3rd Edn., Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Hartsuiker, R. J. & Kolk, H. H. J. (2001) Error monitoring in speech production: A computational test of the Perceptual Loop Theory. Cognitive Psychology 42:11357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haruno, M., Wolpert, D. M. & Kawato, M. (2001) MOSAIC Model for sensorimotor learning and control. Neural Computation 13:2201–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haruno, M., Wolpert, D. M. & Kawato, M. (2003) Hierarchical MOSAIC for movement generation. International Congress Series 1250:575–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haueisen, J. & Knösche, T. R. (2001) Involuntary motor activity in pianists evoked by music perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13:786–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, J. A. (1994) A performance theory of order and constituency. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heim, S., Opitz, B., Müller, K. & Friederici, A. D. (2003) Phonological processing during language production: fMRI evidence for a shared production-comprehension network. Cognitive Brain Research 12:285–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinks-Maldonado, T. H., Nagarajan, S. S. & Houde, J. F. (2006) Magnetoencephalographic evidence for a precise forward model in speech production. NeuroReport 17(13):1375–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hommel, B., Müsseler, J., Aschersleben, G. & Prinz, W. (2001) The theory of event coding (TEC): A framework for perception and action planning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:849–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hostetter, A. B. & Alibali, M. W. (2008) Visual embodiment: Gesture as simulated action. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15:495–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howes, C., Purver, M., Healey, P. G. T., Mills, G. J. & Gregoromichelaki, E. (2011) Incrementality in dialogue: Evidence from compound contributions. Dialogue and Discourse 2:279–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huettig, F. & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2010) Listening to yourself is like listening to others: External, but not internal, verbal self-monitoring is based on speech perception. Language and Cognitive Processes 25:347–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huettig, F. & McQueen, J. M. (2007) The tug of war between phonological, semantic and shape information in language-mediated visual search. Journal of Memory and Language 57:460–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huettig, F., Rommers, J. & Meyer, A. S. (2011) Using the visual world paradigm to study language processing: A review and critical evaluation. Acta Psychologica 137:151–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurley, S. (2008a) The shared circuits model (SCM): How control, mirroring, and simulation can enable imitation, deliberation, and mindreading. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31(01):1–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurley, S. (2008b) Understanding simulation. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 77:755–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Indefrey, P. & Levelt, W. J. M. (2004) The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition 92:101–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, T., Tiede, M. & Ostry, D. J. (2009) Somatosensory function in speech perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:1245–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaeger, T. F. (2010) Redundancy and reduction: Speakers manage syntactic information density. Cognitive Psychology 61:23–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaiser, E. & Trueswell, J. C. (2004) The role of discourse context in the processing of a flexible word-order language. Cognition 94:113–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamide, Y., Altmann, G. T. M. & Haywood, S. L. (2003) Prediction and thematic information in incremental sentence processing: Evidence from anticipatory eye movements. Journal of Memory and Language 49:133–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keysar, B., Barr, D. J., Balin, J. A. & Brauner, J. S. (2000) Taking perspective in conversation: The role of mutual knowledge in comprehension. Psychological Science 11:32–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kilner, J. M., Paulignan, Y. & Blakemore, S.-J. (2003) An interference effect of observed biological movement on action. Current Biology 13:522–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, A. & Lai, V. (2012) Rapid interactions between lexical semantic and word form analysis during word recognition in context: Evidence from ERPs. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24: 1104–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knoblich, G. & Flach, R. (2001) Predicting action effects: Interaction between perception and action. Psychological Science 12:467–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knoblich, G., Seigerschmidt, E., Flach, R. & Prinz, W. (2002) Authorship effects in the prediction of handwriting strokes: Evidence for action simulation during action perception. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 55A:1027–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knoeferle, P., Crocker, M. W., Scheepers, C. & Pickering, M. J. (2005) The influence of the immediate visual context on incremental thematic role-assignment: Evidence from eye-movements in depicted events. Cognition 95:95–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutas, M., DeLong, K. A. & Smith, N. J. (2011). A look around at what lies ahead: Prediction and predictability in language processing. In: Predictions in the brain: Using our past to generate a future, ed. Bar, M., pp. 190–207. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakin, J. & Chartrand, T. L. (2003) Using nonconscious behavioral mimicry to create affiliation and rapport. Psychological Science 14:334–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lau, E., Stroud, C., Plesch, S. & Phillips, C. (2006) The role of structural prediction in rapid syntactic analysis. Brain and Language 98:74–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laver, J. D. M. (1980) Monitoring systems in the neurolinguistic control of speech production. In: Errors in linguistic performance: Slips of the tongue, ear, pen, and hand, ed. Fromkin, V. A., Academic Press.Google Scholar
Levelt, W. J. M. (1983) Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition 14:41–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989) Speaking: From intention to articulation. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A. & Meyer, A. S. (1999) A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22(1):1–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, R. (2008) Expectation-based syntactic comprehension. Cognition 106(3):1126–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDonald, M. C., Pearlmutter, N. J. & Seidenberg, M. S. (1994) The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution. Psychological Review 101:676–703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKay, D. G. (1982) The problems of flexibility, fluency, and speed-accuracy trade-off in skilled behaviors. Psychological Review 89:483–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mar, R. A. (2004) The neuropsychology of narrative: Story comprehension, story production and their interrelation. Neuropsychologia 42:1414–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marslen-Wilson, W. D. & Welsh, A. (1978) Processing interactions and lexical access during word recognition in continuous speech. Cognitive Psychology 10:29–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menenti, L., Gierhan, S. M. E., Segaert, K. & Hagoort, P. (2011) Shared language: Overlap and segregation of the neuronal infrastructure for speaking and listening revealed by fMRI. Psychological Science 22:1173–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metzing, C. & Brennan, S. E. (2003) When conceptual pacts are broken: Partner-specific effects in the comprehension of referring expressions. Journal of Memory and Language 49:201–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miall, R. C., Stanley, J., Todhunter, S., Levick, C., Lindo, S. & Miall, J. D. (2006) Performing hand actions assists the visual discrimination of similar hand postures. Neuropsychologia 44:966–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Motley, M. T., Camden, C. T. & Baars, B. J. (1982) Covert formulation and editing of anomalies in speech production: Evidence from experimentally elicited slips of the tongue. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 21:578–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mottonen, R. & Watkins, K. E. (2009) Motor representations of articulators contribute to categorical perception of speech sounds. Journal of Neuroscience 29(31):9819–25. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6018-08.2009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mukamel, R., Ekstrom, A. D., Kaplan, J., Iacoboni, M. & Fried, I. (2010) Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions. Current Biology 20:750–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neda, Z., Ravasz, Y., Brechet, T., Vicsek, T. & Barabasi, A. L. (2000) The sound of many hands clapping. Nature 403:849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman-Norlund, R. D., van Schie, H. T., van Zuijlen, A. M. J. & Bekkering, H. (2007) The mirror neuron system is more active during complementary compared with imitative action. Nature Neuroscience 10:817–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nozari, N., Dell, G. S. & Schwartz, M. F. (2011) Is comprehension necessary for error detection? A conflict-based account of monitoring in speech production. Cognitive Psychology 63(1):1–33. DOI:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2011.05.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oppenheim, G. M. & Dell, G. S. (2008) Inner speech slips exhibit lexical bias, but not the phonemic similarity effect. Cognition 106(1):528–37. DOI:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppenheim, G. M. & Dell, G. S. (2010) Motor movement matters: The flexible abstractness of inner speech. Memory & cognition 38(8):1147–60. DOI:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pardo, J. S. (2006) On phonetic convergence during conversational interaction. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119:2382–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paus, T., Perry, D. W., Zatorre, R. J., Worsley, K. J. & Evans, A. C. (1996) Modulation of cerebral blood flow in the human auditory cortex during speech: Role of motor-to-sensory discharges. European Journal of Neuroscience. 8:2236–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, R. R., Burgess, C., Dell, G. S. & Eberhard, K. A. (2001) Dissociation between syntactic and semantic processing during idiom comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 27:1223–37.Google ScholarPubMed
Pezzulo, G. (2011a) Grounding procedural and declarative knowledge in sensorimotor anticipation. Mind and Language 26:78–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, M. J. & Garrod, S. (2004) Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27(2):169–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, M. J. & Garrod, S. (2007) Do people use language production to make predictions during comprehension? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11(3): 105–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plaut, D. C. & Kello, C. T. (1999) The emergence of phonology from the interplay of speech comprehension and production: A distributed connectionist approach. In: The emergence of language, ed. MacWhinney, B., pp. 381–415. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Postma, A. (2000) Detection of errors during speech production. A review of speech monitoring models. Cognition 77: 97–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinz, W. (2006) What renactment earns us. Cortex 42:515–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulvermüller, F. & Fadiga, L. (2010) Active perception: Sensorimotor circuits as a cortical basis for language. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11(5):351–60. DOI: 10.1038/nrn2811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulvermüller, F., Huss, M., Kherif, F., Moscoso del Prado Martin, F., Hauk, O. & Shtyrov, Y. (2006) Motor cortex maps articulatory features of speech sounds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(20):7865–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapp, B. & Goldrick, M. (2000) Discreteness and interactivity in spoken word production. Psychological Review 107:460–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapp, B. & Goldrick, M. (2004). Feedback by any other name is still interactivity: A reply to Roelofs (2004). Psychological Review 111:573–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, M. J., Marsh, K. L., Isenhower, R. W., Goodman, J. R. L. & Schmidt, R. C. (2007) Rocking together: Dynamics of intentional and unintentional interpersonal coordination. Human Movement Science 26:867–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roelofs, A. (2004). Error biases in spoken word planning and monitoring by aphasic and nonaphasic speakers: Comment on Rapp and Goldrick (2000). Psychological Review 111:561–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. & Jefferson, G. (1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50:696–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahin, N. T., Pinker, S., Cash, S. S., Schomer, D. & Halgren, E. (2009) Sequential processing of lexical, grammatical, and articulatory information within Broca's area. Science 326:445–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sams, M., Möttönen, R. & Sihvonen, T. (2005) Seeing and hearing others and oneself talk. Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research 23(2–3):429–35.Google ScholarPubMed
Sanford, A. J. & Garrod, S. C. (1981) Understanding written language. Wiley.Google Scholar
Schlenck, K.-J., Huber, W. & Willmes, K. (1987) “Prepairs” and repairs: Different monitoring functions in aphasic language production. Brain and Language 30:226–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schober, M. F. & Clark, H. H. (1989) Understanding by addressees and overhearers. Cognitive Psychology 21:211–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schriefers, H., Meyer, A. S. & Levelt, W. J. M. (1990) Exploring the time course of lexical access in language production: Picture-word interference studies. Journal of Memory and Language 29:86–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, S. & Johnsrude, I. S. (2003) The neuroanatomical and functional organisation of speech perception. Trends in Neurosciences 26: 100–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, S., McGettigan, C. & Eisner, F. (2009) A little more conversation, a little less action – candidate roles for the motor cortex in speech perception. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10:295–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebanz, N., Bekkering, H. & Knoblich, G. (2006a) Joint action: Bodies and minds moving together. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10(2):70–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebanz, N. & Knoblich, G. (2009) Prediction in joint action: What, when, and where. Topics in Cognitive Science 1:353–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., Prinz, W. & Wascher, E. (2006b) Twin peaks: An ERP study of action planning and control in coacting individuals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18:859–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segaert, K., Menenti, L., Weber, K., Petersson, K. M. & Hagoort, P. (2012) Shared syntax in language production and language comprehension – an fMRI study. Cerebral Cortex 22:1662–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shockley, K., Santana, M. V. & Fowler, C. A. (2003) Mutual interpersonal postural constraints are involved in cooperative conversation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 29:326–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Stanley, J., Gowen, E. & Miall, R. C. (2007) Effects of agency on movement interference during observation of a moving dot stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 33:915–26.Google Scholar
Staub, A. & Clifton, C. Jr. (2006) Syntactic prediction in language comprehension: Evidence from either…or. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 32:425–36.Google Scholar
Stephens, G. J., Silbert, L. J. & Hasson, U. (2010) Speaker-listener neural coupling underlies successful communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:14425–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swinney, D. (1979) Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re) consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18:645–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, X. & Poeppel, D. (2010) Mental imagery of speech and movement implicates the dynamics of internal forward models. Frontiers in Psychology 1:166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tourville, J. A. & Guenther, F. H. (2011) The DIVA model: A neural theory of speech acquisition and production. Language and Cognitive Processes 26:952–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tourville, J. A., Reily, K. J. & Guenther, F. K. (2008) Neural mechanisms underlying auditory feedback control of speech. NeuroImage 39:1429–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trueswell, J. C., Tanenhaus, M. K. & Garnsey, S. M. (1994) Semantic influences on parsing: Use of thematic role information in syntactic ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language 33:285–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Umiltà, M. A., Kohler, E., Gallese, V., Fogassi, L., Fadiga, L., Keysers, C. & Rizzolatti, G. (2001) I know what you are doing: A neurophysiological study. Neuron, 32:91–101.Google Scholar
Van Berkum, J. J. A., Brown, M. C., Zwitserlood, P., Kooijman, V. & Hagoort, P. (2005) Anticipating upcoming words in discourse: Evidence from ERPs and reading times. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 31:443–67.Google ScholarPubMed
Van den Bussche, E., Van den Noortgate, W. & Reynvoet, B. (2009) Mechanisms of masked priming: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 135:452–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Schie, H. T., van Waterschoot, B. M. & Bekkering, H. (2008) Understanding action beyond imitation: Reversed compatibility effects of action observation in imitation and joint action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 34:1493–500.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Wijk, C. & Kempen, G. (1987) A dual system for producing self-repairs in spontaneous speech: Evidence from experimentally elicited corrections. Cognitive Psychology 19:403–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vigliocco, G., Antonini, T. & Garrett, M. F. (1997) Grammatical gender is on the tip of Italian tongues. Psychological Science 8:314–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vigliocco, G. & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2002) The interplay of meaning, sound, and syntax in sentence production. Psychological Bulletin 128:442–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vigneau, M., Beaucousin, V., Hervé, P. Y., Duffau, H., Crivello, F., Houdé, O., Mazoyer, B. & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2006) Meta-analyzing left hemisphere language areas: Phonology, semantics, and sentence processing. NeuroImage 30(4):1414–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vissers, C. T., Chwilla, D. J. & Kolk, H. H. (2006) Monitoring in language perception: The effect of misspellings of words in highly constrained sentences. Brain Research 1106:150–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, K. & Paus, T. (2004) Modulation of motor excitability during speech perception: The role of Broca's area. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16:978–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, K., Strafella, A. P. & Paus, T. (2003) Seeing and hearing speech excites the motor system involved in speech production. Neuropsychologia 41:989–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weber, A., Grice, M. & Crocker, M. W. (2006) The role of prosody in the interpretation of structural ambiguities: A study of anticipatory eye movements. Cognition 99:B63–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wheeldon, L. R. & Levelt, W. J. M. (1995) Monitoring the time course of phonological encoding. Journal of Memory and Language 34:311–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wijnen, F. & Kolk, H. H. J. (2005) Phonological encoding, monitoring, and language pathology: Conclusions and prospects. In: Phonological encoding in normal and pathological speech, ed. Hartsuiker, R.J. Bastiaanse, R., Postma, A. & Wijnen, F., pp. 283–304. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. & Knoblich, G. (2005) The case for motor involvement in perceiving conspecifics. Psychological Bulletin 131:460–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, M. & Wilson, T. P. (2005) An oscillator model of the timing of turn-taking. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 12:957–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, S. M., Saygin, A. P., Sereno, M. I. & Iacoboni, M. (2004) Listening to speech activates motor areas involved in speech production. Nature Neuroscience 7(7):701–702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wohlschläger, A. (2000) Visual motion priming by invisible actions. Vision Research 40:925–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolpert, D. M. (1997) Computational approaches to motor control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1:209–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolpert, D. M., Doya, K. & Kawato, M. (2003) A unifying computational framework for motor control and social interaction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 358(1431):593–602. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2002.1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolpert, D. M., Ghahramani, Z. & Flanagan, J. R. (2001) Perspectives and problems in motor learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:487–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, B. & Garrett, M. F. (1984) Lexical decision in sentences: Effects of syntactic structure. Memory & Cognition 12:31–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshida, M., Dickey, M. W. & Sturt, P. (2013) Predictive processing of syntactic structure: Sluicing and ellipsis in real-time sentence processing. Language and Cognitive Processes 28:272–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuen, I., Davis, M. H., Brysbaert, M. & Rastle, K. (2010) Activation of articulatory information in speech perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:592–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed